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Chinese Journal of Biologicals

2002 (v1, n1) to Present ISSN: 1671-8925

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Interpretation and consideration of “Substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for the quality control of vaccines” in General Texts of European Pharmacopoeia

Xuan-xuan ZHANG ; Xing WU ; Qun-ying MAO ; Miao XU ; Zheng-lun LIANG

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):1-4+10. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003784

Interpretation and consideration of “Substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for the quality control of vaccines” in General Texts of European Pharmacopoeia Potency is a critical quality attribute for controlling relevant biological properties and batch consistency of vaccines.The methods can be divided into in vivo and in vitro methods according to whether animals are used.The in vivo methods are large consuming of animals and time,as well as have large variant detection results.In contrast,the in vitro alternative methods have been the hotspot of research due to their simple operations,in line with 3Rs principles,and more stable results.However,owing to the complexity of experimental design and the lack of corresponding guidance,the research progress of alternative methods is slow.Recently,“Substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for the quality control of vaccines” was adopted in the European Pharmacopoeia(10th Edition),which clarifies the critical points of consideration for substitution.This paper interprets the chapter and puts forward some thoughts on that in China,which is expected to speed up the alternative methods research and improve the ability of vaccine quality control and supervision in China.

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Effect of amantadine dimer adjuvant on humoral immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccine in mice

Si-si CHEN ; Yu JIN ; Yu-fang ZHANG ; Chun-yan HE ; Zheng-miao ZHOU ; Ye LIU

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):5-10. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003795

Effect of amantadine dimer adjuvant on humoral immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccine in mice Objective To investigate the effect of amantadine dimer adjuvant on humoral immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 crown protein vaccine in mice.Methods The amantadine dimer was synthesized by substitution reaction ligation,hydrolytic acidification reaction ligation and amide condensation reaction ligation,with which as adjuvant,female BALB/c mice were immunized with the receptor-binding domain(RBD).The mice were randomly divided into five groups,six for each as follows:R6A+RBD group[21 μg(0.033 μmol)amantadine dimer+10 μg RBD],Ada+RBD group[10 μg(0.066 μmol)amantadine+10 μg RBD],Alu+RBD group(35 μg aluminum adjuvant+10 μg RBD),RBD group(10 μg RBD)and Blank group(0.9% normal saline),which were immunized i.m.on day 0,14 and 28 respectively.Serum samples were collected from tail vein of mice 7 d after the second dose and 14 d after the last dose and determined for specific IgG antibody levels by ELISA.Results The amantadine dimer was purified by thin layer chromatography(TLC)and identified by electrospray ionization-MS(ESI-MS)positive/negative ion mode.After two times of immunization,the antibody levels in sera at various dilutions of mice in R6A+RBD group were all higher than those of Ada+RBD group,while lower than those of Alu+RBD group.However,after three times of immunization,the antibody levels in sera at various dilutions of mice in R6A+RBD group were all significantly higher than those of Ada+RBD and Alu+RBD groups(each F > 30,each P < 0.000 1 and each P < 0.01).Conclusion Amantadine dimer adjuvant enhanced humoral immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccine in mice with good adjuvant effect,which may be used as an alternative adjuvant.This strategy based on existing drug transformation provided a new idea for the development of novel adjuvants.

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Evaluation of inhibitory effect of tumor vaccine in colon carcinoma model mice

Lu HAN ; LIANG Zhao yuan ; SHI Si wei ; YANG Li qun ; DENG Xiong wei ; SHENG Wang

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):11-15+20. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003800

Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of tumor vaccines in colon carcinoma model mice. Methods: Mouse bone marrow⁃derived dendritic cells(BMDCs)were stimulated by using CpG β⁃glucan nanoparticles(CNP)in vitro. The BMDCs were divided into PBS group,NP group(without CpG nanoparticles),Lysate group(MC38 cell lysate)and CpG group(CpG1826),which were determined for the expression of marker molecules on the surface by flow cytometry and for the contents of interleukin⁃6(IL⁃6)and IL⁃12p40 in the culture supernatant by ELISA. The tumor lysate nano⁃vaccine was pre⁃ pared by mixing 50 mg/mL tumor lysate(MC38 cell lysate)with 200 mg/mL CNP in a volume ratio of 1∶1,with which mice were subcutaneously immunized as Vaccine group. Vaccine group,PBS group,CNP group and Lysate group were im⁃ munized once a week,for three times in total. Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with MC38 cells,2 × 105 cells for each, in the right lower limb 1 h after the last immunization,and measured for tumor volume once every three days to plot the tumor growth curve. The ratios of CD3+ CD4+ T and CD3+ CD8+ T cells in the blood were analyzed by flow cytometry and the levels of tumor necrosis factor⁃α(TNF⁃α)and interferon γ(IFNγ)in the blood and spleen of mice were determined by ELISA. Results: CNP effectively increased the expression of CD11c+ CD80+,CD11c+ CD86+,CD11c+ MHC⁃Ⅱ+ and the secretion of IL⁃6 and IL⁃12p40 in BMDCs in vitro,which were significantly higher than those in other 4 groups(t = 4. 3 ~ 46. 2,each P < 0. 05). Compared with that of the other three groups,the tumor volume of mice in Vaccine group decreased significantly(t =2.6~3.4,eachP <0. 05);TherewasnosignificantdifferenceinCD3+ CD8+ TandCD3+ CD8+ Tcellratios(t = 0.5~ 1. 9,each P > 0. 05);The content of IFNγ in blood increased significantly(t = 3. 8 ~ 4. 6,P < 0. 05),while thatof TNF⁃α showed no significant difference(t = 0. 4 ~ 2. 0,each P > 0. 05);However,the contents of IFN γ and TNF⁃α in spleen increased significantly(t = 6. 3 ~ 13. 0,each P < 0. 001). Conclusion The prepared nano⁃vaccine of tumor lysate improvedtheimmune level in mice and effectively inhibited the growth of colon carcinoma.

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Thermal stability of neuraminidase in influenza vaccine

CAO Hai dan ; QIU Lu ; ZHAO Li jia ; XU Wen ; WANG Min ; LI Wen qian ; LI Shuai

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):16-20. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003785

Abstract:Objective To analyze the stabilities of neuraminidase(NA)in influenza vaccine at different temperatures and provide a reference for further complete understanding of overall shelf life of vaccines. Methods Monovalent bulks of influenza H1N1,H3N2 and B vaccines were stored at 4(low temperature),25(room temperature)and 37 ℃(changed temperature)for 0. 5,2,7,24 and 48 h separately,using that at 100 ℃(extreme temperature)for 1 h as control,and determined for NA activity by enzyme⁃linked lectin method. Results The NA activities of influenza H1N1 vaccines stored at 25 and 37 ℃ decreased significantly with the increasing of time. No significant decreases were observed in H3N2 and B vaccines even after storage at two non⁃storage temperatures for 48 h. However,all the NA activities of three vaccines decreased at 100 ℃. Conclusion Both H3N2 and B vaccines showed high stability at abnormal storage temperatures not more than 37 ℃,while H1N1 vaccine was relatively sensitive to the temperature for storage.

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Effect of interferon receptor 1 silenced human diploid MRC⁃5 cell line on replication of varicella⁃zoster virus

YANG Xiao ; JIANG Cheng han ; SUN Bo ; GU Tie jun ; WAN Ming ming ; SUN Jie ; DING Xue ; WANG Cen⁃rong ; ZHOU En⁃tong ; JIANG Hao ; SU Wei⁃heng

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):21-25+31. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003787

