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Rapid Spread of COVID-19! What Are the Cases of COVID-19 Infection in Dental Clinics in Korea?

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2020;20(3):125-. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2020.20.3.125

As of August 2020, the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases around the world was about 22 million and the number of deaths was about 770,000 1) . The virus was first discovered in China and it spread to South Korea, Europe, and the United States. Currently, it is prevalent in the Americas, India, and the Middle East as well.COVID-19 is transmitted through air droplets. South Korea has been successful in controlling the spread of infection using a strict quarantine system and public health awareness on measures such as hand washing and the wearing of masks. However, following the group infections in Shincheonji, Itaewon, and recently the Sarangjeil church, South Korea has active cases. Although dental clinics in Korea generate significant aerosol that may facilitate droplet infections, they have recorded no cases 2) .There are rare cases in Korea, and asymptomatic patients may have visited dentists; however, no case has been reported, and this may be attributed to the effectiveness of the wearing of masks and gloves and infection control in dental clinics.In Korea, the Dental Infection Control Standard Policy & Procedure 3) established infection control systems classified into: (1) standard precautions/occupational safety; (2) 2019 (COVID-19) cases around the world was about 22 million and the number of deaths was about 770,000 1) . The virus was first discovered in China and it spread to South Korea, Europe, and the United States. Currently, it is prevalent in the Americas, India, and the Middle East as well.COVID-19 is transmitted through air droplets. South Korea has been successful in controlling the spread of infection using a strict quarantine system and public health awareness on measures such as hand washing and the wearing of masks. However, following the group infections in Shincheonji, Itaewon, and recently the Sarangjeil church, South Korea has active cases. Although dental clinics in Korea generate significant aerosol that may facilitate droplet infections, they have recorded no cases 2) .There are rare cases in Korea, and asymptomatic patients may have visited dentists; however, no case has been reported, and this may be attributed to the effectiveness of the wearing of masks and gloves and infection control in dental clinics.In Korea, the Dental Infection Control Standard Policy & Procedure 3) established infection control systems classified into: (1) standard precautions/occupational safety; (2) instrument reprocessing; (3) environmental and waterline management of dental institutions; (4) special infection control, which covers guidelines on infection control and precautions such as hand washing and the wearing of personal protective equipment. The current status of infection control in dental clinics may provide insights into solutions for preventing COVID-19 infections. With the increasing prevalence of severe viral diseases such as COVID-19, thorough infection control and continued research is paramount.

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The Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults: Based on the Data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013∼2015)

Jung-Hui SON ; Soo-Myoung BAE

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2020;20(3):178-186. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2020.20.3.178

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease in Korean adults. Methods: This study analyzed the screening data of 12,686 adults aged ≥19 years, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and each component of metabolic syndrome, obtained from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Periodontal health status was measured by the community periodontal index. Subjects with three or more risk factors were considered as having metabolic syndrome. The Rao–Scott chi-square test was performed to assess the relationships between demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, components of metabolic syndrome, and periodontal disease. Logistic regression analysis was performed based on the complex sample to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Results: The prevalence of periodontal disease was higher among the subjects with advancing age, lower average household income and education level, those working in production, residents of eup-myeon areas, in past or current smoker, those with excessive alcohol consumption habit in a week, and reduced brushing frequency and the use of oral care products (p＜0.001).Each component of metabolic syndrome was associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in the subjects with abnormal than in those with normal levels (p＜0.001). The prevalence of periodontal disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome was approximately 1.443 times higher than that in normal subjects (odds ratio,1.443; p＜0.001). Conclusion This study confirmed the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Korean adults, and further studies will be needed to determine the causal relationship between the two conditions.

