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A Study on the Neurobiological Basis of Communicative Intelligence Using Voxel-Based Morphometry.

Joohan KIM ; Shin Ae YOON ; Hae Jeong PARK

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):35-42. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.35

OBJECTIVES: To develop reliable tools for measuring communication skills in schizophrenia, the present study proposed the concept of communication intelligence, consisting of conversational competence, emotional competence, and empathic competence, and explored its neurobiological underpinnings using regional gray matter volume with healthy people. METHODS: Communicative intelligence scores were obtained from 126 healthy young participants. Correlation analyses between regional volume distributions and communication intelligence subcomponents were conducted using voxel-based morphometry of structural MRI. RESULTS: The significant positive correlations between the regional gray matter volumes with conversational competence were found mainly at the ventromedial frontal gyrus while the negative correlations between the bilateral middle frontal gyrus. With emotional competence, the volume of right superior temporal gyrus was positively and that of bilateral insula was negatively correlated. With empathic competence, the volume of the left middle frontal gyrus was positively and that of the insula was negatively correlated. CONCLUSION: Each of the subcomponents of communicative intelligence scores showed distinctive neurobiological underpinnings. The regions for the subcomponents, which constitute a common network for social cognition and emotion, are highly associated with the regions of the schizophrenia pathology. In conclusion, communicative intelligence scales have neurobiological basis to evaluate social skills of patients with schizophrenia.
Cognition ; Humans ; Intelligence* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mental Competency ; Pathology ; Schizophrenia ; Weights and Measures

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A Comparison of Magical Ideation in Nonclinical Adolescent and Adult Groups : An Item Response Theory Based Differential Item Functioning Analysis.

Jung LEE ; Sumi PARK ; Yeni KIM ; Yong Sik KIM ; Hee Yeon JUNG

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):28-34. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.28

OBJECTIVES: We examined magical ideation in adolescent and adult group by Magical Ideation Scale (MIS). We also explored how adolescents and adults respond differently to each items of MIS. METHODS: 310 nonclinical adults and 310 Year 10 students participated in this study, and completed MIS and Symptom Checklist 90-revision (SCL-90-R). Total scores of MIS were compared between adults and adolescents. The item characteristics of MIS were evaluated by item response theory (IRT). Differential item functioning (DIF) was detected using the parameters of IRT. RESULTS: Total score of MIS was higher in adolescents than in adults, but there was no statistical significance. Item 5, 10, 13, and 16 showed significant difference on item difficulty parameters and were identified as DIF. Among DIF items, item 5 was more difficult for adolescents than adults. Item 10, 13, and 16 were more difficult for adults than adolescents. The modified MIS score excluding 4 DIF items was significantly higher in adolescents than adults. CONCLUSION: The influence of age on response to DIF items should be considered when comparing MIS scores between adolescents and adults.
Adolescent* ; Adult* ; Checklist ; Humans ; Magic*

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Characteristics of Self-Other Boundary Recognition Using Morphed Face Pictures in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Seung Taek OH ; Yeon Ju HONG ; Yu Bin SHIN ; Hyung Jun YOON ; Ja Yeun SUN ; Dae Hyun KIM ; Jae Min KIM ; Jae Jin KIM

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):21-27. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.21

OBJECTIVES: Disturbance in self-experience has been considered to be a core feature of schizophrenia. Evidence from mirror face-recognition tasks supports the connection between self-face recognition and self-awareness which is a part of self-experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the self-other boundary recognition using morphed face pictures in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and twenty-three healthy controls completed the self-face recognition task that consisted of various morphed pictures. Participant's own picture was morphed with each of three different, unknown, gender-matched facial identities in steps of 10% ; each pair producing 11 images with graded blending of facial features. Thirty-three images in total were randomly presented as stimuli in a run, which was repeated three times. Participants were instructed to choose whether the stimulus was self-face or not. RESULTS: Self-face proportion was significantly lower in the schizophrenia group at both recognition start point I and II (33.33% vs. 53.04%, p<0.001 ; 61.43% vs. 70.87%, p=0.01, respectively). Using the mean value of each recognition start point in the control group, we calculated the difference in self-face proportion for each individual with schizophrenia. There was a significant correlation between the degree of this difference and total Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) score at recognition start point I (r=0.507, p=0.019). CONCLUSION: The difference in self-other boundary recognition in this study may account for self-disturbance of schizophrenia. Its correlation with SANS total score may reflect the shared nature of persistent disturbance between the disturbance in self-experience and the negative symptom.
Humans ; Schizophrenia*

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Attitudes Toward the Dangerousness of the Mentally Ill.

