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Effect of Watching 3-Dimensional Television on Refractive Error in Children.

Seung Hyun KIM ; Young Woo SUH ; Yong Min CHOI ; Ji Yoon HAN ; Gi Tae NAM ; Eun Joo YOU ; Yoonae A CHO

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):53-57. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.53

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of watching 3-dimensional (3D) television (TV) on refractive error in children. METHODS: Sixty healthy volunteers, aged 6 to 12 years, without any ocular abnormalities other than refractive error were recruited for this study. They watched 3D TV for 50 minutes at a viewing distance of 2.8 meters. The image disparity of the 3D contents was from -1 to 1 degree. Refractive errors were measured both before and immediately after watching TV and were rechecked after a 10-minute rest period. The refractive errors before and after watching TV were compared. The amount of refractive change was also compared between myopes and controls. The refractive error of the participants who showed a myopic shift immediately after watching TV were compared across each time point to assure that the myopic shift persisted after a 10-minute rest. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 9.23 ± 1.75 years. The baseline manifest refractive error was -1.70 ± 1.79 (-5.50 to +1.25) diopters. The refractive errors immediately after watching and after a 10-minute rest were -1.75 ± 1.85 and -1.69 ± 1.80 diopters, respectively, which were not different from the baseline values. Myopic participants (34 participants), whose spherical equivalent was worse than -0.75 diopters, also did not show any significant refractive change after watching 3D TV. A myopic shift was observed in 31 participants with a mean score of 0.29 ± 0.23 diopters, which resolved after a 10-minute rest. CONCLUSIONS: Watching properly made 3D content on a 3D TV for 50 minutes with a 10-minute intermission at more than 2.8 meters of viewing distance did not affect the refractive error of children.
Accommodation, Ocular/*physiology ; Child ; Depth Perception/*physiology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*adverse effects ; Male ; Refractive Errors/*physiopathology ; *Television ; Vision, Binocular/*physiology

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Long-term Results from Cyclocryotherapy Applied to the 3O'clock and 9O'clock Positions in Blind Refractory Glaucoma Patients.

Byoung Seon KIM ; Young Jun KIM ; Seong Wook SEO ; Ji Myong YOO ; Seong Jae KIM

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):47-52. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.47

PURPOSE: To report the long-term follow-up results after cyclocryotherapy, applied to the 3-o'clock and 9-o'clock positions in blind refractory glaucoma patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 blind patients, and a total of 20 eyes with refractory glaucoma who were treated with cyclocryotherapy. Cyclocryotherapy treatments were performed using a retinal cryoprobe. The temperature of each cyclocryotherapy spot was -80degrees C and each spot was maintained in place for 60 seconds. Six cyclocryotherapy spots were placed in each quadrant, including the 3-o'clock and 9-o'clock positions. RESULTS: The mean baseline pretreatment intraocular pressure (IOP) in all eyes was 50.9 ± 12.5 mmHg, which significantly decreased to a mean IOP at last follow-up of 14.1 ± 7.1 mmHg (p < 0.001). The mean number of antiglaucoma medications that patients were still taking at last follow-up was 0.3 ± 0.6. Devastating post-procedure phthisis occurred in only one eye. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclocryotherapy, performed at each quadrant and at the 3-o'clock and 9-o'clock position, is an effective way to lower IOP and, thus, is a reasonable treatment option for refractory glaucoma patients who experience with ocular pain and headaches.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blindness/etiology/*surgery ; Cryosurgery/*methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma/complications/physiopathology/*surgery ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/*physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; *Visual Acuity

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Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Progression Rates of Bilaterally and Unilaterally Progressing Glaucoma.