Abstract:Objective To improve the replication level of varicella⁃zoster virus(VZV)in human diploid cell line MRC⁃5 and increase the yield of VZV vaccine by reducing the expression of interferon(IFN)related genes via optimizing the cell line MRC⁃5. Methods Interferon receptor 1(IFNAR1)silenced MRC⁃5 cell line(MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃)was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology,which was determined for the relative expression of IFNAR1 mRNA,and for those of mRNA of IFN related genes IFNβ and OAS1 after VZV infection by qRT⁃PCR to evaluate the effect of gene silencing. Gene mutation sequences were further identified by sequencing of the silenced sites. The replication of VZV in MRC⁃5 and MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃ cell lines was compared 168 h after VZV infection by using qRT⁃PCR and plaque formation unit(PFU)assay, to evaluate the effect of MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃cell line on VZV replication. Results The growth status of MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃ cell line wasconsistent with that of MRC ⁃ 5 cells,and the relative expression of IFNAR1 mRNA decreased by 73%;The relative expressions of IFNβ and OAS1 mRNA in MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃ cell line were 61% and 90% lower than those in MRC⁃ 5 cells respectively after VZV infection;In addition,168 h after VZV infection,the level of DNA replication and the titer of VZV increased by 5. 7 folds and 4 folds respectively. Conclusion The successful establishment of MRC⁃5IFNAR1⁃ cell line may be a potential scheme to increase the yield of vaccines based on human diploid cells,and provided a reference for expanding production of VZV vaccine.

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Bioinformatics analysis of sterol O⁃acyltransferase 1 gene related to hepatocellular carcinoma

CHENG Ri na ; WANG Xiao⁃yu ; MA Qing ; KONG Ling⁃hua ; ZHANG Yu⁃qi ; QIN Kai⁃li ; ZHAO Ying⁃zhu ; SU Dan ; GONG Tao ; GUO Rui

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):26-31. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003791

Abstract:Objective To predict the structure and function of sterol O⁃acyltransferase 1(SOAT1)related to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)by using bioinformatics tools,in order to understand its mechanism as the marker and therapeutic target of S⁃Ⅲ subtype. Methods The structure,function and protein interaction of SOAT1 were predicted and analyzed by using databases or softwares such as NCBI,STRING,Protscale,SignalP,TMHMM,PSORT,SOPMA,SWISS ⁃ MODEL, NetNGlyc,NetOGlyc,Netphos and ProtParam. Results The protein encoded by SOAT1 was a hydrophobic protein with good stability,which was a nonclassical pathway protein with 8 transmembrane regions,mainly distributed among the cell membrane. SOAT1 was expressed in many tissues,while most of them in the adrenal gland,which showed multiple phosphorylation sites and was mainly involved in the synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol. Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function of SOAT1 showed that SOAT1 lipid synthesis and catabolism pathways played an important role,and lipid expression was closely related to the development of cancer,indicating that the treatment of HCC may be achieved by regulating the expression of SOAT1 gene.

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Expression,purification and bioinformatics analysis of PE_PGRS35 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain

YUAN Mei⁃li ; WANG Chu⁃tong ; LI Min⁃ying ; LI Bai⁃qing ; XU Tao ; WANG Hong⁃tao

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):32-38. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003793

Abstract: Objective To clone PE_PGRS35 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB),construct recombinant vector pET28a⁃PE_PGRS35,express and purify the PE_PGRS35 protein of MTB H37Rv heterologously,and explore a new target against MTB after bioinformatics analysis. Methods The PE_PGRS35 coding gene was amplified by PCR and used to construct the expression vector pET28a⁃PE_PGRS35 by recombinant cloning technology,which was transformed to E. coli BL21(DE3)after successful sequencing and induced by using IPTG. The obtained PE_PGRS35 protein was purified by Ni column affinity chromatography and analyzed by bioinformatics. Results The pET28a⁃PE_PGRS35 prokaryotic expression vector was constructed correctly as identified by sequencing. The PE_PGRS35 protein was mainly expressed in the form of inclusion bodies,with a relative molecular mass of about 53 000 and a purity of 90%. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PE_PGRS35 protein was an acid⁃labile protein,with main secondary structure of β⁃sheet and random coil,and no transme⁃ mbrane region,which was presumed to be an extramembrane protein with 39 phosphorylation sites and two conserved domains. Total 10 proteins,including Rv1769,PPE8,PPE64,PPE54,PPE24,PPE16,PPE35,PPE6,PPE28 and PE2, interacted with PE_PGRS35 protein. Conclusion PE_PGRS35 protein with high purity was successfully obtained,which provided a reference for the further development of new targets for drugs against MTB.

