OBJECTIVE: The circadian pattern of the onset time of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has been reported by various authors. However, the effect of the degree of physical exertion on the circadian pattern has not been studied in detail. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the effect of physical exertion on the circadian pattern of aSAH.METHODS: Of the 335 patients presenting with aSAH from January 2012 to December 2017, 234 patients with identifiable onset time and metabolic equivalent (MET) values were enrolled. The onset time of aSAH was divided into 4-hour intervals. The patient’s physical exertion was then assessed on a scale between 1 and 8 METs using generally accepted MET values, and categorized into two groups—light exertion (1 to 4 METs) and moderate to heavy exertion (5 to 8 METs)—to determine the effect of the degree of physical exertion on the onset time distribution of aSAH. Multivariate analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) between the two groups to determine the effect of the degree of physical exertion on each set of time periods.RESULTS: There was a definite bimodal onset pattern that peaked at 08:00–12:00 hours followed by 16:00–20:00 hours (p <0.001). MET values at all time intervals were found to be significantly higher than the night time (00:00–04:00 hours) values (p<0.031). The MET value distribution showed a unimodal pattern that slightly differed from the bimodal distribution of the onset time of aSAH. There were no significant differences in the ORs of each time interval according to the degree of the MET value.CONCLUSION: This study reaffirmed that aSAH occurs in a bimodal pattern, especially showing the highest prevalence in the morning. Although aSAH could be related to daily activity, there were no significant changes in diurnal variations affected by the degree of physical exertion.
Aneurysm ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Multivariate Analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Physical Exertion ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Depression is a major mood disorder. Abnormal expression of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is associated with depression. Schisantherin B (STB) is one bioactive of lignans isolated from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill which has been commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. This paper was designed to investigate the effects of STB on depressive mice induced by forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, we also assessed the impairment of FST on cognitive function in mice with different ages. FST and open field test (OFT) were used for assessing depressive symptoms, and Y-maze was used for evaluating cognition processes. Our study showed that STB acting as an antidepressant, which increased GLT-1 levels by promoting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Although the damage is reversible, short-term learning and memory impairment caused by FST test is more serious in the aged mice, and STB also exerts cognition improvement ability in the meanwhile. Our findings suggested that STB might be a promising therapeutic agent of depression by regulating the GLT-1 restoration as well as activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Animals ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; Depression ; Glutamic Acid ; Herbal Medicine ; Learning ; Lignans ; Memory ; Mice ; Mood Disorders ; Physical Exertion ; Schisandra

PURPOSE: Sleep deprivation induces depressive symptoms. Dexmedetomidine is a α2-adrenoreceptor agonist and this drug possesses sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing effect. In this study, the action of dexmedetomidine on sleep deprivation-induced depressive behaviors was investigated using mice. METHODS: For the inducing of sleep deprivation, the mice were placed inside a water cage containing 15 platforms and filled with water up to 1 cm below the platform surface for 7 days. One day after sleep deprivation, dexmedetomidine at the respective dosage (0.5, 1, and 2 μg/kg) was intraperitoneally treated into the mice, one time per a day during 6 days. Then, forced swimming test and tail suspension test were conducted. Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and western blot for D1 dopamine receptor were also performed. RESULTS: Sleep deprivation increased the immobility latency in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test. The expressions of TPH, 5-HT, and D1 dopamine receptor were decreased, whereas, TH expression was increased by sleep deprivation. Dexmedetomidine decreased the immobility latency and increased the expressions of TPH, 5-HT, and D1 dopamine receptor, whereas, HT expression was decreased by dexmedetomidine treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In our results, dexmedetomidine alleviated sleep deprivation-induced depressive behaviors by increasing 5-HT synthesis and by decreasing dopamine production with up-regulation of D1 dopamine receptor.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Depression ; Dexmedetomidine* ; Dopamine ; Hindlimb Suspension ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice* ; Physical Exertion ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Sleep Deprivation ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; Up-Regulation ; Water