Daun JEONG ; Kyung Rim SUNG ; Jung Hwa NA

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):40-46. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.40

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical characteristics of unilaterally progressing glaucoma (UPG) and simultaneously bilaterally progressing glaucoma (BPG) in medically treated cases. METHODS: Primary open angle glaucoma patients were classified as having UPG or BPG according to an assessment of optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer photographs and visual field analysis. Risk factors including the presence of systemic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular accident, migraine, and dyslipidema) were compared between the UPG and BPG groups. Baseline characteristics and pre- and post-treatment intraocular pressure (IOP) were compared between the progressing eye (PE) and the non-progressing eye (NPE) within the same patient in the UPG group and between the faster progressing eye and the slower progressing eye in the BPG group. RESULTS: Among 343 patients (average follow-up period of 4.2 years), 43 were categorized into the UPG group and 31 into the BPG group. The prevalence of all analyzed systemic diseases did not differ between the two groups. PEs in the UPG group had more severe pathology in terms of baseline visual field parameters than NPEs (mean deviation -6.9 ± 5.7 vs. -2.9 ± 3.9 dB, respectively; p < 0.001). However, baseline IOP, mean follow-up IOP, and other clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the PE and the NPE in the UPG group. The progression rate was significantly higher in the faster progressing eye in patients with BPG than in the PE for patients with UPG (-3.43 ± 3.27 vs. -0.70 ± 1.26 dB/yr, respectively; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in the prevalence of systemic diseases between the UPG and BPG groups. Simultaneously bilaterally progressing patients showed much faster progression rates than those with a unilaterally progressing eye.
Disease Progression ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/*physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Optic Disk/*pathology ; Retina/*pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Visual Fields/*physiology

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Detecting the Progression of Normal Tension Glaucoma: A Comparison of Perimetry, Optic Coherence Tomography, and Heidelberg Retinal Tomography.

Jae Yoon YOON ; Jong Kyung NA ; Chan Kee PARK

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):31-39. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.31

PURPOSE: We compared the abilities of Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT), Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP) to detect the progression of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in patients whose eyes displayed localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect enlargements. METHODS: One hundred four NTG patients were selected who met the selection criteria: a localized RNFL defect visible on red-free fundus photography, a minimum of five years of follow-up, and a minimum of five reliable SAP, Stratus OCT and HRT tests. Tests which detected progression at any visit during the 5-year follow-up were identified, and patients were further classified according to the state of the glaucoma using the mean deviation (MD) of SAP. For each test, the overall rates of change were calculated for parameters that differed significantly between patients with and without NTG progression. RESULTS: Forty-seven (45%) out of 104 eyes displayed progression that could be detected by red-free fundus photography. Progression was detected in 27 (57%) eyes using SAP, 19 (40%) eyes using OCT, and 17 (36%) eyes using HRT. In early NTG, SAP detected progression in 44% of eyes, and this increased to 70% in advanced NTG. In contrast, OCT and HRT detected progression in 50 and 7% of eyes during early NTG, but only 30 and 0% of eyes in advanced NTG, respectively. Among several parameters, the rates of change that differed significantly between patients with and without progression were the MD of SAP (p = 0.013), and the inferior RNFL thickness (p = 0.041) and average RNFL thickness (p = 0.032) determined by OCT. CONCLUSIONS: SAP had a higher detection rate of NTG progression than other tests, especially in patients with advanced glaucoma, when we defined progression as the enlargement of a localized RNFL defect. The rates of change of the MD of SAP, inferior RNFL thickness, and average RNFL thickness differed between NTG patients with and without progression.
Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/*physiology ; Low Tension Glaucoma/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retina/*pathology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods ; Visual Field Tests/*methods ; Visual Fields/*physiology

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Structural Analysis of Different Incision Sizes and Stromal Hydration in Cataract Surgery Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

Jong Wook BANG ; Jong Hyun LEE ; Jin Hyoung KIM ; Do Hyung LEE

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):23-30. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.23

PURPOSE: To analyze healing changes of corneal wounds of different corneal incision sizes with or without stromal hydration in cataract surgery using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. METHODS: Cataract surgeries were performed by a single surgeon and 2.2- and 2.8-mm corneal incisions were made using a diamond blade (ME-759; Meyco, Biel-Bienne, Swiss). Patients were divided into four groups according to incision size (2.2 and 2.8 mm), and with/without stromal hydration. Fifteen eyes were assigned to each group and incision wounds were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography at 2 hours, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Corneal thickness, incision length and incision angle were measured and existence of epithelial, endothelial gaping and Descemet's membrane detachment was evaluated. RESULTS: Incision thickness was greater in the group with stromal hydration than in the group without on operation day (p < 0.05). Stromal hydration exerted greater influence in the 2.2-mm incision group than in the 2.8-mm incision group. Corneal thickness decreased more rapidly in the stromal hydration group than in the group with no hydration (p = 0.022). Endothelial gaping was greater in the 2.2-mm incision group than in the 2.8-mm incision group 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery (p = 0.035, p = 0.009, and p = 0.008, respectively). No other statistical significance was observed between the two groups (2.2 and 2.8 mm) during follow-up regarding corneal thickness, epithelial gaping and Descemet's membrane detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal wounds with a smaller incision could be more vulnerable to external stimuli such as stromal hydration and are less stable than those with a larger incision.
Aged ; Anterior Eye Segment ; Cataract Extraction/*methods ; Corneal Stroma/pathology/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Wound Dehiscence/diagnosis/*prevention & control ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods ; *Wound Healing

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Transient Corneal Edema is a Predictive Factor for Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema after Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery.

Jae Rock DO ; Jong Hyun OH ; Roy S CHUCK ; Choul Yong PARK

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):14-22. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.14

PURPOSE: To report transient corneal edema after phacoemulsification as a predictive factor for the development of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). METHODS: A total of 150 eyes from 150 patients (59 men and 91 women; mean age, 68.0 ± 10.15 years) were analyzed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography 1 week and 5 weeks after routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after surgery was analyzed to reveal any significant relationship with the development of PCME 5 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Transient corneal edema developed in 17 (11.3%) of 150 eyes 1 week after surgery. A history of diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with development of transient corneal edema (odds ratio [OR], 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 11.54; p = 0.011). Both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema were significantly associated with PCME development 5 weeks after surgery (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.56 to 13.43; p = 0.007; and OR, 6.71; CI, 2.05 to 21.95; p = 0.003, respectively). In the 8 eyes with both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema, 4 (50%) developed PCME 5 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after routine cataract surgery is a predictive factor for development of PCME. Close postoperative observation and intervention is recommended in patients with transient corneal edema.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cornea/*pathology ; Corneal Edema/*diagnosis/etiology ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fundus Oculi ; Glucosinolates ; Humans ; Macular Edema/diagnosis/*etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Phacoemulsification ; Pseudophakia/*complications/diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

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Risk Factors for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Ocular Cultures.

Junsung LEE ; Sangkyung CHOI

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):7-13. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.7

PURPOSE: To identify the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in patients undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS: A total of 1,125 patients (1,125 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery at Veterans Health Service Medical Center from May 2011 to July 2012 were enrolled in this study. Conjunctival cultures were obtained from the patients on the day of surgery before instillation of any ophthalmic solutions. The medical records of patients with positive coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cultures were reviewed to determine factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. RESULTS: Of 734 CNS and S. aureus cultures, 175 (23.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or moxifloxacin. Use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months and within 1 year before surgery, topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone, systemic antibiotic use, recent hospitalization, ocular surgery, intravitreal injection and use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride were significantly more frequent in resistant isolates than in susceptible isolates. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, ocular surgery (odds ratio [OR], 8.457), recent hospitalization (OR, 6.646) and use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months before surgery (OR, 4.918) were significant predictors of fluoroquinolone resistance, along with intravitreal injection (OR, 2.976), systemic antibiotic use (OR, 2.665), use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride (OR, 2.323), use of fluoroquinolone within 1 year before surgery (OR, 1.943) and topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone (OR, 1.673). CONCLUSIONS: Recent topical fluoroquinolone use, hospitalization and ocular surgery were significantly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in CNS and S. aureus isolates from ocular culture.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Female ; Fluoroquinolones/*administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/*isolation & purification

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Dacryoscintigraphic Findings in the Children with Tearing.