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Feasibility of outer membrane protein C as a protein presenting platform targeting antigen to surface of outer membrane vesicle

SUN Jing⁃jing ; HUANG Jian⁃dong

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):39-42+47. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003788

Abstract:Objective To investigate the feasibility of outer membrane protein C(OmpC)as a protein presenting platform targeting antigen to the surface of outer membrane vesicle(OMV). Methods The recombinant expression plasmid containing ompC gene fragment and Staphylococcus aureus EsxA antigen gene(esxA gene)was constructed,transformed to competent E. coli BL21(DE3),inducedbyIPTG,andanalyzedforexpressedproductby 12%SDS⁃PAGE. Thetotalproteinofrecombinant strain OMV was analyzed by 12% SDS⁃PAGE,and the localization of fusion protein on the surface of OMV was detected by Western blot and Flow NanoAnalyzer. Results The recombinant expression plasmid containing ompC gene and esxA gene was constructed correctly as proved by sequencing. 12% SDS⁃PAGE showed that the fusion protein OmpC⁃EsxA had a relative molecular mass of about 57 000,which was consistent with the expected size,while the total protein of OMV showed multiple target protein bands,indicating that recombinant strain OMV was successfully extracted. The fusion protein OmpC⁃ EsxA on the surface of recombinant strain OMV specifically bound to mouse antibody against His⁃Tag,and OMVs labeled with fluorescent antibody were detected by Flow NanoAnalyzer. Conclusion OmpC may be used as a protein presenting plat⁃ form to locate antigen to OMV surface,which was expected to be applied in the development of antigen presentation vaccine. Keywords:Outer membrane protein C(OmpC);Protein presentation;Outer membrane vesicle(OMV)

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Adaptability and genetic stability of hepatitis A virus SYX_1 strain in human diploid cell MRC-5

LI Fang⁃fang

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):43-47. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003786

Abstract:Objective To investigate the adaptability and genetic stability of hepatitis A virus(HAV)SYX1 strain in human diploid cell MRC⁃5. Methods HAV SYX1 strain isolated from feces of patients with hepatitis A was continuously propagated in MRC⁃5 cells for 28 passages,of which the 1st ~ 26th passages were determined for antigen contents and virus titers,the 6th passage was observed for the morphology under microscope and detected for physicochemical properties,and the 13th ~ 15th passages were studied for virus proliferation dynamics to determine the peak yield of virus proliferation. Genomic RNA was extracted from the 8th,12th,18th,20th,22nd,25th,26th and 28th passages and sequenced to analyze the genetic stability. The main seed batch and working seed batch of HAV SYX1 strain were established and verified according to the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(VolumeⅢ,2020 edition). Results The antigen content of HAV SYX1 was stable at 160 ~ 320 EU/mL and the titer was maintained at 7. 3 ~ 8. 3 lgCCID50/mL after the 8th passages in MRC 5 cells;Virus particles showed two types:hollow and solid,with a diameter of 27 ~ 32 nm,spherical,without envelope and protrusions on the surface,which tolerated low pH value and ether. The peak period of virus proliferation was 10 d with an antigen content of more than 160 EU/mL and a virus titer of more than 7. 0 lgCCID50/mL. HAV SYX1 was a subtype of HAV IB,and no mutation in the coding region of all structural proteins during passage was observed. The verification results of main seed batch and working seed batch of HAV all met the relevant requirements. Conclusion HAV SYX1 strain showed good adapt⁃ ability and genetic stability in MRC⁃5,which might be used for the development and production of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine.

