BACKGROUND

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare but clinically relevant congenital vascular anomaly, occurring in 0.3% of the general population and up to 4.3% in those with congenital heart disease. It is usually asymptomatic and incidentally discovered during imaging, catheterization, or surgery.

CASE SUMMARY

We present the case of a 38-year-old hypertensive female who was evaluated for acute chest discomfort, palpitations and near-syncope. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dilated coronary sinus, prompting a contrast echocardiography study that demonstrated early opacification of the coronary sinus upon left arm injection confirming the diagnosis of PLSVC.

CONCLUSION

This case underscores the importance of recognizing coronary sinus dilatation as a potential marker of venous anomalies such as PLSVC. Contrast echocardiography with bilateral injections remains a practical, non-invasive tool in its diagnosis, with significant implications for future invasive procedures.

Human ; Vena Cava, Superior ; Population ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Echocardiography ; Catheterization

Purulent pericarditis is a rare occurrence in the era of modern antibiotics. It is most often caused by organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Viridans streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae and anaerobic bacteria with Streptococcus pyogenes (S.pyogenes) being a possible, though very uncommon etiology. This case represents an occurrence of S. pyogenes pericarditis in an apparently healthy female with no known immunocompromising condition. A 37-year-old female, married, real estate agent with no comorbidities came in for chest pain radiating to the upper back, relieved with leaning forward. Cardiac biomarker was normal, ECG demonstrated diffuse ST-segment elevation and PR segment depression, while imaging showed lobar pneumonia. Blood tests showed leukocytosis with neutrophilic predominance and workup for immunocompromised state was negative. The 2D echo showed large pericardial effusion with tamponade physiology. An urgent pericardiocentesis was done. Cultures grew Streptococcus pyogenes confirming the diagnosis of acute purulent pericarditis. Daily drainage of pericardial effusion, colchicine, ibuprofen was initiated together with antibiotics and the patient had resolution of pericardial effusion. Acute pyogenic pericarditis with cardiac tamponade is a rare but serious condition that requires prompt recognition and intervention. Early diagnosis, through a combination of clinical suspicion, ECG and echocardiography is crucial for initiating timely treatment.

Human ; Female ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; Viridans Streptococci ; Streptococcus Pyogenes ; Streptococcus Pneumoniae ; Staphylococcus Aureus ; Streptococcal Infections ; Electrocardiography ; Echocardiography ; Early Diagnosis

OBJECTIVES

Clinical pathways (CPs) ensure adherence to heart failure (HF) management guidelines. To optimize quality care in a low resource setting, an evidence-based care pathway for the management of acute HF was implemented at the emergency department (ED) of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH), the designated national tertiary hospital and referral center. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of adults with acute HF admitted at the ED and evaluate the quality of care they received, measured using physician adherence to the hospital’s acute heart failure CP.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. We reviewed the inpatient charts of all adult patients with acute HF admitted to the ED of the PGH and referred to the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine between December 1, 2022 and May 31, 2023. Quality of care was assessed based on adherence to quality indicators adapted from routine and conditional order sets detailed in the pathway. Descriptive statistics was utilized to describe patient characteristics, quality of care, and outcomes.

RESULTS

Two hundred thirty-six (236) patients were included, with a mean age of 51.8 years. Majority were male (53.4%); hypertension (61.4%) and ischemic heart disease (53.8%) were the most common comorbidities, and infection the most common precipitant of decompensation (60.6%). There were optimal adherence rates to routine orders, which included referrals to Internal Medicine and Cardiology, baseline vital signs monitoring, fluid intake and output monitoring, chest radiograph, complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, arterial blood gas, urinalysis, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide. Conditional orders, such as oxygen support, focused echocardiography, thyroid - stimulating hormone, and the use of vasopressors, diuretics, and venous thromboembolism prophylactic agents, were optimally performed when warranted. However, we noted suboptimal adherence to certain resource-intensive conditional orders, such as hourly monitoring of urine output (61.4%), hooking to cardiac monitor (53.8%), and performance of 12-lead ECG within 10 minutes (56.8%). Further, only 43.9% of patients were referred to the intensive care unit. Troponin I, calcium, magnesium, and albumin were ordered in excess.