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Comparison of the Practical and Theoretical Knowledge of the Hepatitis B Virus among Dental Hygiene Students

Sinan Yasin ERTEM ; Sertac OZDOGAN ; Ayla OZTURK ; Ozge AKCAM

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2020;20(3):136-145. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2020.20.3.136

Background: Hepatitis B is an important public health problem as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to compare the theoretical and practical knowledge levels of dental assistant students about Hepatitis B Virus. Methods: The 1st and 2nd grade students of the Oral and Dental Health program were invited to participate in the survey. Out of the 68 invited students, 61 completed the questionnaire. The average ages of the male and female students surveyed were 20.27±1.45 and 19.56±1.16, respectively. A total of 34 questions were asked, of which 15 measured basic theoretical knowledge and 19 assessed basic practical knowledge. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the students’ knowledge for each question according to their sex and grade. When the questionnaire was grouped into basic theoretical and basic practical knowledge levels, both were observed to be high. While the lowest correct answer rate was 35.00% for the questions about practical applications, it was 31.14% for the questions measuring the level of theoretical knowledge. There was no statistically significant difference when the levels of knowledge of 1st and 2nd grade students were compared. Students answered the majority of the questions correctly, and ranged between 71% and 100%. Conclusion Students’ high level of basic theoretical knowledge can be a result of their in-class education on the fundamentals.However, their knowledge about the correct approaches in practical applications indicates the beneficial role of having well-defined criteria and prevention protocols that are required in hospitals and the effectiveness of their environmental orientations.

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The Effects of Entrance Examination Stress on Oral Health Behavior and Subjective Oral Health in Female High School Students

Kyung-Yi CHUNG

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2020;20(3):126-135. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2020.20.3.126

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of entrance exam stress on oral health behaviors and subjective oral health status in female high school students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was administered to 216 female high school students in the Gwangju area. We performed an independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: The average of the entrance exam stress was 2.73, and among the sub-areas, the tension for exam/poor stress was the highest with 3.21. As a result of analysis of general characteristics and subjective oral health status, oral mucosal disease was lower in family income level (p＜0.05), bad breath was significantly higher with lower academic performance (p＜0.001) and family income level (p＜0.05). As a result of oral health behavior and subjective oral health status analysis, dental caries has more than 4 times of caries snacks (per week) (p＜0.05), bad breath was found to be more perceived when the average number of daily brushing was 2 or less (p＜0.01). Factors affecting subjective oral health status were that dental caries was a patients pressure stress (β=0.202); temporomandibular disorder (β=0.227), xerostomia (β=0.342), and oral mucosal disease (β=0.190) were insufficient spare time; bad breath was academic performance (lower) (β=0.231) and insufficient spare time (β=0.184). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the subjective oral health status and the subarea of entrance exam stress, excluding future uncertainty stress. Conclusion It is considered that oral health education should be conducted to prevent oral diseases for students with high parental pressure and insufficient spare time stress as well as finding practical ways to reduce entrance stress.

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Awareness of Dementia National Responsibility of Elders: Oral Health Items

Yong Keum CHOI ; Eun Jeong KIM

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):67-75. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.67

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a condition in which a person who has been living a normal life suffers from various cognitive impairments in memory, words, and judgment that considerably disrupt daily life. The oral care ability and subjective oral status of elderly individuals with dementia are lower than those of a healthy person. The oral health care of individuals admitted to nursing homes inevitably falls to nursing assistants and nursing care staff. This study aimed to investigate the need for oral health management items of and to provide basic direction for the future of the Dementia National Responsibility System. METHODS: Elders aged 65 years and over were selected from a comprehensive welfare center. A total of 155 questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire consisted of 15 items about general status, 9 items about recognition of the Dementia National Responsibility System, 5 items of the subjective recognition of oral health, and 6 items of the correlation between oral health and dementia. RESULTS: Among our subjects, 71.0% answered that they did not know about the Dementia National Responsibility System, 78.7% answered that they think they need the system, and 81.9% think that they should add dental health items to the Dementia National Responsibility System. The response to the need for dementia national responsibility, oral health items in the Dementia National Responsibility System, and oral specialists all showed scores of >4 points. The need for the Dementia National Responsibility System, oral health items, and specialists were found. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to include oral health care items in the Dementia National Responsibility System so that elderly individuals with dementia can receive the needed oral health care.
Accidental Falls ; Aged ; Cognition Disorders ; Dementia ; Dental Care ; Humans ; Judgment ; Memory ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Homes ; Oral Health ; Specialization

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Effects of Self-Efficacy and Job Stress on Organizational Commitment among Clinical Dental Hygienists

Kyeong Jin LEE ; Young im KIM

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):60-66. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.60

