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The effect of Jiangu tablet on articular chondrocyte apoptosis in T-2 toxin poisoning rats

Xueying ZHANG ; Qun CHEN ; Dan LIU ; Zhilun WANG

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;(4):370-373. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.04.005

Objective To study the effects of Jiangu tablet on articular chondrocyte apoptosis in T-2 toxin poisoning rats. Methods According to random number table, fifty weaning male SD rats were divided into two groups by body mass, i.e., 10 for normal control group and 40 for T-2 toxin group (intragastric administration of distilled water or T-2 toxin 200 ng·g-1·d-1) for 30 days. Then the T-2 toxin group was divided into T-2 toxin group, Jiangu tablet low-dose group, middle-dose group and high-dose group treating with 3 ml of T-2 toxin 200 ng or different concentration of Jiangu tablet (contain 1.562 5, 3.125 0 and 6.250 0 g Jiangu tablet active compound). Each group had 10 rats and was given T-2 toxin or different amount of Jiangu tablet for 30 days. Then the rats were killed. The articular cartilage was removed from rats and RNA was extracted from the articular cartilage by Trizol. The mRNA expressions of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase(caspase)-3 were detected by real-time PCR. Results The mRNA expressions of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in normal control group, T-2 toxin group, Jiangu tablet low-dose group, middle-dose group and high-dose group were: 1.00 ± 0.98, 200.37 ± 30.39, 180.19 ± 28.14, 120.25 ± 15.35, 50.34 ± 10.12;1.00 ± 0.98, 185.37 ± 10.15, 152.59 ± 15.23, 108.46 ± 9.14, 57.18 ± 1.31; 1.00 ± 0.99,0.22 ± 0.03, 0.28 ± 0.06, 0.43 ± 0.08, 0.58 ± 0.04; 1.00 ± 0.97, 209.55 ± 25.64, 152.38 ± 15.46, 120.14 ± 11.52 and 49.24 ± 8.69, respectively. Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA expressions of p53, Bax and caspase-3 were up-regulated in T-2 toxin group, low-dose group, middle-dose group and high-dose group while the mRNA expression of Bc1-2 was down-regulated(all P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of p53 and caspase-3 in Jiangu tablet high-dose group and middle-dose group were significantly decreased than those in T-2 toxin group (all P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 in Jiangu tablet high-dose group and middle-dose group were significantly increased than that in T-2 toxin group(all P<0.05). The mRNA expression of Bax in Jiangu tablet high-dose group was significantly decreased than that in T-2 toxin group(P<0.05). Conclusion The Jiangu tablet can significantly inhibit the apoptosis of articular chondrocyte in T-2 toxin poisoning rats.

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Correlation of matrix metalloproteinases and Kashin-Beck disease

Jinghong CHEN ; Junling CAO ; Zhilun WANG ; Tianyou MA ; Mengying WANG ; Ying HE ; Zhantian YANG ; Chen CHEN

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;(4):357-362. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.04.002

