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Differences in Physical Activity According to Age andDepression: Based on the 2014-2017 Korea NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey

Saeheon JANG

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(2):31-36. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.2.31

Background: The effects of physical activity on health vary depending on the individual’s age and the intensity and quality of physical activity. Hence, this study examined how the quality and intensity of physical activity are correlated with depression according to age. Methods: The current study used data from the 5th (2014-2015) to the 6th (2016-2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 27,119 individuals over the age of 12 were selected. Variables such as adherence to aerobic physical activity guidelines and number of daily hours spent sitting, working (vigorous or moderate), at leisure (vigorous or moderate), moving (vigorous or moderate), practicing strength training, and walking were compared between groups with or without depression for two consecutive weeks by considering three age groups (adolescents, adults, and older adults). Results: Compliance with aerobic physical activity guidelines, vigorous work time in older adults and weekly walking in both adults and older adults were higher in the group without depression than in the group with depression. Meanwhile, the group with depression spent more time sitting than the adolescent group. Conclusion For adults aged 19 and older, meeting physical activity guidelines and walking regularly can help prevent mental illnesses such as depression. Adolescents can improve their mental health by reducing the amount of time they spend sitting. Further research is needed to confirm the relation between physical activity and depression prevention measures by utilizing advanced information communication technologies and physical activity measurement methods.

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Where is the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway in Depression?

Jung An LEE

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(2):23-30. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.2.23

Although the pathophysiology of depression has not been clearly elucidated yet, the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway has recently taken an increasingly important position in the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, preclinical and clinical studies of depression related to the mTOR signaling pathway will be summarized to explore the current position of mTOR in depression. Because the role of mTOR in the mechanism of the antidepressant effect of ketamine has been attracting attention, related studies will also be reviewed. Summarizing these studies, this review would like to suggest the basis and future direction for treatment and research of depression.

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Pharmacogenetics in Psychotropic Drugs

Jung An LEE ; Jung Goo LEE

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(1):1-7. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.1.1

Pharmacogenetics is used in psychiatry to predict the effects and side effects of psychotropic drugs. As most mental disorders have complex causes and unpredictable outcomes, personalized treatment using pharmacogenomics would be a useful method. However, pharmacogenetic studies in psychiatry have yielded insignificant results thus far, making their clinical application extremely limited. Early testing, prediction of drug side effects, and drug compliance will be discussed as considerations for the effectiveness of the pharmacogenetic test in psychiatry. Although pharmacogenetic tests in psychiatry do not yet have high sensitivity and specificity, they may be useful in the future for predicting clinical prognosis or developing novel drug treatments. As a result, the authors summarized the current state and prospects of pharmacogenetics in psychiatry in this review.

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Relationship between Depression and Glycated Hemoglobin: Analysis Based on the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Hye Won KIM ; Mi Kyoung SEO ; Taekjoong KIM ; Sung Woo PARK ; Jung An LEE ; Jung Goo LEE

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(1):8-14. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.1.8

Background: The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between depression and glycated hemoglobin in the general Korean population. Methods: Adults aged 19 to 80 years were surveyed as part of the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4,831 people were chosen to complete the health questionnaire, provide their body mass index, and get a HbA1c blood test. The general characteristics of groups with high and low glycated hemoglobin were identified. To find out the correlation between depression diagnosis and the general population with high glycated hemoglobin, a chi-square test was carried out. A t-test was also used to compare the means of glycated hemoglobin between the groups diagnosed with and not diagnosed with depression. In analyzing the relationship between depression and glycated hemoglobin, analysis of covariance was performed by adjusting the effects for demographic factors. Results: Sex, age, income level, education level, drinking, smoking, exercise, and body mass index are all factors that influence glycated hemoglobin. The mean glycated hemoglobin was high in the group diagnosed with depression. The relationship between depression and glycated hemoglobin could not be confirmed using logistic regression after controlling for confounding variables. Conclusion There was no significant correlation between depression and glycated hemoglobin in the general population of Korea based on the results of this study.

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A Study of Dry Mouth and Gastrointestinal Disorders in Patients Taking Antidepressant

Yeong-Jin HEO ; Chan-Mo YANG ; Hye-Jin LEE ; Sang-Yeol LEE ; Seung-Ho JANG

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(1):15-22. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.1.15

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of dry mouth and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in antidepressant patients. Methods: The study included 103 antidepressant-taking patients. Antidepressants were classified according to their mode of action. The GI disorders were investigated using the medical records of the patients. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 and a questionnaire for assessing dry mouth symptoms were used in this study. Results: The score for “overall discomfort due to dry mouth in daily life” (31.72±33.82), “dry mouth at night or in the morning” (47.86±35.87), and “dry mouth during the day” (39.83±31.67) were slightly higher than “discomfort in chewing or swallowing foods”. According to somatization severity, the mean values were 116.36±113.34 in the mild, 213.18±136.98 in the moderate, and 277.59±201.44 in the severe, the between-group difference was significant (F=10.294, p<0.001). According to the class of antidepressants, the mean score was 180.00±147.5 for vortioxetine, 194.25±169.33 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 223.61±156.70 for serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 75.00±57.00 for norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), 201.67±174.66 for Nassau, and 116.67±132.03 for agomelatine. A total of 67 (65.0%) patients had at least one GI disorder. Conclusion The study findings are expected to help increase medication compliance in antidepressant patients by better controlling the side effects experienced by the patients.

