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Causal Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Breast Cancer:A Mendelian Randomization Study

Jiaqi WANG ; Wei TANG ; Xiao HUANG ; Deyuan FU

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):567-572. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.23.1053

Objective To explore the causal relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer via Mendelian randomization analysis.Methods Analysis was conducted on data from genome-wide association studies(GWASs)on Omega-3 fatty acids and breast cancer.The selected instrumental variables(IVs)comprised genetic loci associated with Omega-3 fatty acids.Various Mendelian randomization analysis methods,including inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,MR-Egger regression analysis,weighted median,simple models,and weighted models,were used to evaluate the causal relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer.Results A total of 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms strongly associated with Omega-3 fatty acids were selected as IVs.The analysis methods,including IVW method,revealed no causal relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer(P>0.05).Analysis methods,such as MR-Egger regression analysis,did not detect significant gene-level pleiotropy(P=0.319),which indicates the high sensitivity and robustness of analysis results.Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the absence of a causal relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer.

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Effect of Extralevator Abdominoperineal Excision on Biomechanics of Female Pelvic Floor:A Finite Element Analysis

Jiefu WANG ; Xinran LU ; Wenpeng WANG

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):573-577. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.24.0113

Objective To explore the effects of four extralevator abdominoperineal excision(ELAPE)procedures on the biomechanics of female pelvic floor through finite element analysis.Methods Six finite element models of the female pelvic floor were established,including a normal model,an ELAPE model,and four individual models.The maximum stress in each model was measured under the same pressure,and the stress distribution was observed.Results The maximum stress of non-levator ani muscle tissues on the partially reserved side and totally removed side of the levator ani muscle were 3.101±0.133 and 4.868±0.123 MPa in individual model 1,respectively,which were lower than the maximum stress in the ELAPE model(5.111±0.081 MPa;both P<0.01).The maximum stress in the non-levator ani muscle tissue were 5.138±0.091 MPa on both sides in individual model 2,which were not significantly different from that in the ELAPE model(P>0.05).The maximum stress of non-levator ani muscle tissues were 4.700±0.105 and 3.653±0.156 MPa in individual models 3 and 4,respectively,which were lower than the maximum stress in the ELAPE model(both P<0.01).Conclusion Three ELAPE procedures,including ELAPE with unilateral levator ani muscle resection plane close to the rectum,and the bilateral pubococcygeal muscle lateral resection of levator ani muscle and levator ani muscle in front of the rectum preserved could decrease stress in the non-levator ani muscle tissue on both sides.The effect is evident on the levator ani muscle partially reserved side of ELAPE with unilateral levator ani muscle resection plane close to the rectum.ELAPE with unilateral levator ani muscle resection plane close to the pelvic wall has no significant reduction effect on the non-levator ani muscle tissue on either side.ELAPE模型(均P<0.01).

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Application of Colorectal Cancer Early Screening Based on Multitarget Fecal FIT-DNA Joint Detection Technology

Jie WANG ; Mingxing HOU ; Haidong CHENG ; Yongqiang LIU ; Jie MIAO ; Shuwen LI ; Lu CHEN

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):578-582. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.23.1364

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and further analyze the application prospects of the combined multitarget fecal FIT-DNA assay in the early screening of colorectal cancer.Methods Subjects were selected from a population attending the Inner Mongolia Medical University Hospital.Each subject underwent a combined multi-target fecal FIT-DNA test(experimental group),a serum tumor marker test and enteroscopy(control group).The pathological results were used as the gold standard to evaluate the efficacy of novel fecal molecular testing techniques for colorectal cancer screening with timely intervention given to screen positive individuals.Results The data of 115 individuals were analyzed.Serum tumor markers test had a sensitivity of 63.2%(43/68)and a specificity of 74.5%(35/47).The enteroscopy had a sensitivity of 97.1%(66/68)and a specificity of 80.7%(38/47);the combined multitarget fecal FIT-DNA test had a sensitivity of 89.7%(61/68)and a specificity of 87.2%(41/47).Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of multitarget fecal FIT-DNA combined detection are better than those of serum tumor marker detection.Although its sensitivity is lower than enteroscopy,its operation is simpler and can be tested at home.

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Short-Term Efficacy of Celiac Plexus Block Combined with Interstitial Permanent Implantation of 125I Seeds in Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Zunqian KE ; Zhihong YIN ; Dong ZHOU ; Xiaodong ZHU ; Hao NIE ; Shuihong HU ; Yong ZENG ; Jiahua ZOU

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):583-587. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.23.1161

Objective To investigate the short-term efficacy of celiac plexus block combined with the interstitial permanent implantation of 125I seeds in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer(inoperable locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancers).Methods A total of 100 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were selected and treated with celiac plexus block combined with the interstitial permanent implantation of 125I seeds under CT guidance.Pain relief and changes in the tumor marker CA19-9 were assessed on the seventh day,the first and third months after surgery.In the third month after surgery,tumor size was assessed by CT.Results Among the 100 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer,complete response(CR)was found in 12 cases,partial response(PR)in 78 cases,stable disease in five cases,and progression of disease in five cases three months after surgery.The CA19-9 level and the sum of short and long tumor diameters were significantly decreased(both P<0.01).A total of 100 patients had severe pain before treatment(visual analogue scale(VAS)):7-10 points),59 patients reported pain disappearance(VAS:0 points),35 patients had mild pain(VAS:1-3 points),and six patients experienced moderate pain(VAS:4-6 points)in the third month after treatment.The pain relief rate was 100%.Conclusion Celiac plexus block combined with the interstitial permanent implantation of 125I seeds has good short-term efficacy and can effectively improve short-term pain in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

