OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors affecting ferric chloride (FeCl₃) - induced carotid artery thrombosis model experiment. METHODS: After the common carotid artery was damaged by FeCl₃, the injured vessels were dissected for fixation, embedding, frozen section, and then processed HE staining. The carotid thrombus area ratio was calculated. We examined the effect of FeCl₃ concentration (5%, 10% and 15%), reaction time (2, 4 and 6 min), and recipient mouse age (4-5, 6-8 and 10 weeks) on the formation and stability of arterial thrombosis model. The model was injected through the post-glomus venous plexus of mouse eyeball with 0.075 μg/g and 0.1 μg/g R300 to verify the accuracy of the FeCl₃-induced model on thrombus formation by adjusting the platelet number. RESULTS: HE staining showed that thrombus formation induced by 10% and 15% FeCl₃ was more stable, dense and larger than 5% FeCl₃-induced thrombosis. 10% FeCl₃ induced the formation of dense and large thrombosis after 4 and 6 minutes of vascular endothelium injury, while the thrombosis induced for 2 minutes were looser and smaller in area. Mouse age can not affect thrombus formation and stability, because there were no significant differences in the formation of dense thrombus and thrombus area induced by 10% FeCl₃ among three different age groups of mice. CONCLUSION Many factors affect the formation and stability of arterial thrombosis model induced by FeCl₃. This optimal experimental conditions for construction of a stable carotid artery thrombosis model are 10% FeCl₃, 4 minutes for injury, and 6-8 week old mice.
Animals ; Mice ; Ferric Compounds/adverse effects* ; Chlorides ; Disease Models, Animal ; Carotid Artery Thrombosis/chemically induced* ; Male

Iron metabolism is a critical factor in tumorigenesis and development. Although TP53 mutations are prevalent in glioblastoma (GBM), the mechanisms by which TP53 regulates iron metabolism remain elusive. We reveal an imbalance iron homeostasis in GBM via TCGA database analysis. TP53 mutations disrupted iron homeostasis in GBM, characterized by elevated total iron levels and reduced ferritin (FTH). The gain-of-function effect triggered by TP53 mutations upregulates itchy E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (ITCH) protein expression in astrocytes, leading to FTH degradation and an increase in free iron levels. TP53-mut astrocytes were more tolerant to the high iron environment induced by exogenous ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), but the increase in intracellular free iron made them more sensitive to Erastin-induced ferroptosis. Interestingly, we found that Erastin combined with FAC treatment significantly increased ferroptosis. These findings provide new insights for drug development and therapeutic modalities for GBM patients with TP53 mutations from iron metabolism perspectives.
Ferroptosis/drug effects* ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism* ; Glioblastoma/metabolism* ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism* ; Homeostasis/physiology* ; Ferritins/metabolism* ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics* ; Mutation ; Astrocytes/drug effects* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Piperazines/pharmacology* ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology* ; Ferric Compounds

Magnetic ferrite nanoparticles (MFNPs) have great application potential in biomedical fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, targeted drugs, magnetothermal therapy and gene delivery. MFNPs can migrate under the action of a magnetic field and target specific cells or tissues. However, to apply MFNPs to organisms, further modifications on the surface of MFNPs are required. In this paper, the common modification methods of MFNPs are reviewed, their applications in medical fields such as bioimaging, medical detection, and biotherapy are summarized, and the future application directions of MFNPs are further prospected.
Ferric Compounds ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Magnetics ; Magnetite Nanoparticles/therapeutic use* ; Nanoparticles

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/epidemiology* ; Sucrose/therapeutic use* ; Ferric Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Iron/therapeutic use* ; Hemoglobins/therapeutic use*

Maintaining the stemness of the transplanted stem cell spheroids in an inflammatory microenvironment is challenging but important in regenerative medicine. Direct delivery of stem cells to repair periodontal defects may yield suboptimal effects due to the complexity of the periodontal inflammatory environment. Herein, stem cell spheroid is encapsulated by interfacial assembly of metal-phenolic network (MPN) nanofilm to form a stem cell microsphere capsule. Specifically, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) spheroid was coated with Fe^III/tannic acid coordination network to obtain spheroid@[Fe^III-TA] microcapsules. The formed biodegradable MPN biointerface acted as a cytoprotective barrier and exhibited antioxidative, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, effectively remodeling the inflammatory microenvironment and maintaining the stemness of PDLSCs. The stem cell microencapsulation proposed in this study can be applied to multiple stem cells with various functional metal ion/polyphenol coordination, providing a simple yet efficient delivery strategy for stem cell stemness maintenance in an inflammatory environment toward a better therapeutic outcome.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Capsules/pharmacology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Encapsulation ; Cells, Cultured ; Ferric Compounds/pharmacology* ; Osteogenesis/physiology* ; Periodontal Ligament ; Polyphenols/pharmacology* ; Stem Cells ; Tannins/pharmacology*

In this paper, some quality problems of mineral medicine Calamina and calcined Calamina have been discussed after determination and analysis of the quality parameters of a large number of market samples, and the countermeasures are put forward. According to the XRD results, as well as the results of tests included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition), the authenticity of Calamina and calcined Calamina samples were identified. The content of zinc oxide in samples were determined by the method of determination in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Individually, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS) methods were used for the determination of impurity elements and harmful elements in Calamina and calcined Calamina samples. Four kinds of impurity elements of magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), aluminum(Al), calcium(Ca) and five harmful elements such as lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), copper(Cu), mercury(Hg) were measured. The study showed that: ① Fake Calamina products on the market were overflowing; ② The mineral origin of the mainstream Calamina in the market is inconsistent with that stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition); ③ The contents of harmful elements Pb and Cd in Calamina and calcined Calamina are generally higher, while the contents of harmful elements As and Cu in some inferior Calaminae are higher; ④ Parts of calcined Calamina were improperly or inadequately processed. In view of these quality problems, the countermeasures are put forward as follows: ① It is suggested that hydrozincite should be approved as the mineral source of Calamina, and be included by Chinese Pharmacopoeia; ② Strengthen the research on the specificity of Calamina identification methods to improve the quality control level; ③ Strengthen the research on the processing of Calamina, and formulate the limit standards for the content of Pb and Cd in Calamina; ④ Carry out research on the artificial synthesis of Calamina and calcined Calamina, in order to cope with the current shortage of Calamina resources and ensure the sustainable development of Calamina medicinal materials.
Arsenic ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards* ; Ferric Compounds/standards* ; Iron ; Lead ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mercury ; Minerals ; Quality Control ; Trace Elements/analysis* ; Zinc Oxide/standards*

