Emotion classification and recognition is a crucial area in emotional computing. Physiological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), provide an accurate reflection of emotions and are difficult to disguise. However, emotion recognition still faces challenges in single-modal signal feature extraction and multi-modal signal integration. This study collected EEG, electromyogram (EMG), and electrodermal activity (EDA) signals from participants under three emotional states: happiness, sadness, and fear. A feature-weighted fusion method was applied for integrating the signals, and both support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) were used for classification. The results showed that the classification accuracy was highest when the fusion weights were set to EEG 0.7, EMG 0.15, and EDA 0.15, achieving accuracy rates of 80.19% and 82.48% for SVM and ELM, respectively. These rates represented an improvement of 5.81% and 2.95% compared to using EEG alone. This study offers methodological support for emotion classification and recognition using multi-modal physiological signals.
Humans ; Emotions/physiology* ; Electroencephalography ; Support Vector Machine ; Electromyography ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Galvanic Skin Response/physiology* ; Machine Learning ; Male

Emotion is a series of reactions triggered by a specific object or situation that affects a person's physiological state and can, therefore, be identified by physiological signals. This paper proposes an emotion recognition model. Extracted the features of physiological signals such as photoplethysmography, galvanic skin response, respiration amplitude, and skin temperature. The SVM-RFE-CBR(Recursive Feature Elimination-Correlation Bias Reduction-Support Vector Machine) algorithm was performed to select features and support vector machines for classification. Finally, the model was implemented on the DEAP dataset for an emotion recognition experiment. In the rating scale of valence, arousal, and dominance, the accuracy rates of 73.5%, 81.3%, and 76.1% were obtained respectively. The result shows that emotional recognition can be effectively performed by combining a variety of physiological signals.
Arousal ; Emotions ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Photoplethysmography ; Support Vector Machine

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of three interventions on pain, blood pressure, and pulse rate during infiltration anesthesia in patients about to undergo gamma knife surgeries. METHODS: The three interventions employed in a university-affiliated Hospital in J City, South Korea were as follows: EMLA cream plus Vapocoolant spray (Vapocoolant, n=30), EMLA cream plus 10.0% Lidocaine spray (Lidocaine, n=30), and EMLA cream only (EMLA, n=30). The equivalent control-group pre test - post test study design was used. Pain was assessed subjectively using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and objectively using a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) tester. NRS scores were assessed after infiltration anesthesia and the GSR was assessed during infiltration anesthesia. Blood pressure and pulse rate were assessed twice: before and after infiltration anesthesia. Data were collected between August 3, 2016 and March 24, 2017. RESULTS: NRS scores after infiltration anesthesia and the GSR during infiltration anesthesia were significantly lower in the Vapocoolant group than in the Lidocaine and EMLA groups (F=13.56, p < .001 and F=14.43, p < .001, respectively). The increase in systolic blood pressure (F=4.77, p=.011) and in pulse rates (F=4.78, p=.011) before and after infiltration anesthesia were significantly smaller in the Vapocoolant group than in the Lidocaine and EMLA groups; however, no significant differences were observed in diastolic blood pressures (F=1.51, p=.227). CONCLUSION: EMLA cream plus Vapocoolant spray was the most effective intervention to relieve pain and to lower increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate caused by infiltration anesthesia for stereotactic frame fixation. Thus, application of Vapocoolant spray in addition to EMLA cream is highly recommended as a nursing intervention for patients undergoing gamma knife surgeries.
Anesthesia, Local ; Blood Pressure ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Korea ; Lidocaine ; Neurosurgery ; Nursing