Hyung Chul KIM ; A Ran CHO ; Helen LEW

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2015;29(1):1-6. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.1

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic effectiveness of dacryoscintigraphy in children with tearing; to evaluate tear clearance rate as a diagnostic factor of dacryoscintigraphy in children with tearing; and to analyze the results of treatment according to dacryoscintigraphic findings in children with tearing. METHODS: Between January 2010 and April 2014, 176 eyes of 88 children with tearing (49 boys and 39 girls; mean age, 23.81 ±14.67 months; range, 12 to 72 months) were studied retrospectively. Of these, 37 of 88 children with tearing were bilateral cases, and 51 were unilateral cases. None of the patients had a history of craniofacial disorder or trauma. The chief complaint of tearing with or without eye discharge and delivery mode, past history of neonatal conjunctivitis, syringing, or probing were collected from parents, grandparents, or previous hospital data. The drainage pattern of the nasolacrimal duct was analyzed, and the clearance rate of 50 microCi 99m technetium pertechnetate was measured by dacryoscintigraphy. RESULTS: According to the dacryoscintigraphy results, 98 of 125 eyes (78.4%) with tearing showed nasolacrimal obstruction and 29 of 51 eyes (56.9%) without tearing showed patency. There was a significant difference between tearing eyes and normal eyes (p = 0.001). The clearance rate difference after 3 and 30 minutes was 16.41 ± 15.37% in tearing eyes and 23.57 ±14.15% in normal eyes. There was a significant difference between epiphoric eyes and normal eyes (p = 0.05). Based on the dacryoscintigraphic findings, nasolacrimal-duct obstruction was treated with probing or silicone-tube intubation. The majority of patients showed symptom improvement (75.2%) during the two months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Dacryoscintigraphy is a non-invasive method of qualitatively and quantitatively diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children with tearing.
Child, Preschool ; *Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Lacrimal Apparatus/*radionuclide imaging/secretion ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/metabolism/*radionuclide imaging ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tears/*secretion

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Hematic cyst formation after repair of blow-out fracture.

Shin Jeong KANG ; Il Hoon KWAK

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.1996;10(1):60-62. doi:10.3341/kjo.1996.10.1.60

Alloplastic implants are known to be inert for many years, though complications are infrequently reported many years after their insertion. We report the case of a patient who had undergone a blow-out fracture repair five years before the discovery of a hematic cyst. He had been free of symptoms for the first five years after his orbital floor repair but then developed pain on eyeball movement and persistent vertical diplopia, which finally led to surgical intervention. At surgery, a hematic cyst was found to have formed around the implanted silastic plate. When alloplastic material is used in orbital fracture repair, we should be alert for late complications which may occur many years after surgery.
Adult ; Biocompatible Materials ; *Blood ; Bone Cysts/diagnosis/*etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Orbital Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology ; Orbital Fractures/diagnosis/*surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostheses and Implants/*adverse effects ; Reoperation ; Silicone Elastomers/*adverse effects ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

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Intravitreal cysticercosis.

Man Seong SEO ; Je Moon WOO ; Yeoung Geol PARK

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.1996;10(1):55-59. doi:10.3341/kjo.1996.10.1.55

Examination of a 36-year-old man with naked visual acuity of 20/20 revealed a floating, conspicuous cyst of Cysticercus cellulosae in the vitreous cavity of the right eye. A vitreous traction band from the vitreous base and the optic disc was connected to the lodging bulb of the cyst. In the superonasal area, an ovoid retinal break surrounded by a white retinal lesion with two elliptical retinal hemorrhages was found, and this seems to be the previous lodging site of the cyst. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed to remove the parasite, and laser photocoagulation was carried out around the retinal break. Four months after the operation, the patient was satisfied with naked visual acuity of 25/20 without any complication in the affected eye.
Adult ; Animals ; Cysticercosis/*diagnosis/physiopathology/surgery ; Cysticercus/*isolation & purification ; Eye Diseases/diagnosis ; Eye Infections, Parasitic/*diagnosis/physiopathology/surgery ; Humans ; Laser Coagulation ; Male ; Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology/surgery ; Retinal Perforations/etiology/surgery ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Body/*parasitology/surgery

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