CONCLUSION

Overall adherence rate of physicians to the hospital’s Acute Heart Failure Pathway was satisfactory. Work is needed to improve adherence to hourly urine output monitoring, consistent hooking to cardiac monitor, and timely performance of 12-lead ECG – an effort that begins with expanding in-hospital diagnostic equipment and human resource supply. We recommend continuous pathway implementation with periodic evaluation and stakeholder feedback to further improve quality of care.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged: 45-64 Yrs Old ; Adult ; Albumins ; Blood ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium ; Cardiology ; Chart ; Charts ; Cohort Studies ; Critical Care ; Critical Pathways ; Diagnostic Equipment ; Disease ; Diuretics ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Equipment And Supplies ; Evaluation Studies As Topic ; Feedback ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Hormones ; Hospitals ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Indicators And Reagents ; Infection ; Infections ; Inpatients ; Intensive Care Units ; Internal Medicine ; Lead ; Magnesium ; Male ; Medicine ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Natriuretic Peptides ; Nitrogen ; Overall ; Oxygen ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Patients ; Peptides ; Philippines ; Physicians ; Potassium ; Prothrombin ; Prothrombin Time ; Quality Of Health Care ; Referral And Consultation ; Sodium ; Statistics ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thorax ; Thromboembolism ; Thromboplastin ; Thyroid Gland ; Time ; Troponin ; Troponin I ; Universities ; Urea ; Urinalysis ; Urine ; Venous Thromboembolism ; Vital Signs ; Work ; Workforce

INTRODUCTION

Left ventricular remodeling is an adaptive response to aging and cumulative exposure to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. With the rising prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the younger population, a timely risk identification is warranted.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine the prevalence of LV remodeling in young patients using transthoracic echocardiography, and to determine the association of their clinical profiles with LV remodeling.

METHODOLOGY

A retrospective cross-sectional design was utilized. Descriptive statistics using frequency and percentages was employed to describe the clinical profiles of patients; chi-square tests to assess the significance of associations of patients’ clinical profile with the LV remodeling patterns; and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc tests for significant F values to provide insights into the differences of means across various cardiac parameters.

RESULTS

Our study included 208 patients who had thoracic echocardiography from January 2021 to December 2022 at our institution. Majority were aged 31-40 years (64.4%), female (54.8%), and under the BMI classification of obese (52.9%). There were varying percentages per comorbidity, with hypertension (HPN) being the most prevalent. The presence of symptoms was also examined; however, it was not statistically significant. Age, sex, comorbidities, and presence of symptoms were not significantly associated with LV remodeling while BMI classification demonstrated a significant association (χ2 = 25.457, p = 0.003**). In this study, LV remodeling is already prevalent at 32.21% in young adults aged 18-40 years old. BMI classification demonstrated a significant association with LV remodeling pattern. Obesity showed a significant association with concentric remodeling pattern.

CONCLUSION

We found that LV remodeling is already prevalent in young adults aged 18-40 years old. BMI classification demonstrated a significant association with LV remodeling pattern. Obesity showed a significant association with concentric remodeling pattern.

Human ; Young Adult: 19-24 Yrs Old ; Transthoracic Echocardiography ; Echocardiography

INTRODUCTION: Degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) is frequently cited as increasing in prevalence in the developed world, although comparatively little is known about DMS in comparison to rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS). METHOD: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 745 cases of native-valve mitral stenosis (MS) with median follow-up time of 7.25 years. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were compared. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for a composite of all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisation. RESULTS: Patients with DMS compared to RMS were older (age, mean ± standard deviation: 69.6 ± 12.3 versus [vs] 51.6 ± 14.3 years, respectively; P<0.001) and a greater proportion had medical comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (78 [41.9%] vs 112 [20.0%], P<0.001). The proportion of cases of degenerative aetiology increased from 1.1% in 1991-1995 to 41.0% in 2016-2017. In multivariate analysis for the composite outcome, age (hazard ratio [HR] 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.032 [1.020-1.044]; P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR 1.443, 95% CI 1.068-1.948; P=0.017), chronic kidney disease (HR 2.043, 95% CI 1.470-2.841; P<0.001) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (HR 1.019, 95% CI 1.010- 1.027; P<0.001) demonstrated significant indepen-dent associations. The aetiology of MS was not independently associated with the composite outcome. CONCLUSION DMS is becoming an increasingly common cause of native-valve MS. Despite numerous clinical differences between RMS and DMS, the aetiology of MS did not independently influence a composite of mortality or heart failure hospitalisation.
Humans ; Mitral Valve Stenosis/etiology* ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Rheumatic Heart Disease/mortality* ; Echocardiography ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data* ; Heart Failure/epidemiology* ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology*