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with lumbosacral (LS) radiculopathy and peripheral polyneuropathy (PPNP) exhibit sudomotor abnormalities and whether SUDOSCAN (Impeto Medical, Paris, France) can complement nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG). METHODS: Outpatients with lower extremity dysesthesia underwent electrophysiologic studies and SUDOSCAN. They were classified as normal (group A), LS radiculopathy (group B), or PPNP (group C). Pain severity was measured by the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Demographic features, electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) values on hands and feet, and SUDOSCAN-risk scores were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in MNSI and VAS among the three groups. Feet-ESC and hands-ESC values in group C were lower than group A and B. SUDOSCAN-risk score in group B and C was higher than group A. With a cut-off at 48 microSiemens of feet-ESC, PPNP was detected with 57.1% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity (area under the curve [AUC]=0.780; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0646–0.915). With a SUDOSCAN-risk score cut-off at 29%, NCS and EMG abnormalities related to LS radiculopathy and PPNP were detected with 64.1% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity (AUC=0.750; 95% CI, 0.674–0.886). CONCLUSION: SUDOSCAN can discriminate outpatients with abnormal electrophysiological findings and sudomotor dysfunction. This technology may be a complementary tool to NCS and EMG in outpatients with lower extremity dysesthesia.
Complement System Proteins ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis* ; Electromyography ; Erythromelalgia ; Foot ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Hand ; Humans ; Lower Extremity* ; Mass Screening ; Michigan ; Neural Conduction ; Outpatients ; Paresthesia* ; Polyneuropathies ; Radiculopathy ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive value of the sympathetic skin response (SSR) in diagnosing complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) by comparing three diagnostic modalities-SSR, three-phasic bone scans (TPBS), and thermography. METHODS: Thirteen patients with severe limb pain were recruited. Among them, 6 were diagnosed with CRPS according to the proposed revised CRPS clinical diagnostic criteria described by the International Association for the Study of Pain. SSR was measured in either the hands or feet bilaterally and was considered abnormal when the latency was prolonged. A positive TPBS finding was defined as diffuse increased tracer uptake on the delayed image. Thermographic findings were considered positive if a temperature asymmetry greater than 1.00degrees C was detected between the extremities. RESULTS: Five of 6 CRPS patients showed prolonged latency on SSR (83% sensitivity). TPBS was positive in the 5 CRPS patients who underwent TPBS (100% sensitivity). Thermography was positive in 4 of 5 CRPS patients who underwent the procedure (80% sensitivity). The remaining 7 non-CRPS patients differed on examination. SSR latencies within normal limit were noted in 4 of 7 non-CRPS patients (57% specificity). Results were negative in 4 of 5 non-CRPS patients who underwent TPBS (80% specificity), and negative in 3 of 5 non-CRPS patients who underwent thermography (60% specificity). CONCLUSION: SSR may be helpful in detecting CRPS.
Case-Control Studies* ; Complex Regional Pain Syndromes ; Extremities ; Foot ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Hand ; Humans ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Skin* ; Thermography

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream on pain related to venipuncture among children. METHODS: In this study, 48 children were evaluated using a sequential measurement for level of pain by Skin Conductance Level (SCL) based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), heart rate, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at four times. RESULTS: The maximum and mean of the SCL were each significantly different between the experimental and control groups and furthermore, the two were also significantly different among observed times. In addition there was a significant interaction between group and time. The children's perceived pain using VAS was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference in the heart rate between the experimental and control groups; however, the interaction between group and time was significant. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, applying topical anesthetic cream to the venipuncture site to reduce pain was effective among the children and therefore it is highly recommended that topical anesthetic cream be applied at the venipuncture site as a nursing intervention to reduce pain when a child has to undergo a venipuncture.
Analgesics ; Child* ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Nursing ; Phlebotomy* ; Skin

OBJECTIVETo compare skin sympathetic response(SSR) between patients with generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) and patients with major depression disorder(MDD).

METHODSThe latency and amplitude of SSR wave were measured in 30 GAD patients and 30 MDD patients, before and after 8-week treatment of anti-anxiety or anti-depression drugs. Thirty age and sex-matched healthy subjects served as healthy controls (HC).