Objective To investigate the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) in Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) cartilage as well as in a KBD rat model of T-2 toxin poisoning under selenium deficient conditions, and to investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes in vitro in order to determine a possible mechanism underlying KBD. Methods Samples of articular cartilage were divided into 2 groups:controls(samples from 5 normal children, traffic accident or operation), and KBD(samples from 5 children with KBD, auctopsy). Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups by body weight using random number table: normal diet group(n = 16) and selenium-deficient diet group(n=16). The selenium level in normal diet was 101.500μg/kg, and in selenium-deficient diet was 1.118μg/kg. Rats were fed for 4 weeks with selenium-deficient or normal diet, respectively. After successful build up of the low selenium rat model, normal diet group was then subdivided into 2 sub-groups: normal group(n = 8) and normal diet plus low T-2 toxin group(n = 8);and selenium-deficient diet group was also subdivided into 2 sub-groups: selenium-deficient group ( n = 8 ) and selenium-deficient diet plus T-2 toxin group ( n = 8 ) . T-2 toxin of 100 μg·kg-1·d-1 was administered by intragastric administration for 30 days. Then the rats were sacrificed, and their knee joints were processed for histopathological evaluation. MMP-1 and MMP-13 locations in cartilages were performed by inmmunohistochemistry. Human chondrocytes C28/I2 were cultured in vitro. The experiment was divided into 4 groups: empty vector plasmid group, MMP-13 promoter plasmid group, MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 20 μg/L T-2 toxin group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 40 μg/L T-2 toxin group. MMP-13-luciferase reporter plasmid and vector plasmid were transiently transfected into C28/I2 cells for 24 hours, and then treated with 20 - 40 μg/L T-2 toxin for 24 hours. Transactivation of human MMP-13 promoter was analyzed using luciferase reporter constructs containing sequences spanning-1602 to+20 bp in C28/I2 chondrocytes. Results The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-1 in the superficial and middle zones of KBD samples [(29.73 ± 10.12)%, (28.27 ± 0.91)%] were significantly higher than those of controls[(2.47 ± 0.11)%, (0.00 ± 0.00)%, all P < 0.05]. The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-13 in the superficial and middle zones of KBD samples [(13.21 ± 4.32)%, (41.85 ± 6.32)%] were significantly higher than those of controls[(5.72 ± 0.31)%, (0.00 ± 0.00)%, all P<0.05]. The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-13 in the superficial and middle zones of rats fed with selenium-deficient diet plus T-2 toxin group[(13.21 ± 4.32)%, (61.85 ± 8.68)%] were significantly higher than those of the normal and selenium-deficient groups[(2.43 ± 0.22)%, (5.89 ± 0.69)%, (3.03 ± 0.29)%, (25.99 ± 0.57)%, all P < 0.05]. Moreover, T-2 toxin activated the MMP-13 promoter detected with luciferase reporter assays in C28/I2 cells. The luciferase activities in MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 20 μg/L T-2 toxin group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 40μg/L T-2 toxin group(0.082 78 ± 0.008 40, 0.103 35 ± 0.013 19) were significantly higher than those in empty vector plasmid group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid group(0.024 19 ± 0.000 96, 0.040 32 ± 0.003 56, all P < 0.05). Conclusions These data suggest that T-2 toxin induces cartilage matrix degradation through up-regulation of MMP-13 promoter expression. Increased MMPs staining intensity in KBD cartilage and the rat KBD model of T-2 toxin poisoning under selenium deficient conditions suggest that matrix degradation appear to be driven by MMPs activity.

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Effects of different iodine concentration in drinking water on iodine nutrition, thyroid function and volume

Qingzhen JIA ; Xiangdong ZHANG ; Yanting REN ; Baisuo GUO ; Yongping WANG

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;33(5):540-544. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.05.019

Objective Toinvestigate iodine nutrition,thyroid volume and function of children and women in high water iodine areas,and to discuss the cut-off point of water iodine level where should be defined as iodine excessive areas.Methods In iodine excessive townships in Xiaodian and Qingxu Counties of Taiyuan City,all villages were divided to 4 groups according to the concentration of iodine in drinking water:50 ～＜ 100 μg/L (Group A),100 ～＜ 150 μg/L(Group B),150 ～＜ 300 μg/L(Group C) and ≥300 μg/L(Group D),and 2-3 villages were randomly selected from each group as investigation sites.Two hundred children aged 8-10 and 60 women (20 pregnant women,20 breasffeeding women and 20 women of childbearing age,respectively) were sampled.Drinking water,edible salt and once random urine samples for each studying object were collected,and the iodine content was measured.The goiter volume of children aged 8-10 and triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of women were determined.Results Totally 708 children and 236 women were selected as respondents who ate non-iodized salt.Iodine content in drinking water of children in groups A,B,C and D was 73.8,144.7,258.5 and 501.0 μg/L,respectively,and that of women was 73.8,144.7,242.7 and 485.9 μg/L,respectively.Median urinary iodine of children in groups A,B,C and D was 274.3,312.8,455.6 and 793.5 μg/L,respectively,and that of women was 238.3,235.2,371.6 and 641.6 μg/L,respectively.The median urinary iodine of children and women increased with increasing water content of iodine.The goiter rate of children was 5.6％ (11/196),13.2％ (25/189),12.6％ (20/158) and 10.9％ (18/165) for each group,respectively,which also increased with increasing water content of iodine.In groups A,C and D,the FT3 and FT4 levels[pmol/L:(3.70 ± 0.59),(14.01 ± 2.44); (3.43 ± 0.57),(12.87 ± 2.12); (3.42 ± 0.47),(12.66 ±1.78)] in pregnant woman were lower than those in breasffeeding women[pmol/L:(4.26 ± ±0.57),(14.73 ± 2.36;(4.28 ± 0.40),(14.77 ± 1.19); (4.36 ± 0.65),(15.66 ± 2.84)] and women of childbearing age[pmol/L:(4.80 ±0.50),(17.47 ± 2.11); (4.21 ± 0.48),(15.83 ± 1.64); (4.26 ± 0.52),(15.53 ± 1.81)].With increasing water content of iodine,FT4 level was decreasing and TSH level was increasing gradually in women.Conclusions When water iodine exceeds 100 μg/L,goiter rate of children has increased significantly.Iodine excessive women and children have appeared one after another with increasing water content of iodine.Women incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism risk has increased with increasing water content of iodine,and the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism is significantly higher when water iodine is higher than 300 μg/L.The cut-off point of iodine excessive areas should be descend from 150 μg/L to 100 μg/L.