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to find temporal trends in the associations between cardiovascular disease and occupational risk factors in the context of the Canadian population. METHODS: Population data were analyzed from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) collected between 2001 and 2014 for trends over time between heart disease and various occupational risk factors: hours worked, physical exertion at work, and occupation type (management/arts/education, business/finance, sales/services, trades/transportations, and primary industry/processing). RESULTS: We found no significant difference in the average number of hours worked/wk between individuals who report having heart disease in all years of data except in 2011 (F 1,96 = 7.02, p = 0.009) and 2012 (F 1,96 = 8.86, p = 0.004). We also found a significant difference in the degree of physical exertion at work in 2001 (F 1,79 = 7.45, p = 0.008). There were statistically significant results of occupation type on self-reported heart disease from 2003 to 2014. CONCLUSION: Canadian data from the CCHS do not exhibit a trend toward an association between heart disease and the number of hours worked/wk. There is an association between heart disease and physical exertion at work, but the trend is inconsistent. The data indicate a trend toward an association between heart disease and occupation type, but further analysis is required to determine which occupation type may be associated with heart disease.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Health Surveys* ; Heart Diseases* ; Heart* ; Occupational Health ; Occupations ; Physical Exertion ; Risk Factors*

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has an essential role in the process of learning and memory in the hippocampus. It has been reported that linalool, a major component of Lavandula angustifolia, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, along with other effects. However, the effect of linalool on the cognitive impairment and behavioral alterations that are induced by REM-sleep deprivation has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have reported that REM-sleep deprivation-induced memory deficits provide a well-known model of behavioral alterations. In the present study, we examined whether linalool elicited an anti-stress effect, reversing the behavioral alterations observed following REM-sleep deprivation in mice. Furthermore, we investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of linalool. Spatial memory and learning memory were assessed through Y maze and passive avoidance tests, respectively, and the forced swimming test was used to evaluate anti-stress activity. The mechanisms through which linalool improves memory loss and behavioral alterations in sleep-deprived mice appeared to be through an increase in the serotonin levels. Linalool significantly ameliorated the spatial and learning memory deficits, and stress activity observed in sleep-deprived animals. Moreover, linalool led to serotonin release, and cortisol level reduction. Our findings suggest that linalool has beneficial effects on the memory loss and behavioral alterations induced by REM-sleep deprivation through the regulation of serotonin levels.
Animals ; Cognition Disorders ; Hippocampus ; Hydrocortisone ; Lavandula ; Learning ; Memory Disorders* ; Memory* ; Mice ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Physical Exertion ; Serotonin ; Sleep, REM ; Spatial Memory

PURPOSE: Rhabdomyolysis is a metabolic disorder in which the content of damaged muscle cells is released into plasma. Its manifestations include asymptomatic, myalgia, gross hematuria, and complications of acute kidney injury. Because of limited data on rhabdomyolysis in children, we performed this study to determine clinical characteristics of rhabdomyolysis in children. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with rhabdomyolysis who were treated at the Pusan National University Children's hospital from January 2011 to July 2016. The diagnostic criteria were serum myoglobin level of ≥80 ng/mL, exclusive of acute myocardial injury, cardiac arrest, and brain damage. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were enrolled; mean age, 116±68 months. Of these, 35 were boys and 10 were girls. Twenty-six patients experienced myalgia and 12 patients showed gross hematuria. Among these, seven patients initially had both myalgia and gross hematuria. The most common causes of rhabdomyolysis were infection, physical exertion, prolonged seizures, metabolic abnormalities, and drug addiction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was the most common complication, followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thirty-seven patients improved with sufficient fluid supply but two patients underwent hemodialysis due to deterioration of kidney function. Gross hematuria, positive occult blood test, and positive urine protein were more common in patients with AKI than in those without AKI. CONCLUSIONS: In children, infection was the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis. Most patients recovered by sufficient fluid therapy. However, in severe cases, especially in patients with underlying kidney disease, hemodialysis may be necessary in the present study.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Brain ; Busan ; Child ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ; Female ; Fluid Therapy ; Heart Arrest ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Muscle Cells ; Myalgia ; Myoglobin ; Occult Blood ; Physical Exertion ; Plasma ; Renal Dialysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdomyolysis ; Seizures ; Substance-Related Disorders