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome and pediatric heart failure (PHF) has a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis is crucial for treatment and management of PHF. In clinical practice, various tests and examinations play a key role in the diagnosis of PHF, including continuously updated biomarkers, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. This article focuses on summarizing relevant research on biomarkers, examinations, combined testing, clinical models, and the grading and staging of PHF diagnosis, aiming to provide insights and directions for the diagnosis of PHF.
Humans ; Heart Failure/diagnosis* ; Child ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Echocardiography ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVES: To construct a Z-score regression model for coronary artery diameter based on echocardiographic data from children in Sichuan Province and to establish a Z-score calculation formula. METHODS: A total of 744 healthy children who underwent physical examinations at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the modeling group, while 251 children diagnosed with Kawasaki disease at the same hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were selected as the validation group. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the relationships between coronary artery diameter values and age, height, weight, and body surface area. A regression model was constructed using function transformation to identify the optimal regression model and establish the Z-score calculation formula, which was then validated. RESULTS: The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficients for the diameters of the left main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery with body surface area were 0.815, 0.793, 0.704, and 0.802, respectively (P<0.05). Among the constructed regression models, the power function regression model demonstrated the best performance and was therefore chosen as the optimal model for establishing the Z-score calculation formula. Based on this Z-score calculation formula, the detection rate of coronary artery lesions was found to be 21.5% (54/251), which was higher than the detection rate based on absolute values of coronary artery diameter. Notably, in the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries, the detection rate of coronary artery lesions using this Z-score calculation formula was higher than that of previous classic Z-score calculation formulas. CONCLUSIONS The Z-score calculation formula established based on the power function regression model has a higher detection rate for coronary artery lesions, providing a strong reference for clinicians, particularly in assessing coronary artery lesions in children with Kawasaki disease.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Infant ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; Regression Analysis ; Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging* ; Echocardiography ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVES: To study the predictive value of serum macrophage M1/M2 markers for the risk of cardiac lesions in obese children. METHODS: A total of 60 obese children (mild-to-moderate obesity, n=32; severe obesity, n=28) and 50 healthy controls who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from June 2024 to December 2024 were included. The baseline characteristics and the levels of laboratory indicators, echocardiographic parameters, and macrophage markers (MCP-1, Arg-1, CD206, and CD86) were compared among the three groups. The correlation between macrophage marker levels and echocardiographic parameters and the influencing factors of cardiac lesions in obese children were analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive performance of each influencing factor for cardiac lesions in obese children. RESULTS: Multiple echocardiographic parameters differed significantly among the mild-to-moderate obesity, severe obesity, and control groups (P<0.01). Significant differences were also observed in MCP-1 and Arg-1 levels, CD206 positivity rate, and the CD86/CD206 ratio among the three groups (P<0.05). In obese children, MCP-1 and Arg-1 levels, as well as CD86 and CD206 positivity rates, were correlated with echocardiographic parameters (P<0.05). Univariate logistic regression identified MCP-1, Arg-1, the CD86/CD206 ratio, and the CD206 positivity rate as factors associated with cardiac lesions (P<0.05). The combined prediction model based on these markers yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.887 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Combined measurement of macrophage markers can predict the risk of early cardiac lesions in obese children.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Macrophages ; Obesity/blood* ; Chemokine CCL2/blood* ; ROC Curve ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Heart Diseases/diagnosis* ; Echocardiography