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An investigation of current prevalence situation of dilated cardiomyopathy in non-keshan disease areas of Yunnan Province in 2011

Zhaoxiang LI ; Lin YANG ; Wenli HUANG ; Feng YE ; Yuebing WANG ; Peng YANG

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;33(5):545-547. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.05.020

Objective In order to master the current prevalence situation of dilated cardiomyopathy in Yunnan Province.Methods An investigation of dilated cardiomyopathy was carried out in 17 counties from August to December in 2011 in non-Keshan disease areas.Two townships (towns) that similar to Keshan disease areas in natural environment,pattern of production and lifestyle in non-Keshan disease areas were selected in each project county,and 1 village was selected as surveillance site in each selected township(town).The number of resident in each village no less than 500 people was appropriate and deficiency was supplemented from neighboring villages.The sampling rate was no less than 80％.Clinical examination and electrocardiographic tracings were carried out.The patients with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy and latent Keshan disease were taken anteroposterior chest X-ray in accordance with the National Non-Keshan Disease Area Dilated Cardiomyopathy Condition Survey Program.The surveillance was carried out based on The National Investigation Scheme of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Non-Keshan Disease Areas.Cases were diagnosed based on the diagnostic standard of dilated cardiomyopathy and suspected latent Keshan disease.Results In the 34 villages of 17 selected counties,14 545 people were investigated.Twenty-six cases of latent dilated cardiomyopathy and suspected latent Keshan disease were detected,and the total detection rate was 17.88/million.One case was dilated cardiomyopathy,and 25 cases were suspected latent Keshan disease,detection rates were 0.69/million and 17.19/million,respectively.Male and female cases were 15 and 11,respectively.The ratio of people aged 65 and older accounted for 42.31％(11/26),among them suspected latent Keshan disease accounted for 44.00％(11/25),and 1 case of dilated cardiomyopathy was in the 45 to 54 years old group.Electrocardiographic examination of 14 519 people,the abnormal rate was 8.13％(1 180/14 519).Among 112 chest X-ray films,104 cases had a cardiothoracic ratio less than or equal to 0.50,4 cases from 0.51 to 0.55,3 cases from 0.56 to 0.60,and 1 case more than or equal to 0.61.Conclusion The detection rate of dilated cardiomyopathy cases is lower in non-Keshan disease area of Yunnan Province,but suspected latent Keshan disease is detected.

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Analysis of epidemic situation of human brucellosis in Baotou City of Inner Mongolia during 2008-2011

Wenjie DONG ; Jun YUE ; Yingbo XIE

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;33(5):548-550. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.05.021

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Baotou City of Inner Mongolia from 2008 to 2011.Methods Datas were collected from surveillance and investigation of human brucellosis in Baotou City during 2008-2011,and analyzed by descriptive study and statistics methods,including the main outcome measures:incidence,time distribution,endemic distribution,occupation distribution,age and sex distribution.Results About 2 338 cases were reported during the 4 years,the average annual incidence rate was 25.52/one hundred thousand,the annual incidence rate was in the range of 5.37/one hundred thousand to 38.65/one hundred thousand,and the incidence rate was rising year by year.The incidence mainly concentrated from April to August,and total reported cases were 1 423,accounting for 60.86％(1 423/2 338).Damaoqi and Guyangxian were regions with high prevalence rate of human brucellosis,and total reported cases were 1 652,accounting for 70.66％(1 652/2 338).The incidence of farmers was higher,accounting for 75.53％ (1 766/2 338).The 31-60 years old group had the highest incidence,accounting for 75.02％(1 754/2 338).The incidence of male was higher than that of female,male accounted for 75.19％ (1 758/2 338).Conclusions The infection of human brucellosis in Baotou City shows an increasing trend and widening scope.The incidence of human brucellosis has significant seasonal,regional,gender and age differences.