Jisun PARK

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):16-20. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.16

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to investigate the attitudes of people toward the dangerousness of the mentally ill. The study eventually aims to contribute to developing strategies for reducing prejudice against people with mental illness. METHODS: A total of 358 college students participated in the study. A 6-item questionnaire was administered to examine attitudes toward the dangerousness of the mentally ill, with Belief in a Just World Scale. Then, attitudes toward crime committed by patients with different types of mental illness (Schizophrenia, Depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder, Panic disorder, PTSD, Dementia, ADHD, and Mental Retardation) were assessed. RESULTS: People strongly believed that most of the crime by the mentally ill was committed on the spur of the moment, and that crime of the mentally ill had recently increased. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between prejudice against the dangerousness of the mentally ill and just-world beliefs. In addition, patients with Schizophrenia were assessed to be the most dangerous out of 8 different types of mental illness. CONCLUSION: There exists considerable prejudices against the dangerousness of the mentally ill, especially those with schizophrenia. The present findings emphasize the urgent need to clarify misunderstandings regarding the dangerousness of the mentally ill.
Bipolar Disorder ; Crime ; Dangerous Behavior* ; Dementia ; Depressive Disorder ; Humans ; Mentally Ill Persons* ; Panic Disorder ; Prejudice ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schizophrenia ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

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Correlates of Violence in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Joonho CHOI ; Seon Cheol PARK

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):10-15. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.10

Therapeutic social environments contribute to the successful treatment and rehabilitation for patients with schizophrenia. However, social stigmata of psychiatric disorder in our society have kept away schizophrenic patients from their recovery and adaptation. Many persons have thought that psychiatric patients are more violent and criminal because of overwhelming prejudice on untreated or mistreated patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this review is to propose the new and updated fundamentals of our knowledge on the relationship between schizophrenia and violence. In 1980s, many researchers have a belief that rates of criminal behavior vary independently on the rates of mental disorders. The following scientific studies on various population and meta-analyses of relevant data, overall violence rate have been higher in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders than in healthy controls. Even though schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are associated with increased risk of homicide, the association has been not attributed to the psychopathology limited to schizophrenia. Most of all, co-occurrence of substance abuse has played an important role in increasing the possibility of violent behavior. The severe violent offending has been inclined to occur during the early period of psychotic episode before beginning the psychiatric treatment. Thus, most of the violent offending of schizophrenia patient can be prevented by prompt therapeutic interventions and treatments.
Christianity ; Criminals ; Homicide ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Prejudice ; Psychopathology ; Psychotic Disorders ; Rehabilitation ; Schizophrenia* ; Social Environment ; Social Stigma ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Violence*

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Suicide in Patients with Schizophrenia : A Review on the Findings of Recent Studies.

Hoseon LEE ; Kounseok LEE ; Jae Woo KOO ; Seon Cheol PARK

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2015;18(1):5-9. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.1.5

The suicide risk of patients with schizophrenia is about 8.5-fold greater than that of the general population. Since 4-13% of patients with schizophrenia commit suicide, and 25-50% attempt suicide at least once during their lifetime, suicide can be a main cause of their higher mortality rate as compared with that of the general population. While evidence suggests that previous depressive disorders, previous suicide attempts, drug misuse, agitation or motor restlessness, fear of mental disintegration, poor adherence to treatment, and recent loss of another person are associated with the increased risk of suicide in schizophrenia, hallucinations have been associated with decreased suicide risk. Despite there being at least modest evidence suggesting that antipsychotics protect against suicidal risk, clozapine has been shown to be the most favorable second-generation antipsychotic for preventing suicide in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, selective serotonin receptor inhibitors can ameliorate suicidal ideation in schizophrenia. Furthermore, individual psychosocial interventions and psychotherapy, and reducing stigma, can be integral strategies for the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Further study is needed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and clinical correlates of suicide in Korean patients with schizophrenia, and provide an effective strategy for its prevention in Korea.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Clozapine ; Depressive Disorder ; Dihydroergotamine ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Korea ; Mortality ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Psychotherapy ; Schizophrenia* ; Serotonin ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide*

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Attitude Toward Antipsychotic Treatment According to Patients' Awareness of the Name of Their Illness in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Ji Eun JANG ; Sung Wan KIM ; Yo Han LEE ; Seon Young KIM ; Kyung Yeol BAE ; Jae Min KIM ; Il Seon SHIN ; Jin Sang YOON

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2012;15(2):106-113. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.2.106

OBJECTIVES: This study compared attitudes toward antipsychotic treatment according to awareness of the name of their illness in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Information on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including awareness of the importance of antipsychotic treatment, was obtained through a self-report questionnaire. The Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) was administered. The data were compared according to awareness of the name of their illness. RESULTS: The study analyzed data for 199 patients with schizophrenia. Of these, 115 patients (57.8%) were aware that their illness was called schizophrenia, while 84 patients (42.2%) knew it by their psychotic symptoms or as another mental illness, such as depression. The patients aware of the name of their illness had significantly longer durations of illness and higher scores on the DAI. They were significantly more likely to have stopped taking medication on their own accord and to agree with the importance of antipsychotic treatment. Statistical significance was sustained in a logistic regression analysis after adjusting for the duration of illness and study site, except for the DAI score, which had borderline significance (p=0.055). In subjects with duration of illness > or =5 years, patients aware of the name of their illness had significantly higher scores on the DAI. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the name of their illness was associated with awareness of the importance of, and a positive attitude toward, antipsychotic treatments in patients. Psycho-education, including telling the patient the correct name of his or her illness, might be needed for maintaining antipsychotic treatment in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Depression ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schizophrenia

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Psychomotor Performance Relevant to Driving Ability in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Haloperidol and Aripiprazole.