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Case of Decreased Serum Valproic Acid Concentration During Concomitant Use of Meropenem in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

Chan-Kyu JEONG ; Chan-Mo YANG ; Sang-Yeol LEE ; Seung-Ho JANG

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(3):65-67. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.3.65

Blood valproic acid levels were decreased in patients with traumatic brain injury who had been using valproic acid to control irritability and aggression, and the symptoms worsened coincident with the administration of meropenem, a carbapenem-based antibiotic. Two weeks after the discontinuation of meropenem, valproic acid levels were restored to an effective therapeutic concentration. Therefore, when valproic acid and carbapenem-based antibiotics are used together, blood valproic acid levels may decrease due to drug interaction, and irritability symptoms may worsen. Thus, close monitoring of serum valproic acid levels is required.

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Influences of Dopamine D2, D3 Agonist Quinpirole Dosage on Locomotor Activity Measured by Open-FieldTest

Jeonghyun PARK ; Eunsoo MOON ; Hyun Ju LIM ; Kyungwon KIM ; Jung Hyun LEE ; Yoo Rha HONG

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(3):59-64. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.3.59

Background: Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist quinpirole have been tried as one of drug-induced bipolar animal models. An open-field test is used to assess locomotor activity related to anxiety. Not many studies have analyzed the effects of quinpirole dosages on locomotor activity. The purpose of this study was to look at the locomotor activity of quinpirole-injected mice in an open-field test. Methods: The open-field test was used to observe the locomotor activities of 28 mice. Quinpirole was administrated at 0.05-5 mg/kg and normal saline were used as a control. The Mann-Whitney U-test was employed to compare the locomotor activities in the quinpirole and control groups. Results: Quinpirole-induced locomotor activities reduced as time elapsed during the first 30 minutes following the injection in most mice, then increased or fluctuated in the later 30 minutes. As the dosage was increased, there was a stronger initial inhibition, followed by a rapid and further increase in the last 30 minutes. Conclusion This study showed the differential effects of quinpirole-induced locomotor activities depending on dosage, and initial suppression of locomotor activities by quinpirole was observed. Additionally, longitudinal observation of more than 1 hour would be required to look into the biphasic pattern of quinpirole in an animal model.

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Effects of Positive Psychological Resources on the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depressive Symptoms in University Students

Jongbin KIM ; Dae Kyung YOO ; Hyun-Ju YANG ; Duk-Soo MOON ; Na Ri KANG ; Joon Hyuk PARK ; Moon-Doo KIM ; Young-Eun JUNG

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(3):52-58. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.3.52

Background: This study was conducted to examine the effect of adverse childhood experiences on depressive symptoms in university students and to verify whether positive psychological resources act as a protective factor for depression. Methods: Data from 1,317 young adults aged 18-29 years who took part in the university-based cross-sectional survey were analyzed. All participants completed self-report questionnaires that included demographic variables, the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Positive Resources Test. Results: The incidence of depression was 33.3% and was higher in women than in men. Based on the 10 ACE categories, 32.7% of the students reported one or more adverse childhood experiences, and 14.4% reported two or more forms of adverse childhood experiences. Students with depressive symptoms were likely to report more traumatic experiences in childhood and fewer positive psychological resources than those without depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that positive psychological resources moderated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression. Conclusion Based on these results, professionals should consider identifying adverse childhood experiences early and provide active mental health service support, including positive psychological and social resources for individuals who have adverse experiences during childhood.

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Difference in Cognitive Performance in Virtual Reality– Assisted Mental Health Promotion Program According to Groups Clustered Based on Mental Health

Hyun-Ju LIM ; Kyungwon KIM ; Eunsoo MOON ; Du-Ri KIM ; Jong-Hwan PARK ; Myung-Jun SHIN ; Yean-Hwa LEE

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(3):43-51. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.3.43

Background: Several studies support the effectiveness and tolerability of virtual reality (VR) interventions in the psychiatric field. This study aimed to examine changes of cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs and to investigate the difference in performance according to clinical characteristics. Methods: Thirty subjects aged >55 years participated in the study. The clinical characteristics of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, quality of life, and cognition were assessed. Cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs was compared between the clusters classified by clinical characteristics. Results: Cluster analysis classified the subjects into three groups. In Cluster 1, the Module 3 training score was significantly different before and after VR performance. In Cluster 2, significant differences were observed in the Module 1 training score, the Module 2 training score, the Module 2 defense failure score, and the Module 3 training score.In Cluster 3, a significant difference was observed in the Module 3 training score. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that VR performance might differ according to clinical characteristics. A cognitive training strategy using VR has to be differentially established depending on the characteristics of the community population.

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The Link Between Sleep and Diabetes Mellitus:A Literature Review

Jung An LEE ; Gyung-Mee KIM

Mood and Emotion.2022;20(3):37-42. doi:10.35986/me.2022.20.3.37

Sleep, which was previously not a topic for discussion in clinical practice, is now a problem that cannot be disregarded in people with diabetes mellitus. Instead, the importance of sleep has increased for the management and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus and dyssomnias are both chronic conditions that have a significant effect on the quality of life and health. Numerous research has shown that the relationship between diabetes mellitus and sleep is bidirectional rather than linear. In this review, not only the effects of diabetes mellitus on sleep, but also the effects of sleep on diabetes mellitus are investigated, and the biological mechanisms are summarized as well.

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