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An investigation of human brucellosis infection in Qi County of Shanxi Province in 2010-2012

Jianwan WU ; Hongxia YANG

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;33(5):551-553. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.05.022

Objective To analyze the status of human brucellosis infection in Qi County.Methods From 2010 to 2012,by using Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and standard tube agglutination test(SAT),serological detection was conducted in suspected brucellosis cases and risk populations occupational exposed to Brucella,including livestock traders,slaughters,raisers,milkmaids and veterinary in Qi County.The sex distribution,time distribution,occupation and age distribution were analyzed.Brucella were isolated from patients in acute stage by blood culture,and serotypos were determined by traditional identification method.Results From 2010 to 2012,977 people were examined; 273 people were serological positive(27.9％) ; male[31.6％(232/735)] was higher than female[16.9％(41/242),P ＜ 0.05].March to August were the peak seasons in every yeas.Most of the patients were engaged in farming,aged from 21 to 60 years old.Eleven strains of Brucella Melitensis biotype 3 were isolated in 30 cases of blood culture samples.Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis is increasing year by year in Qi County.Infected people are mostly young men.It is necessary to strengthen health education,increase the awareness of self protection in order to reduce the occurrence of brucellosis.

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Analysis of quality control and test ability of urinary iodine in local laboratories of Shandong Province from 2000-2013

Jumei HUANG ; Yuan LIU ; Xin WANG ; Liping ZHAI ; Ruijuan GUO ; Fang YANG ; Guodong SUN

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;33(5):571-573. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.05.028

Objective To analyze the assessment results of external quality control and network operation of urinary iodine in local laboratories of Shandong Province,to evaluate the ability of consistent analysis; and to provide a reliable laboratory quality assurance for epidemiological surveillance and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and reliable decision-making.Methods Z-scores of the assessment results of external quality control of urinary iodine in local laboratories of Shandong Province were analyzed from 2000-2013.Results The feedback rate of urinary iodine in local laboratories of ShandongProvince was 100.0％ from 2000-2013; the qualified rate was 100.0％(14/14),100.0％(14/14),92.9％(13/14),100.0％(14/14),92.9％(13/14),100.0％ (14/14),100.0％ (14/14),100.0％ (14/14),92.9％ (13/14),100.0％ (17/17),100.0％ (17/17),94.1％ (16/17),100.0％ (17/17),and 100.0％ (17/17),respectively.The total qualified rate of Z-scores between Zs in local laboratories was 100.0％ (214/214)and within Zs was 98.6％ (211/214).Conclusion The test abilities of urinary iodine in local laboratories of Shandong Province are steady; the overall results are satisfactory,but some laboratories need to improve.

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Characteristics of Scrub Typhus epidemic in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2012

Tieqiang WANG ; Yunying YAO ; Xiqiang HUANG ; Zhiqiang PENG

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;(4):429-432. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.04.021

Objective To analyze the prevalent feature and variant tendency of Scrub Typhus in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2012, and provide a basis of strategy and measure on prevention and protection of Scrub Typhus. Methods Clinical information of all individual cases was gained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Cochran-Armitage trend χ2 test was used to describe the variance of Scrub Typhus incidence and the clinical cases of 2013 were predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, while descriptive epidemiological analysis was adopted to describe the endemic distribution, seasonal characteristics and population distribution of Scrub Typhus. Results A total of 8 163 Scrub typhus cases were reported in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2012. Annual mean incidence of the disease was 1.15/100 000 with the incidence showing an upward tendency (χ2 = 3 191.976, P < 0.01). There were 14 dead clinical cases reported with a fatality rate to be 1.72‰(14/8 163). Totally 3 166 people were predicted to infect Scrub Typhus in 2013 by ARIMA model. The disease was prevalent from the end of May to early October and the peak time was in late August (Z = 2 303.71, P < 0.01). The top five cities developed Scrub Typhus were Zhaoqing, Guangzhou, Yunfu, Shaoguan and Qingyuan. Male-female ratio was 1.00 ∶ 1.08 in all reported cases in which 52.78%(4 309/8 163) of them aged from 40 to 65 years old and 59.30%(4 841/8 163) of them were farmers. Conclusions The incidence of Scrub Typhus is rising in Guangdong Province, with the prevalent peak in summer and autumn, and rural populations are at high risk. The most effective preventions are strengthening health education , enhancing individual protection and protecting key populations in special districts.