Ji Hyun HAN ; Se Jin PARK ; Jong Il LEE ; An Kee CHANG ; Shi Hyun KANG ; Minah SOH ; Kyung Jin LEE ; Eun Sang KOH ; Sungwon ROH

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2012;15(2):99-105. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.2.99

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare psychomotor performance related with automobile driving in patients with schizophrenia under the treatment of a typical antipsychotic agent, haloperidol, or an atypical antipsychotic agent, aripiprazole. METHODS: We evaluated driving ability of schizophrenia patients by using the cognitive perceptual assessment for driving (CPAD). Twelve patients receiving haloperidol monotherapy and 18 taking aripiprazole monotherapy participated in this study and the results of CPAD were compared with each other. RESULTS: Of 30 participants, 15 (50%) of the patients passed the CPAD to be regarded as competent to drive, 3 (10%) of the patients failed the CPAD considered to be severely impaired. Controlling for sex, age, education, duration of illness, there were no significant differences in the CPAD results between two treatment groups. We observed a trend that patients who received aripiprazole showed a higher total score of the CPAD than haloperidol-treated patients (55.2+/-4.9 vs. 45.7+/-8.4, p=0.080). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the psychomotor performance relevant to driving ability between haloperidol and aripiprazole groups. But our results suggest that aripiprazole might have the neurocognitive advantage over haloperidol. Future study with a large sample size and diverse antipsychotics is warranted.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Automobile Driving ; Haloperidol ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds ; Piperazines ; Psychomotor Performance ; Quinolones ; Sample Size ; Schizophrenia ; Aripiprazole

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Pilot Study on Resting-State Functional Connectivity under the Effects of Familial Loading in People at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis.

Beom Jun MIN ; Tae Young LEE ; Sung Nyun KIM ; Hyun Jung HAN ; Da Jung SHIN ; Seo Hyun JO ; Jun Soo KWON

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2012;15(2):90-98. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.2.90

OBJECTIVES: People at ultra-high risk for psychosis have heterogenous character and different long-term outcomes. We divided ultra-high risk subjects into two subgroups by presence of familial history and tried to find different pattern of functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) between the two groups in order to examine the effects familial loading. METHODS: Eleven subjects at clinical-high risk (CHR) group with familial history of psychiatric illness and nineteen subjects of CHR group without familial history were recruited. All the subjects were scanned using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. A posterior cingulate cortex was the seed region of the analysis, and the DMN of the both high risk group were analyzed with voxel-wise two sample T test. RESULTS: The CHR group with familial history showed greater functional connectivity in the precuneus area in contrast with the other high risk subjects (peak-level t=5.49, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Scales of Psychosis-risk Syndrome between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the abnormalities of functional connectivity between precuneus and posterior cingulate area may be associated with the genetic vulnerability of high risk trait.
Gyrus Cinguli ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pilot Projects ; Psychotic Disorders ; Seeds ; Weights and Measures

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Comparison of the Rorschach Test Characteristics between Bipolar Disorder and Unipolar Depression.

Mi Jin KIM ; Ju Hyun PARK ; Ji Hyun BAEK ; Eun Ho LEE ; Ji Hae KIM ; Hong CHOI ; Dongsoo LEE ; Kyung Sue HONG

Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research.2012;15(2):81-89. doi:10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.2.81

OBJECTIVES: Differential diagnosis based on descriptive psychopathology between bipolar and unipolar depression in the clinical setting is a still huge challenge. Projective psychological tests might provide additional clues. This study aimed to find distinct Rorschach test characteristics of bipolar depression in comparison with unipolar depression. METHODS: Medical records and raw data of the Rorschach Inkblot test applied using standardized procedure for the Exner Comprehensive System were retrospectively reviewed for patients with bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. Individual variables of the Rorchach test were compared among three groups, i.e., (hypo) mania (n=59), bipolar depression (n=56) and unipolar depression (n=25). RESULTS: Bipolar depression group, in accordance with (hypo) manic group, showed more color reponses (WSumC), more extroverted and intuitive decision-making (EBright), and higher emotional expression (CF+C) and instability (ebright), compared to unipolar deperssion group. On the contrary, the (hypo) mania group displayed more cognitive errors (Sum6, WSum6) compared to both depression groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Rorchach test might provide valuable markers for differential diagnosis between bipolar and unipolar depression, and that some of those markers could be regarded as trait markers of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Psychological Tests ; Psychopathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Rorschach Test

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