OBJECTIVES: While gender differences in physical activity (PA) have been reported, their origin is not well understood. The present study aimed to identify factors contributing to this disparity.METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study based on the 2011 surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases that was conducted among Iranian adults. Multi-staged sampling was performed to obtain the required study sample. The primary outcome was gender differences in the prevalence of sufficient physical activity (SPA). Total physical activity (TPA) was calculated as metabolic equivalents (MET) per minute during a typical week, as recommended by the World Health Organization. On this basis, achieving 600 MET-min/wk or more was defined as SPA. The nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to explain the disparity.RESULTS: The predicted gap was 19.50%. About one-third of the gap was due to differences in the level of observable covariates. Among them, work status contributed the most (29.61%). A substantial portion of the gap remained unexplained by such differences, of which about 40.41% was related to unobservable variables. The differential effects of standard of living, ethnicity, and smoking status made the largest contribution, accounting for 37.36, 35.47, and 28.50%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce the gender gap in PA should focus on increasing TPA among housewives and women with chronic diseases, as well as those with a higher standard of living. In addition, it is essential to explore the impact of ethnicity and smoking status on women's TPA in order to promote health.
Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Physical Exertion ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVES: While gender differences in physical activity (PA) have been reported, their origin is not well understood. The present study aimed to identify factors contributing to this disparity. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study based on the 2011 surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases that was conducted among Iranian adults. Multi-staged sampling was performed to obtain the required study sample. The primary outcome was gender differences in the prevalence of sufficient physical activity (SPA). Total physical activity (TPA) was calculated as metabolic equivalents (MET) per minute during a typical week, as recommended by the World Health Organization. On this basis, achieving 600 MET-min/wk or more was defined as SPA. The nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to explain the disparity. RESULTS: The predicted gap was 19.50%. About one-third of the gap was due to differences in the level of observable covariates. Among them, work status contributed the most (29.61%). A substantial portion of the gap remained unexplained by such differences, of which about 40.41% was related to unobservable variables. The differential effects of standard of living, ethnicity, and smoking status made the largest contribution, accounting for 37.36, 35.47, and 28.50%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce the gender gap in PA should focus on increasing TPA among housewives and women with chronic diseases, as well as those with a higher standard of living. In addition, it is essential to explore the impact of ethnicity and smoking status on women's TPA in order to promote health.
Adult* ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity* ; Physical Exertion ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; World Health Organization

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) can be caused by novel or unaccustomed exercise resulting in a temporary decrease in muscle function, increased muscle soreness and swelling, and an increase in muscle proteins in blood. A 38-year-old female presented with a 2-week history of bilateral lower leg pain and swelling that developed suddenly after performing 108 prostrations. Fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral symmetric high signal intensity of the tibialis anterior muscles. Our patient was diagnosed with acute myositis and treated with naproxen. History of physical exertion and acute onset of typical clinical findings of myositis were key elements in the diagnosis. Acute myositis related to exercise is a common and self-limiting condition which fully resolves after 2 to 3 weeks. However, other causes of myositis should be excluded in patients with atypical clinical features.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leg ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle Proteins ; Muscles ; Myalgia ; Myositis* ; Naproxen ; Physical Exertion

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the energy expenditure (EE) of Korean young adults based on activities refined to a deskbound lifestyle. METHODS: Sixty-four healthy office workers aged between 25 and 46 years participated in this study. EE was expressed as metabolic equivalent of task (MET). Participants were evaluated in terms of their EE during physical activities of sleeping (n=22), typing (n=37), folding laundry (n=34), dishwashing (n=32), studying (n=18), mopping (n=35), walking (n=33), stair climbing (n=23), and running (n=29). Volume of oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry K4b² (COSMED). The results were compared to the established Compendium MET. RESULTS: The MET of activities were: sleeping, 1.24±0.43; typing, 1.35±0.25; folding laundry, 1.58±0.51; dishwashing, 2.20±0.51; studying, 2.11±0.90; mopping, 2.72±0.69; walking at 4 km/hr, 3.48±0.65; stair climbing of five stories, 6.18±1.08; and running at 8 km/hr, 7.57±0.57. The values of typing and mopping were similar to those in the Compendium, whereas those of sleeping, folding laundry, dishwashing, studying, walking, stair climbing and running were different. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this estimation of EE in MET during activities of daily living is the first data of young adults in Korea. These data could be used as a reference to modify the guidelines of physical activities for the age group examined in this study.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Calorimetry, Indirect ; Energy Metabolism* ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Exertion ; Running ; Walking ; Young Adult*