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR) using Lux-Valve and Lux-Valve Plus in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation. METHODS: A total of 28 consecutive patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation who underwent TTVR with Lux-Valve (n=14) or Lux-Valve Plus (n=14) in the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University from August 2019 to November 2023 were enrolled. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients before and 6 months after the TTVR. The ultrasound indexes were compared before and 6 months after the TTVR in all patients and between Lux-Valve and Lux-Valve Plus groups. RESULTS: Compared with the Lux-Valve group, the Lux-Valve Plus group showed significantly reduced intraoperative bleeding and shorter postoperative hospital stays (both P<0.05). Six months after the TTVR, none of the patients exhibited more than a mild tricuspid valve regurgitation, and none of the patients had moderate or above perivalvular leakage except for one patient in the Lux-Valve Plus group who had a separation of the clamping member from the anterior tricuspid leaflet. The incidence of perivalvular leakage was significantly lower in the Lux-Valve Plus group (14.29%, 2/14) than in the Lux-Valve group (64.29%, 9/14, P<0.05). At 6 months after operation, the right chamber volume and right ventricle middle transverse diameter were reduced (both P<0.05); the peak blood flow velocity across the tricuspid valve, peak pressure gradient across the tricuspid valve, mean blood flow velocity of tricuspid valve, mean pressure gradient across the tricuspid valve and velocity time integral were increased in both groups (all P<0.05).Compared with the Lux-Valve group, the Lux-Valve Plus group showed higher left ventricular ejection fraction at 6 months postoperatively (P<0.05), while the rest of the indicators were not statistically different (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of using Lux-Valve and Lux-Valve Plus for TTVR in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation is comparable. Six months after the TTVR, the right side of the heart has undergone reverse remodeling.While Lux-Valve Plus offers greater minimally invasive benefits, valve selection should consider device-specific characteristics and differences in individual patients.
Humans ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/surgery* ; Male ; Female ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods* ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Tricuspid Valve/surgery* ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Treatment Outcome ; Echocardiography ; Adult ; Cardiac Catheterization/methods*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the application of transesophageal echocar-diography assessment for mitral valve in patients with atrial septal defects undergoing repair surgery. METHODS: The study group comprised of thirty-two adult patients with atrial septal defect who underwent thoracoscopic repair surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University from March to September 2022. Two-dimensional and real-time three-dimensional transesophageal ultrasonography of the mitral valve were performed after anesthesia. The parameters of the mitral valve structure at the late diastolic and late systolic stages were recorded, including anteroposterior and left-right annular diameters, anterior and posterior valves lengths, the vertical distance from the coaptation point of leaflet zone 2 during systole to the annular plane (mitral valve coaptation depth) and mitral valve coaptation length. Data from 32 patients with normal intracardiac structure and no mitral valve regurgitation (control group) were also collected and compared with those of the study group. Concurrent mitral valvoplasty was performed during the atrial septal defect repair surgery for 7 patients with significant mitral valve structural abnormalities and 2 patients with significantly increased mitral regurgitation after cardiac resuscitation. The study group was followed up with transthoracic echocardiography for 2 years postoperatively. RESULTS: In the study group, 26 (81.3%) patients had varying degrees of mitral valve morphological abnormalities. Among them, 10 (31.3%) patients had short mitral valve coaptation length or depth, 12 (37.5%) patients had closure point malposition, and 4 (12.5%) patients had different bulge of anterior and posterior leaflets. Compared with the control group, the study group had significantly smaller systolic and diastolic mitral left-right annular diameter, mitral posterior valves lengths, mitral coaptation length or depth (all P<0.05), a higher pulmonary systemic flow ratio (P<0.01), and a lower maximum blood flow velocity across the mitral valve (P<0.05). After 2 years of follow-up, among the 9 patients who underwent concurrent mitral valvoplasty, the mitral valve maintained no or little regurgitation, and the average mitral valve pressure difference was less than 5 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Among the 23 patients without concurrent mitral valvoplasty, 2 patients had moderate regurgitation 1 year after surgery, with a pulmonary/systemic flow ratio larger than 2.8. CONCLUSIONS Patients with large atrial septal defects often have abnormal mitral valve structure. Therefore transesophageal echocardiography is recommended for mitral valve assessment during the surgery. If significant mitral valve structural abnormalities are detected, concurrent mitral valvoplasty is recommended.
Humans ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/diagnostic imaging* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods* ; Mitral Valve/surgery* ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging*