The brain-computer interface (BCI) is not merely an advanced technology but also represents a profound revolution spanning neuroscience, artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophy, and sociology. The core value of BCI lies in its ability to break through the informational barriers between the brain and the external world, endowing humans with novel capabilities for information interaction and propelling the evolution of an intelligent society. As a disruptive technological innovation, BCI fundamentally alters the way humans interact with the world, and its applications will profoundly influence our understanding of cognition, consciousness, and even self-existence. For neurosurgery, BCI is not only a revolutionary therapeutic tool but also an opportunity to reshape traditional medical paradigms. From repairing neural damage to modulating brain functions, from enhancing human intelligence to shaping the future of human-machine integration, BCI offers unprecedented possibilities for neurosurgery. The development of this technology not only aids in a deeper understanding of brain functions but also provides robust support for future intelligent healthcare. The impact of BCI extends far beyond medicine, influencing the transformation of future computing paradigms, the proliferation of intelligence augmentation, the scrutiny of social ethics, the deployment of national strategies, the dynamics of economic development, and the safeguarding of national security.

Cerebrovascular diseases, characterized by high incidence, disability, and mortality rates, have emerged as a leading global cause of death and long-term disability. Organoid technology, a three-dimensional in vitro culture system derived from stem cells or tissue cells, enables the simulation of organ development, physiological processes, and pathological mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential in cerebrovascular disease research and therapeutic development. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid applications for cerebrovascular diseases, with a focus on strategies for constructing vascularized cerebral organoids, including in vivo transplantation, in vitro culture systems, and bioengineering approaches. Studies reveal that these models not only recapitulate neurovascular unit interactions but also serve as powerful platforms for drug screening and mechanistic investigations, offering novel therapeutic strategies for cerebrovascular disorders. Current challenges include insufficient vascularization efficiency and limited integration capacity with host tissues. Future integration of gene editing, microfluidic chips, and high-throughput 3D bioprinting technologies is expected to enhance the functionality and clinical translatability of vascularized cerebral organoids, thereby advancing personalized medicine and precision healthcare.

In the fields of clinical psychology and psychiatry, music therapy has emerged as a safe and effective adjunctive intervention, demonstrating significant value in the treatment and rehabilitation of various mental disorders. However, research on the medium- and long-term efficacy and underlying mechanisms of music therapy remains insufficient, particularly in developing biologically informed treatment protocols tailored to individual patient differences, which represents a critical and emerging direction for further exploration. From an expert review perspective, this paper synthesizes recent advancements in both domestic and international research with the author's clinical experience to provide an in-depth analysis of the current status, limitations, and challenges of music therapy in the context of mental disorders. Furthermore, it proposes a future-oriented vision for the development of individualized music therapy grounded in neuroscience and integrating multidisciplinary theories and technologies. We advocate for intensified research into the biological mechanisms of music therapy, the application of real-time neural monitoring technologies, and a deeper exploration of the emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of music. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, we aim to advance music therapy into a more scientific and precise era of personalized care in the field of mental disorders.

Stroke ranks as the third leading cause of death and the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Its high disability rate and prolonged recovery period not only severely impact patients' quality of life but also impose a significant burden on families and society. Primary prevention is the cornerstone of stroke control, as early intervention on risk factors can effectively reduce its incidence. Therefore, the development of predictive models for first-ever stroke risk holds substantial clinical value. In recent years, advancements in big data and artificial intelligence technologies have opened new avenues for stroke risk prediction. This article reviews the current research status of traditional methods and machine learning models in predicting first-ever stroke risk and outlines future development trends from three perspectives: First, emphasis should be placed on technological innovation by incorporating advanced algorithms such as deep learning and large models to further enhance the accuracy of predictive models. Second, there is a need to diversify data types and optimize model architectures to construct more comprehensive and precise predictive models. Lastly, particular attention should be given to the clinical validation of models in real-world settings. This not only enhances the robustness and generalizability of the models but also promotes physicians' understanding of predictive models, which is crucial for their application and dissemination.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition characterized by high rates of prevalence and recurrence. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely utilized in the acute phase treatment of MDD and has shown potential in maintenance therapy. However, the factors influencing the efficacy of rTMS during the acute phase and the sustainability of its long-term therapeutic effects remain incompletely understood. Additionally, a consensus on the optimal maintenance treatment protocol has yet to be established. This article reviews recent evidence on the application of rTMS in both acute and maintenance treatment of MDD, aiming to summarize current research progress and provide insights for the further promotion and application of rTMS in clinical practice.

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a member of the human lipocalin family, has been demonstrated to be closely associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and renal disorders. Recent studies have indicated that LCN2 plays a significant regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurological diseases by mediating pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis. This article reviews the research advancements on the mechanism of LCN2 in neurological disorders, including cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment disorders, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety disorders, aiming to enhance clinical understanding.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), caused by cerebrovascular dysfunction, severely impacts the quality of life in the elderly population, yet effective therapeutic approaches remain limited. Mitophagy, a selective mitochondrial quality-control mechanism, has emerged as a critical focus in neurological disease research. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitophagy modulates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Key signaling pathways associated with mitophagy—including PINK1/Parkin, BNIP3/Nix, FUNDC1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and AMPK—have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for VCI. This review summarizes the mechanistic roles of mitophagy in VCI pathogenesis and explores emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways, aiming to provide novel insights for clinical intervention and advance the development of effective treatments for VCI.