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An evaluation of the effectiveness of control measures on iodine deficiency disorders in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2011

Xueqi LI ; Xiaoling MA ; Lijie WANG ; Fanka LI

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;(4):411-413. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.04.016

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of control and prevention of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Methods According to the national requirement and the situation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, thirty sampling units were selected by the“probability proportionate to size” method; one school was chosen in each sampling unit; forty children (half male half female) aged 8 - 10 years old were chosen in each school. Family salt samples were collected to detect salt iodine content, and the goiter was determined. Twelve children(half male half female) from the 40 children were selected; urine samples were collected to detect urinary iodine content. Twenty fifth-grade children in each school and five housewives around each school were selected, and the survey of health education knowledge was conducted. Salt iodine was measured using direct titration (GB/T 13025.7-1999);the volume of thyroid was detected by ultrasound ( WS 276-2007 ); urinary iodine was measured by arsenic Ce catalytic spectrophotometry method (WS/T 107-2006). Results A total of 1 195 household salt samples were tested. The mean of salt iodine was (30.91 ± 6.99)mg/kg;the coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.49%(1 165/ 1 195);the qualified rate of iodized salt was 98.54%(1 148/1 165); and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 96.07%(1 148/1 195). Twelve hundred and twenty children aged 8-10 years old were examined;forty-two goiters were examined;and goiter rate was 3.44%. Four hundred and seven urine samples were tested, the median of urinary iodine was 235.31 μg/L;< 50 μg/L accounted for 1.47%(6/407); and 50 - < 100 μg/L accounted for 6.63%(27/407). The awareness rates of IDD health education knowledge of the fifth-grade students and housewives were 84.39%(1 519/1 800) and 84.44%(380/450), respectively. Conclusion The level of IDD control and prevention in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps has been up to the national standard of eliminating IDD.

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An evaluation of the effectiveness of implementation of national food safety standard for “Iodine Concentration in Edible Salt” (GB 26878-2011)

Wanqiu CHENG ; Changchun HOU ; Yanyan ZHU ; Dongyang LI ; Jingyu GU ; Zhonghui LIU ; Bo YANG ; Siying KONG ; Zupei CHEN ; Ming QIAN

Chinese Journal of Endemiology.2014;(4):407-410. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2014.04.015

Objective To observe the implementation of national food safety standard for “Iodine Concentration in Edible Salt”(GB 26878-2011) and its effectiveness on iodine nutritional status of key populations. Methods Information of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, including Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) was collected using Baidu Searching Engine through the establishment of key words. Sal t samples were collected in Tianjin City and Aksu Region of Xinjiang , and the salt iodine concentration in both places was 30 mg/kg. In Tianjin, Hongqiao, Tanggu and Hangu, Beichen were selected as representatives of the downtown areas, the coastal areas and the suburbs, respectively and counties of Baodi and Ji were iodine deficiency areas in history. Sampling work was carried out from August 2012 to March 2013 in Tianjin. In Aksu, Yatuoer Township and Charqi Town in Baicheng County, Aotebeixi and Aketuohai Townships in Wushen County were chosen as iodine deficiency areas, and the survey was carried out from January to September 2013 . Random urine samples of school-age children ( 8 - 10 years old ) , pregnant women and lactating women were collected; urinary iodine was measured following the Method for Determination of Iodine in Urine by As3+-Ce4+ Catalytic Spectrophotometry(WS/T 107-2006) and iodine in edible iodized salt was measured following the General Test Method in Salt Industry Determination of Iodideion ( GB/T 13025 . 7-1999 ) . Results Fourteen of the provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities, including the Corps of Xinjiang) chose 25 mg/kg as their iodine concentration in edible iodized salt and 13 provinces chose 30 mg/kg. Besides, there were another 5 provinces providing 30 mg/kg particularly for pregnant women and lactating women while 25 mg/kg for other populations. In Tianjin, the medians of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt were ranged from 24.4 - 32.1 mg/kg in retail stores and 26.4 mg/kg at households. The household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt were 78.5%(168/214) and 62.6%(134/214), respectively. The median ranges of urinary iodine were 178.2 - 183.9 μg/L in school children, 124.3 - 130.9 μg/L in pregnant women and 72.7 - 109.5 μg/L in lactating women. In Aksu, the medians of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt were 27.1 and 26.5 mg/kg in retail stores and households, respectively. The household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt were 100.0% (363/363) and 98.9%(359/363), respectively. The median ranges of urinary iodine were 174.8 - 293.0, 154.9 - 230.0 and 135.8 - 239.3 μg/L among school children, pregnant women and lactating women, respectively. The median of iodine concentration in a special edible iodized salt sample reached 49.1 mg/kg, and qualified rate was 0(0/11) in Aksu. Conclusions All provinces , municipalities and autonomous regions ( including the Corps of Xingjiang ) in China have adjusted the iodine content in edible iodized salt in accordance with GB 26878-2011. However, in Tianjin the household iodine concentration in edible salt is lower than the local standards; the household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt are lower than the national standards; pregnant women and lactating women are at risk of mild iodine deficiency.

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