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Preparation of human monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using single B cell

FENG Ze⁃zhong ; LU Yang ; LI Jia⁃ying ; MA Ping ; WANG Ying⁃nan ; ZHU Jin⁃qi ; SUN Jin⁃fu

Chinese Journal of Biologicals.2023;36(1):48-52. doi:10.13200/j.cnki.cjb.003806

Abstract:Objective To prepare human monoclonal antibody against spike protein(S protein)of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS⁃CoV⁃2)by using single B cell,and determine its neutralizing activity. Methods Venous blood with high antibody level was collected from people immunized with inactivated SARS⁃CoV⁃2 vaccine(Vero cells) twice,of which peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were isolated by lymphocyte stratified fluid and used to isolate single B cell expressing S protein antibody by magnetic beads coupled with S1 protein. Variable region genes of IgG heavy chain and light chain were amplified by nested PCR after reverse transcription of single B cell,which were connected with CMV promoter,IgG leader sequence,IgG constant region and polyA sequence by overlapping PCR to construct antibody linear expression cassette. Linear expression cassette of the heavy chain and light chain from the same B cell was transfected to HEK293T cells to express human monoclonal antibody of SARS⁃CoV⁃2 S protein. Immunoreactivity was detected by immuno⁃ fluorescence while neutralizing activity by pseudovirus neutralization test. Results A total of 26 monoclonal antibodies against SARS⁃CoV⁃2 S protein were expressed,which showed heavy chain and light chain protein bands of IgG antibody at

Country

China

Publisher

Editorial Office,Chinese Journal of Biologicals

ElectronicLinks

http://swzpe.cbpt.cnki.net/WKB/WebPublication/index.aspx?mid=swzpe

Editor-in-chief

YANG Xiao-ming

E-mail

zgsw1988@163.com

Abbreviation

CJB

Vernacular Journal Title

中国生物制品学杂志

ISSN

1004-5503

EISSN

Year Approved

2022

Current Indexing Status

Currently Indexed

Start Year

1988

Description

Chinese Journal of Biologicals, herein after referred to as Journal, is under the leadership of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by China Preventive Medicine Association. It mainly reports information of China biologicals, important R&D achievements and latest progresses of biologicals, as well as the status of worldwide biological and biotechnology products. The main readers of it are production, research and management personnel who come from biological and biotechnology products enterprises, clinician, and government officials who take charge of verification, disease surveillance and control. Biologicals, which are used for the prevention, treatment and diagnose of human disease, are produced with microorganism, cell and animal or human tissue and body fluid by using traditional or modern biological techniques. The Journal mainly publishes academic articles related to preparation techniques and application of biologicals, in which upstream and downstream technologies, verification, and preclinical study etc. are included. It supplies forefront information to production and scientific research personnel in biological field, and provides references for production and scientific research works. The Journal is significantly different from China Biological Engineering and Letters in Biotechnology which mainly reports basic research matters. 1988 is the inaugural year of the Journal. As a carrier for academic exchange, it has faithfully and objectively reported the development history of China biologics during the past 20 years and has a widespread impact on the biological and biotechnological fields. Readers and authors of the Journal, both home and abroad, are increasing year by year. Worldwide biological workers may have a thoroughly understanding of the development history and current situation of China biologicals and may undertake academic exchange and cooperation with Chinese biological production and scientific research persons by it, thereby to stimulate the development of world biologics. In recent years, the Journal has been included by many international retrieval systems, such as Chemical Abstracts (CA), Biological Abstract (BA), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA), BIOSIS Previews (BP), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory(UPD), Abstract Journal (AJ), Excerpta Medica (EM),Scopus,Peking University Chinese Core Database (PKU),and international center for agricultural and biological sciences research (CABI), etc.

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