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Genotoxic evaluation of synthetic hydroxyapatite using mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test

Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannana ; Nik Ahmad Shah Nik Lah ; Azlina Ahmad ; Siti Fatimah Ramli ; Narazah Mohd Yusoff ; Ab Rani Samsudin

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):10-16.

Some of the beneficial biocompatible properties of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]; the major component and an essential ingredient of normal bone and teeth, are that it is rapidly integrated into the human body and will bond to bone forming indistinguishable unions. But, before new materials are approved for medical use, mutagenesis systems to exclude cytotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic properties are applied worldwide. This study aimed to detect any chromosomal aberrations induced by the synthetic hydroxyapatite granules [Manufactured by Universiti Sains Malaysia, (USM) Penang, Malaysia] in the bone marrow cells of mice. The mitotic indices of the groups treated with synthetic hydroxyapatite granules did not show any significant difference as compared to the negative control group treated with distilled water. Also the groups of mice treated with synthetic hydroxyapatite granules and distilled water did not induce significant change in chromosome aberrations as compared to the positive control group treated with Mitomycin C. The mitotic indices and chromosomal analyses indicate that under the present test conditions, synthetic hydroxyapatite granules (manufactured by USM) are non cytotoxic and do not induce chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice.
Chromosome Aberrations ; Durapatite

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Medical students’ awareness of orthodontics: a cross sectional study in King Khalid University,Abha, Saudi Arabia

Ibrahim Al Shahrania ; Reena Kandyala

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):17-24.

Medical doctors are the primary caregivers for a vast majority of health-related complaints. If they are unaware of the impact of malocclusion and orthodontics on the health and general well-being of the patient, they may not identify, educate, motivate and refer patients for orthodontic care. Considering that the present-day medical students are the future medical doctors; we sought to assess their level of orthodontic awareness. This cross sectional survey was conducted in King Khalid University College of Medicine. The sample included 375 male and female medical students selected by simple random sampling technique. A pre-piloted self-administered questionnaire was used and the collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS package. Response rate was 70.4% (n=264). Males were 49.2% (n=130) and the rest were females. Half of the respondents (50.1%, (n=131) were familiar with the term ‘orthodontics’. 31.4% (n=81) knew that orthodontics involved correcting malocclusion. 40.1% (n=106) had received orthodontic treatment. Around half of the respondents (54.5%, (n=144) have relatives undergoing orthodontic treatment and 47.4% (n=125) felt aesthetics is most affected by malocclusion. Similarly, 56% (n=148) would make referrals and 38.6% (n=102) cited treatment duration as a discouraging factor. The medical students surveyed had limited awareness of orthodontics as a specialty. The female students showed a higher level of awareness towards oral health and orthodontics as compared to male students. Basic introduction to the dental sub-specialties, especially orthodontics would enable them to identify malocclusions, educate the patients and make informed referrals appropriately. Incorporating oral health education into the medical curriculum is a natural way to make a positive impact on patients’ health and well being.
Malocclusion ; Awareness ; Students, Medical ; Orthodontics ; Saudi Arabia

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An investigation of inter-examiner reproducibility in recording malocclusion parameters during orthodontic epidemiologic studies

Grace Ang ; Jacqueline Maryam Kamaluddin ; Wizziyiane Ahmad ; Uday Kumar Umesan ; Siti Waznah Wahab ; Lin Naing

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):25-33.

This study assesses inter-examiner reproducibility in recording various malocclusion parameters and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) grade during patient examination by utilising the kappa statistic. Five previously calibrated orthodontists clinically examined 233 non-orthodontically treated schoolchildren aged 14-17 years for recording various malocclusion parameters. The examination was repeated twice, thirty days apart and precluded the use of study-models or radiographs. Although good inter-examiner reproducibility was observed in recording incisor class, IOTN dental health grade, type of posterior crossbite, and excellent for parameters with absolute criteria like erupted supernumeraries, etc, substantial examiner variation resulted in only fair reproducibility for recording IOTN esthetic category, canine class, overbite category, traumatic overbite and upper centre-line shift of two millimetres or more from the facial midline. Reproducibility for detecting occlusal displacement in the presence of crossbite was poor, and kappa statistic was incalculable for recording openbite and number of upper incisors rotated 30° or more. Kappa was also incalculable for recording IOTN dental health subcategory due to the creation of asymmetric tables caused by rarely chosen subcategory options. Despite prior agreement between previously calibrated examiners on evaluation criteria, detection of certain malocclusion parameters during an epidemiological examination can prove to be challenging. Epidemiological studies that report on prevalence of malocclusion in the population should always report on the kappa reproducibility, especially if the study is carried out by multiple examiners.
Malocclusion ; Orthodontics ; Epidemiologic Studies

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Shape analysis of the sphenoid bone in Apert syndrome using 3D CT scans

KL McGlaughlin ; DJ Netherway ; DJ David ; PJ Anderson

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):34-40.

Apert syndrome is a rare acrocephalosyndactyly syndrome characterised by craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia and syndactyly of the hands and feet. The majority of cases arise as the result of one of two mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2). Due to the involvement of both the cranial and the facial sutures, the keystone of the craniofacial skeleton, the sphenoid bone, is affected by the disease process and as a result is dysmorphic. This may significantly affect craniofacial morphology but it is recognised that there are marked variations in this between different affected individuals. This is a retrospective study examining the morphology of the sphenoid bone using three dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) scan data. Shape analysis was performed using generalised Procrustes analysis and principal component analysis (GPA/PCA). Comparisons were made between the individuals with Apert syndrome and a group of normal individuals, and between the two genotypic groups. The sphenoid bone in those with Apert syndrome showed marked differences in morphology compared to the normal individuals with a restriction in height and increased angulation of the lesser wings; however, there were no consistent differences between the two genotypic groups. It is possible that fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) surgery indirectly releases the sphenoid bone and allows compensatory growth in this direction.
Acrocephalosyndactylia

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Granuloma formation and loss of tooth vitality following the use of bone wax in third molar surgery: report of a case

Rajeswary Raman ; Yap Hsiao Fern

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):41-43.