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to provide basic data to establish a foundation for efficient operation of the organization by assessing the effects of self-efficacy and job stress (measured by self-efficacy, job demand, and job autonomy) on organizational commitment among clinical dental hygienists. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study that used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. After institutional review board approval, a survey was conducted from January to May 2017, targeting dental hygienists working in dental clinics and hospitals. The final 199 questionnaires were analyzed with PASW 18.0 for Windows (IBM Corp.). The data were analyzed using mean and/or standard deviation t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The means for self-efficacy, job demand, job autonomy, and organizational commitment were 55.94±9.65, 26.55±2.29, 20.24±3.88, and 49.49±8.39, respectively. Along with self-efficacy, the other factors of organizational commitment among dental hygienists that were statistically significant included job autonomy, mean salary (2,500~2,990 thousand Korean won [KRW] and ≥3,000 thousand KRW), and employee welfare (good), which are sub-areas of the surface acting. In other words, it was found that the higher the mean salary, the better the employee welfare, the higher self-efficacy, and the higher the organizational commitment, and the explanatory power of the model was approximately 42.1%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the higher the self-efficacy, job autonomy, mean salary, and employee welfare, the higher the organizational commitment. In order to improve job demand among dental hygienists, it is necessary to establish an effective plan to improve job welfare, self-efficacy, and job autonomy.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dental Clinics ; Dental Hygienists ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits

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Factors Associated with Unmet Dental Needs among Single-Person Households in Korea

Dong Hwi KIM ; Hyeongmi KIM

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):48-59. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.48

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to provide the data for discussions related to oral health promotion policies for single-person households by analyzing the status of unmet dental needs and related factors in single-person households in Korea, based on the Anderson model. METHODS: The data, obtained from 544 single-person households of those over 20 years old who were targeted for the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were analyzed through a complex sample frequency analysis, complex sample cross analysis (Rao-Scott chi-square test), and complex sample binary logistic regression analysis on a complex sampling design. RESULTS: The most frequently given reason for an unmet dental need among single-person households was economic (52.4%). Factors related to the unmet dental needs of single-person households are smoking, which is a predisposing factor; personal income levels, which are an enabling factor; chewing discomfort; and limited daily activities, which are need factors. Smokers, the high-income group, the chewing-discomfort group, and the limited activity group showed high unmet dental care experience. Smokers had a 2.75 times higher rate of unmet dental care than non-smokers, and the high-income group had a 5.29 times higher rate of unmet dental needs than the median group. The rate of unmet dental needs for the chewing discomfort group was 3.27 times higher than the non-chewing discomfort group, and the limited activity group had a 7.87 times higher rate of unmet dental needs than the non-limited activity group. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to map out policies designed to help maintain and promote met dental needs considered to be internally heterogeneous to single-person householders, based on the Anderson model.
Causality ; Dental Care ; Family Characteristics ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mastication ; Nutrition Surveys ; Oral Health ; Single Person ; Smoke ; Smoking

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Biological Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes Curing Unit on MDPC-23 Cells and Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated MDPC-23 Cells

Moon Jin JEONG ; Soon Jeong JEONG

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):39-47. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.39

BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diodes curing unit (LCU), which emit blue light, is used for polymerization of composite resins in many dentistry. Although the use of LCU for light-cured composite resin polymerization is considered safe, it is still controversial whether it can directly or indirectly have harmful biological influences on oral tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the biological effects of LCU in wavelengths ranging from 440 to 490 nm, on the cell viability and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells and inflammatory-induced MDPC-23 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: The MTT assay and observation using microscope were performed on MDPC-23 cells to investigate the cell viability and cytotoxic effects on LCU irradiation. RESULTS: MDPC-23 cells and LPS stimulated MDPC-23 cells were found to have no effects on cell viability and cell morphology in the LCU irradiation. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 which are the pro-inflammatory mediators, and interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which are the proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in MCPD-23 cells after LCU irradiation as time increased in comparison with the control. LCU irradiation has the potential to induce inflammation or biological damages in normal dental tissues, including MDPC-23 cells. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is necessary to limit the use of LCU except for the appropriate dose and irradiation time. In addition, LCU irradiation of inflammatory-induced MDPC-23 cells by LPS was reduced the secretion of NO compared to the LPS alone treatment group and was significantly reduced the secretion of TNF-α in all the time groups. Therefore, LCU application in LPS stimulated MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells has a photodynamic therapy like effect as well as inflammation relief.
Cell Survival ; Composite Resins ; Cytokines ; Dentistry ; Dinoprostone ; Inflammation ; Necrosis ; Nitric Oxide ; Odontoblasts ; Photochemotherapy ; Polymerization ; Polymers