RESULTSBefore the treatment, the latency of SSR in GAD patients was significantly shorter than that in HC group, while the amplitude was significantly higher than that in the HC (P<0.05). In MDD group, the latency before the treatment was significantly longer than that in the HC,while the amplitude was significantly lower than that in the HC (P <0.05). After treatment,the latency of SSR in GAD group was extended compared to the baseline level, and close to the level of the HC. The amplitude of SSR in GAD group became lower after treatment, but still higher than that of control group. The latency of SSR in MDD patients was significantly shorter after treatment compared to baseline level (P <0.05). In addition, the latency of SSR in MDD group was still longer than that in GAD group (P<0.05); meanwhile,the amplitude of SSR in MDD group was significantly lower that in GAD group (P<0.001). SSR parameters were positively correlated with HAMA and HAMD scores with a correlation coefficient of 0.57 and 0.73, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThere are significant differences in SSR parameters between patients with GAD and patients with MDD,indicating that SSR can be used as an objective index to distinguish anxiety from depression.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-Anxiety Agents ; therapeutic use ; Antidepressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Anxiety Disorders ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Skin ; physiopathology ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the sympathetic skin response (SSR) to the effects of N-hexane on autonomic nerves function in patients with chronic N-hexane poisoning.

METHODSThe subjects in present study included 30 controls and 37 cases with chronic N-hexane poisoning. Also 37 patients were divided into 3 subgroups (mild, moderate and severe poisoning) according to diagnostic criteria of occupational diseases. All subjects were examined by SSR test and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test. All patients were reexamined by SSR and NCV every 1 ∼ 2 months. The differences in SSR parameters (latency, amplitude) among groups were observed. In the severe poisoning subgroup, the changes of SSR and NCV parameters (conduction velocity, amplitude) in different poisoning stages were observed.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in SSR latency of upper extremity among groups and the significant differences in SSR amplitude of upper and lower extremity among groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences in SSR parameters were found between the adjacent groups (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in SSR latency of upper extremity during different periods and the significant differences in SSR amplitude of upper and lower extremity during different periods among all groups (P < 0.05). The change of SSR parameters consistent with that in NCV. The longest SSR latency of upper extremity and the smallest SSR amplitudes of upper and lower extremity appears 1 - 2 months earlier than that of the smallest action potential amplitude.

CONCLUSIONThe damage of autonomic nerves induced by N-hexane increased with poisoning progresses. The damage of autonomic nerves corresponded with the damage of myelin sheath of large myelinated nerves, but which appeared 1 - 2 months earlier than the damage of axon of large myelinated nerves. SSR test may serve as a method to detect the damage of autonomic nerves function in patients with chronic N-hexane poisoning.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Autonomic Pathways ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Hexanes ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Conduction ; Occupational Diseases ; physiopathology ; Skin ; innervation ; physiopathology ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo assess mental fatigue by noninvasive monitoring of the physiological signals.

METHODSThe changes in the physiological parameters including the electrodermal activity, heart rate and heart rate variability were analyzed in 14 subjects performing the reaction-time tasks when fatigue and changes in the reaction time occurred.

RESULTSThe average skin conductance level, average heart rate, and heart rate variability parameters including the total power density, percentage of the very low power density, percentage of high power density all differed significantly between the sober state and the mental fatigue state.

CONCLUSIONMonitoring the physiological parameters including the electrodermal activity, heart rate and heart rate variability is a noninvasive, effective and practical approach to mental fatigue assessment.

Adult ; Galvanic Skin Response ; physiology ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Fatigue ; physiopathology ; Reaction Time ; Young Adult

Skin-hearing aid is a new type of electronic product, which can improve hearing for deaf patients. It is different from audiphones and cochlear implant. The instrument makes use of the effect of the skin response to audio signals. The working process of the instrument is as following. Firstly, the sound signal is converted to audio signal by microphone, then through the power amplifier and booster. Then the signal is transmitted to the brain via skin by electrodes. And finally the hearing is formed. As skin-hearing aid transmits signals through the skin by the electrodes, the intensity of the skin resistance becomes the main factor influencing the response of the skin to audio signal. Skin resistance depends mainly upon the stratum corneum. This article aims to discuss the factors affecting the skin resistance, such as the thickness of the stratum corneum, hydration level of stratum corneum, the relation of audio frequency and skin resistance, and the skin resistance of acupuncture points.
Amplifiers, Electronic ; Equipment Design ; Galvanic Skin Response ; physiology ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; etiology ; rehabilitation ; Humans ; Skin Physiological Phenomena