In the present case, granuloma formation and loss of tooth vitality following the use of bone wax in third molar surgery in a 16-year-old male patient were reported. Endodontic and surgical treatments were carried out on the patient. As foreign body granulomatous reaction to bone wax is not uncommon in the literature review, alternative haemostatic agents should be taken into consideration to avoid any potential complications and untoward effects of using bone wax for haemorrhage control in surgical procedures.
Granuloma ; Tooth Loss

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Incidental finding of co-existing life-threatening pathology during facial trauma assessment

Juanna Bahaduna ; Amal Abou-Hamden ; Peter J. Anderson

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):44-46.

Paediatric facial traumas are often accompanied by other intracranial and non-head injuries. Use of Computed Tomography (CT) has increased diagnostic accuracy when compared to plain radiographs alone. Coexisting anomalies can sometimes be a chance finding from the imagings and this highlights the need of a formal reporting by a radiologist. We report a case of a traumatic unilateral condylar fracture with a coexisting life-threatening abnormality detected from careful assessment of the imagings.

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Multiple supernumerary teeth in a child with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: a rare feature

Thavamalar Marimuthoo ; S. Nagarajan M.P. Sockalingam

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(1):47-51.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is a multiple anomalies congenital disorder characterised by broad thumb and halluces, facial dysmorphism with mental and growth retardation. Oral features include small mouth, retro and micronagthic jaws, highly arched and narrow palate. Dental anomalies such as teeth with talon cusps and screwdriver shaped permanent incisors together with crowded teeth are common features in these patients. Although hyperdontia is said to be one of the features of this condition, nevertheless, presence of multiple supernumerary teeth has never been documented. This report highlighted a case of an eleven-year-old boy with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome referred for unerupted permanent incisors who exhibited multiple supernumerary teeth radiographically.
Tooth, Supernumerary ; Child

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Awareness of oral cancer and precancer among final year medical and dental students of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia

Mohaideen Sitheeque ; Zulkifli Ahmad ; Rajan Saini

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(2):53-64.

The objective of this survey was to evaluate the knowledge of final year dental and medical students of Universiti Sains Malaysia concerning epidemiology, aetiology, clinical aspects, prevention, early detection and treatment of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire with 36 questions was used. Forty five dental students and 147 medical students participated in the study. Dental students were relatively better informed than their medical colleagues concerning most issues addressed in the questionnaire. Yet, in some areas of knowledge, the dental students did not differ significantly from their medical colleagues. Only a small proportion of both groups of students expressed confidence in their knowledge and skills in oral cancer prevention and detection. This study revealed areas of deficiency in the awareness of these students concerning oral cancer and OPMD. It points to a necessity to strengthen these aspects of medical and dental undergraduate curricula.
Mouth Neoplasms ; Awareness ; Data Collection ; Students, Medical

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Oral and maxillofacial pathologic lesion: retrospective studies on prevalence and sociodemographic features

Nurhayu Ab Rahman

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(2):53-64.

The aim was to study the prevalence and sociodemographic features of odontogenic, non-odontogenic and salivary glands lesions among patients seen in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. This information is essential to assist clinician in formulating reliable differential diagnosis of such lesion. Data on patient demographics, lesion location, tissue of origin and microscopic diagnosis were extracted from the Laboratory and Diagnosis record registries for biopsy specimen accessioned from year 2000 to 2012. This data was subsequently analyzed based on World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours (2005). A total of 748 cases were included in the study. Out of the total number of cases, 367 cases were males and 377 cases were females. Ninety seven cases (13%) were of odontogenic origin, while 90 cases (12%) and 197 cases (26%) were of non-odontogenic and salivary gland origin respectively. Forty five percent of cases involved oral mucosal lesions. The most prevalent odontogenic lesion reported within the twelve years period was radicular cyst and ameloblastoma. Non-odontogenic bone lesion was rarely encountered with it making up less than two percent of total cases reported. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most prevalent benign salivary glands neoplasm reported within similar time period.

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The feasibility of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in labial segment malocclusion among 8-10 years old

Alizae Marny Mohamed ; Wan Fariza Mohd Ariffin ; Tanti Irawati Rosli ; Alida Mahyuddind

Archives of Orofacial Sciences.2014;9(2):76-84.

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the use of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) on labial segment malocclusion in determining the need for orthodontic treatment among 8 to 10-year old children. Convenient sample of one hundred and six (106) children (54 boys and 52 girls) were examined extra and intra-orally. Their skeletal and dental discrepancies were assessed in all three dimension planes. Any presence of mandibular displacement was identified. The IOTN score was determined for each child. Respectively it was found that 39.6%, 49.1% and 11.3% of the children presented with skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusion(p<0.05). Inter-arch relationship showed a significant difference of the midline condition of the upper arch and the presence of anterior and posterior crossbite (p<0.05). About 17.8% of the children had increased overjet of more than 6 mm. Increased overbite was seen in 55.7% of the children with 7.6% presenting with palatal contact. There was a higher prevalence (57.5%) of crowding in the mandibular arch, while the maxillary arch had a higher prevalence (62.2%) of spacing. More than half (62.2%) of the children were in need of treatment (IOTN Grade 3, 4 and 5).This study showed a high prevalence of labial segment malocclusion among 8 to 10-year-old children which indicate orthodontic intervention. The IOTN is not a suitable index for mixed dentitions to be used for developing occlusion for the population group.
Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need ; Malocclusion ; Child

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