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Effects of Critical Thinking and Communication Skills on the Problem-Solving Ability of Dental Hygiene Students

Ji Hyoung HAN ; Eunsuk AHN ; Ji Min HWANG

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):31-38. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.31

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effects of critical thinking and good communication skills on the problem-solving abilities of dental hygiene students. METHODS: A total of 508 dental hygiene students were convenience-sampled from 3 universities. RESULTS: The results revealed that critical thinking had the highest intellectual fairness score of 3.60, and systematicity was the lowest at 3.19. The values for communication skills were high in reaction, social adequacy, and concentration, with an average of 3.65. Problem-solving abilities were in the following order: clarification of the problem, seeking solutions, and decision making. According to general characteristics, more extroverted personalities possessed higher levels of critical thinking, communication skills, and problem-solving abilities (p<0.01). Critical thinking scores were high (p=0.016) in students who responded that peer relationship was difficult; however, their communication skills were the lowest (p<0.001). Additionally, problem-solving abilities were highest among students who reported a difficult peer relationship (p=0.001). The higher the satisfaction with dental hygiene academics, the higher the critical thinking, communication skill, and problem-solving ability (p<0.001). Critical thinking showed a high positive correlation with variables in the following order: clarification of the problem, performing the solutions, seeking solutions, decision making, and evaluation and reflection. The communication skills were also related to these variables listed above (p<0.01). With critical thinking, confidence, watchfulness, intellectual passion/curiosity, sound skepticism, objectivity, and systematicity all influenced the problem-solving ability. CONCLUSION: Communication skills were influenced by noise control, putting on the other's shoe, social tensions, and efficiency, which affected the problem-solving ability. Dental clinics require dental hygienists to have critical thinking to make analytical judgments and effective communication skills to solve human relation problems with patients and care-givers. Therefore, these skills should be developed in dental hygiene students to improve their problem-solving abilities.
Decision Making ; Dental Clinics ; Dental Hygienists ; Humans ; Judgment ; Noise ; Oral Hygiene ; Shoes ; Thinking

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Factors Affecting Dental Utilization and Dental Expenses in the Economically Active Population: Based on the 2010~2014 Korea Health Panel Data

Jin Ha LEE ; Eunsuk AHN

Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2019;19(1):23-30. doi:10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.1.23

BACKGROUND: The health of the economically active population contributes to increased corporate productivity by reducing the productivity loss caused by disease and increasing job efficiency, which in turn is a national benefit. Since the economically active population is a concept encompassing workers and a source of economic development for a country, that population's health should be treated with importance not only from a personal standpoint but also at a national level. METHODS: In this study, data of 11,007 adults aged 20 years and older who participate in economic activities were analyzed in the five-year Korea Health Panel Study from 2010 to 2014 including the number of dental visits and dental medical expenses. RESULTS: Factors related to “gender,” “education level,” “age,” “duty category,” “income level,” “employment type,” “national health insurance,” and “chronic disease status” of the economically active population are affected in relation to the number of visits and dental medical expenses. The number of dental visits increased with higher education levels (p<0.001), and the number of visits to the dentist increased with older age (p <0.001). Dental medical expenses were 91,806 Korean won (KRW) more for “white-collar workers” than for “blue-collar workers” (p<0.03), and 127,674 KRW more for “regular workers” than for “atypical workers” (p<0.02). CONCLUSION: When it is necessary to improve policies to enhance the efficiency of the distribution of health and medical resources in the overall balance of the dental health sector, we should try to identify various factors of oral health disorder due to income inequality among the classes according to the country's employment type in order to find ways to reduce the health gap among the social classes.
Adult ; Dentists ; Economic Development ; Education ; Efficiency ; Employment ; Humans ; Korea ; Oral Health ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors

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