The role of imaging is crucial for the surveillance, diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Over the past few years, considerable technical advances were made in imaging of HCCs. New imaging technology, however, has introduced new challenges in our clinical practice. In this article, the current status of clinical imaging techniques for HCC is addressed. The diagnostic performance of imaging techniques in the context of recent clinical guidelines is also presented.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*diagnosis/radiography/ultrasonography ; Contrast Media/chemistry ; Ferric Compounds/chemistry ; Humans ; Iron/chemistry ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/radiography/ultrasonography ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meglumine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Organometallic Compounds/chemistry ; Oxides/chemistry ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce on anemia prevalence in the Chinese population.

METHODSA systematic review was performed to identify potential studies by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, WHO Library, HighWire, CNKI, and other sources. The selection criteria included randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce with that of non-fortified soy sauce. Anemia rates and hemoglobin levels were the outcomes of interest. Inclusion decisions, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for anemia rate analysis, of which 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for hemoglobin analysis. All included studies assessed the effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce on anemia rates and hemoglobin concentrations.

RESULTSAfter the intervention, the hemoglobin concentration increased and anemia rates decreased significantly as compared with the non-fortified soy sauce groups. For anemia rates, data from 16 studies could be pooled, and the pooled estimate odds ratio was 0.25 (95% CI 0.19-0.35). For hemoglobin concentrations, data from 12 studies could be pooled, and the pooled weighted mean difference was 8.81 g/L (95% CI 5.96-11.67).

CONCLUSIONNaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce has a positive effect on anemia control and prevention in the at-risk population.

Age Factors ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Edetic Acid ; Ferric Compounds ; Food, Fortified ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Soy Foods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the inhibitory effect of the copolymer of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe(3)O(4) (MNPs-Fe(3)O(4)) and artesunate (ART) on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) cell line SKM-1 cells and the potential mechanisms.

METHODSThe protein expression levels of BCL-2, BAX, Caspase-3, and Survivin in SKM-1 cells treated with or without the co-polymer were measured by Western blot. The co-polymer-induced apoptosis rate of SKM-1 cells was measured by flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe apoptosis rate of SKM-1 cells in the copolymer groups was higher than that in both MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) and artesunate groups alone. The MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) may enhance ART-induced cell apoptosis. Western blot assay showed that the expression of survivin and BCL-2 protein were down-regulated in the ART group, and this down-regulation was even more significant in the group of copolymer of ART with MNPs-Fe(3)O(4). The levels of BAX were increased both in ART group and the copolymer of ART with MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) group, as compared with control group and MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) group. The levels of active-caspase-3 were obviously up-regulated when the ART was combined with the MNPs-Fe(3)O(4). The copolymer of ART with MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) could trigger changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes in SKM-1 cells, among which up-regulation of BAX and down-regulation of survivin and BCL-2 are the 2 major alterations.

CONCLUSIONArtesunate can induce the apoptosis of SKM-1 cells, and MNPs-Fe(3)O(4) may enhance the cell apoptosis induced by ART.

Apoptosis ; Artemisinins ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Down-Regulation ; Ferric Compounds ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Magnetite Nanoparticles ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of magnetic iron nanoparticles ( Fe₃O₄- MNP) in combination with arsenic trioxide and adriamycin on apoptosis and autophagy of Raji cells, a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell line.

METHODSThe growth inhibition rate of Raji cells was analyzed by MTT assay, the cells apoptosis and intracellular concentration of ADM were determined by flow cytometry (FCM), the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as BCL-2, NFκB, Survivin, BAX, P53, and Caspase-3, and related to autophagy-proteins, such as LC3, Beclin-1, and P62/SQSTM1 were detected by Western blot.

RESULTSThe growth inhibition of Raji cells in the group of ADM + As₂O₃were higher than that in the group of ADM or As₂O₃alone, however, lower than that in the group of Fe₃O₄- MNP combined with ADM and As₂O₃(ADM+As₂O₃+ MNP) (P < 0.05). The apoptotic rate and accumulation of intracellular ADM in the group of Fe₃O₄- MNP combined with ADM and As₂O₃were significantly higher than those in control, ADM, As₂O₃, and ADM plus As₂O₃groups (P < 0.05). The upregulation of BAX, P53 and Caspase-3 expression and the down regulation of BCL-2, NFκB, and Survivin expression at protein level were more remarkable in the group of ADM+As₂O₃ + MNP, compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expressions of LC3 and Beclin-1 proteins in the group of ADM+As₂O₃+ MNP were higher, while the expression of P62/SQSTM1 was lower than that in other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe Fe3O4 - MNP combined with ADM and As₂O₃can increase the antitumor efficacy on Raji cells by promoting apoptosis and inducing autophagy. It would be a promising strategy for malignant lymphoma therapy.

Apoptosis ; Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; Autophagy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; Ferric Compounds ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; metabolism ; Nanoparticles ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion ; metabolism ; Oxides ; pharmacology