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New Advances in Treatment of HER2-Low Breast Cancer

ZILALAN·Yushanjiang ; ZULIPIYE·Maihemuti ; Muzhao HE ; Hongtao LI

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):588-593. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.24.0088

Currently,breast cancer is a common malignancy in female,and previous guidelines recommended that one of the key biomarkers for breast cancer,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2),is classified as either positive or negative to guide clinicians'treatment decisions.While nearly half of breast cancer patients have low HER2 expression(IHC expression is 1+or 2+and ISH detection is negative),such patients are insensitive to traditional anti-HER2 targeted therapy.However,novel antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)provide new targeted therapy options for breast cancer patients with low HER2 expression,challenging the traditional binary concept and arousing research enthusiasm.In the latest ASCO/CAP guidelines for HER2 detection in breast cancer,HER2-low breast cancer has been included as a clinical treatment subgroup.This article will review the definition of HER2-low breast cancer,the progress of drug therapy such as ADC,and the current challenges faced by this subgroup.

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Progress of Research on ABC Transporters in Tumor Multidrug Resistance

Xiaoke XING ; Shuxian WANG ; Juanjuan LI ; Qibin SONG ; Pingfeng ZHANG

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):594-599. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.24.0082

The ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporter superfamily comprises membrane proteins that efflux various substrates across extra-and intracellular membranes.Among them,ABCB1,ABCG2,and ABCC1 are directly linked to tumor multidrug resistance(MDR).This review provides an overview of the current understanding on the novel mechanisms and functions of ABCB1,ABCG2,and ABCC1 transporters in tumor MDR,discusses the latest strategies to target these transporters,and explores further opportunities to overcome MDR.

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Final Fate of Cancer Cells After Nuclear Genetic Material Damage

Lei WANG ; Xiaomin XU ; Jian WANG ; Fangzheng MOU ; Darong WEI

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):600-605. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.23.1198

Cancer cells refer to a group of malignant cells with strong division and proliferation abilities.Cancer cells rely on the unstable plunder of human nutrition to sustain the large amount of energy that they need for their own division and proliferation.The division and proliferation of cancer cells are linked to the synthesis and replication of genetic material in the nucleus.Blockage or destruction of the synthesis of genetic material in cancer cells is one of the mechanisms underlying the action of most antitumor drugs.As the key material that dominates cell division,proliferation,and death,nuclear genetic material which mainly refers to the deoxyribonucleic acid located on the chromatin in the nucleus,plays a decisive role in the final fate of cells.The final fate of cancer cells after the damage of the genetic material is worthy of investigation and analysis.In this paper,we discuss and analyze the fate of cancer cells after genetic material damage from the aspect of cellular cycle arrest,apoptosis,autophagy,and senescence to provide ideas for the mechanism research on antitumor drugs.

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Research Progress on Mechanisms and Optimization Methods for Toxicity Induced by Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Yanli JIA ; Xiaoyu LI ; Houwu FAN ; Wenqing DUAN ; Lixia HU ; Jian ZHOU ; Fengming RAN ; Shuang DONG

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(7):606-612. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.23.1373

Since the approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin,an antibody-drug conjugate(ADC)targeting CD33 in 2000,13 ADC drugs have been approved by the FDA.Although these drugs have clearly improved the survival of patients with various types of advanced cancers,their significant toxicity has compromised their therapeutic benefits.The adverse reactions of ADC drugs are complex and include on-target and off-target toxicities,where the payload drug is a determining factor.Antibody and linker may also affect the degree of toxicity.Combination therapy becomes an important strategy in anticancer treatment because of its increased efficiency,but treatment-related adverse reactions also increase accordingly.This review comprehensively analyzes the toxicity mechanisms of current ADC drugs and proposes various optimization strategies,including but not limited to optimizing linker molecules,upgrading antibody design,and changing drug administration strategies,to improve the overall safety profile of ADC drugs.

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Progress of Targeted Therapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Detao YIN ; Weihao LIU

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(8):617-624. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.24.0335

Anaplastic thyroid cancer,an extremely rare malignant tumor of the thyroid gland,is a major cause of mortality in thyroid cancer because of its aggressiveness and poor prognosis.Anaplastic thyroid cancer is typically challenging to treat surgically,and the efficacy of traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains unclear.Meanwhile,the emergence of targeted therapy has radically transformed the traditional mode of tumor treatment.Anti-tumor effects can be achieved by specifically targeting tumor-associated molecules and signaling pathways.Compared with conventional chemotherapy,targeted therapy is able to more precisely target tumor cells while minimizing damage to normal cells.With the advancement of clinical trials on targeted therapy,the use of targeted drugs has been observed to significantly improve overall survival of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer.Targeted therapy and tumor-related signaling pathways have emerged as research hotspots in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer.This article offers an overview of the progress of targeted therapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer,incorporating current research on targeted drugs in the treatment of this condition.

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Research Progress on Gene Polymorphisms Related to Osteosarcoma

Peng ZHANG ; Kai CHEN ; Lingling HUANG ; Jinyan LIU ; Wen TIAN

Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment.2024;51(8):625-629. doi:10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2024.24.0044

Osteosarcoma,which primarily affects children and adolescents,is a highly malignant bone tumor with high rates of disability and mortality.Therefore,the exploration of biological markers related to its occurrence,development,and prognosis is crucial.Genome-wide association studies have revealed the vital role of genetic polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma.This study aims to provide new insights into reliable biomarkers of osteosarcoma through the analysis of the functional single-nucleotide polymor-phisms of tumor-related genes.

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