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Dopamine Transporter Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2003;37(1):34-42.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is responsible for the re-uptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft and is located on dopaminergic nerve terminals only. DAT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, therefore, offer the unique opportunity to study via striatal uptake the integrity of presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in vivo. In recent years SPECT and PET using specific ligands binding to DAT have evolved as an useful tool for diagnosing and monitoring progression of neurodegenerative disorders affecting dopaminergic systems. This article briefly reviews the literature dealing with DAT SPECT and PET imaging in parkinsonism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Ligands ; Neurodegenerative Diseases* ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

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Functional Neuroimaging in Epilepsy: FDG-PET and SPECT.

Sang Kun LEE ; Dong Soo LEE

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2003;37(1):24-33.

Finding epileptogenic zone is the most important step for the successful epilepsy surgery. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used in the localization of epileptogenic foci. In medial temporal lobe epilepsy, the diagnostic sensitivity of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT is excellent. However, detection of hippocampal sclerosis by MRI is so certain that use of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT in medial temporal lobe epilepsy is limited for some occasions. In neocortical epilepsy, the sensitivities of FDG-PET or ictal SPECT are fair. However, FDG-PET and ictal SPECT can have a crucial role in the localization of epileptogenic foci for non-lesional neocortical epilepsy. Interpretation of FDG-PET has been recently advanced by voxel-based analysis and automatic volume of interest analysis based on a population template. Both analytical methods can aid the objective diagnosis of epileptogenic foci. Ictal SPECT was analyzed using subtraction methods and voxel-based analysis. Rapidity of injection of tracers, ictal EEG findings during injection of tracer, and repeated ictal SPECT were important technical issues of ictal SPECT. SPECT can also be used in the evaluation of validity of Wada test.
Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy* ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe ; Functional Neuroimaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Sclerosis ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

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PET studies in Alzheimer Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias.

Yong JEONG ; Duk L NA

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2003;37(1):13-23.

Neurodegenerative disorders cause a variety of dementia including Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Huntington's disease. PET scan is useful for early detection and differential diagnosis of these dementing disorders. Also, it provides valuable information about clinico-anatomical correlation, allowing better understanding of function of brain. Here we discuss recent achievements PET studies regarding these dementing disorders. Future progress in PET technology, new tracers, and image analysis will play an important role in further clarifying the disease pathophysiology and brain functions.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Brain ; Dementia* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Frontotemporal Dementia ; Huntington Disease ; Lewy Bodies ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive

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Clinical Application of SPECT and PET in CerebroVascular Disease.

Young Shin RA

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2003;37(1):1-12.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are modern imaging techniques that allow for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of hemodynamic changes in cerebrovascular diseases. SPECT has been becoming an indispensable method to investigate regional cerebral blood flow because equipment and isotope are easily available in most general hospitals. Acetazolamide stress SPECT has also been proved to be useful to evaluate the cerebrovascular reserve of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases and to select surgical candidate. PET has gained wide spread clinical use in the evaluation of the hemodynamic and metabolic consequences of extracranial or intracranial arterial obstructive disease despite its complexity and limited availability. PET has been established as an invaluable tool in the pathophysilogy investigation of acute ischemic stroke. The potentials, limitations, and clinical applications of SPECT and PET in various cerebrovascular diseases will be discussed in this article with reviews of literatures.
Acetazolamide ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; Hemodynamics ; Hospitals, General ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Stroke ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

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Tc-99m HMPAO White Blood Cell Scintigraphy of an Enterovesical Fistula Complicating Crohn's Disease.

Jeong Ho KIM ; In Young HYUN ; Young Soo KIM ; Won Sick CHOE ; Ze Hong WOO

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):99-105.

Computed tomography (CT) seems to be the best imaging modality to diagnose an enterovesical fistula, but is not always able to demonstrate enterovesical fistula itself. In this case report, we present Tc-99m HMPAO white blood cell (WBC) scintigraphic findings of an enterovesical fistula complicating Crohn's disease. A 22 year-old male presented with a one-month history of urinary symptoms such as dysuria, hematuria, and frequency. The patient had intermittent right lower quadrant pain, diarrhea and hematochezia. Enterovesical fistula was highly suggestive in pelvic CT which showed air density in the urinary bladder, but cystoscopy failed to find an opening of the fistula. Tc-99m HMPAO WBC scintigraphy for evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease incidentally demonstrated enterovesical fistular tract. Crohn's disease was later confirmed by histologic examination of the surgical specimen. In our patient, Tc-99m HMPAO WBC imaging was helpful in determining the location of the fistula as well as assessing the disease activity and extent of the Crohn's disease.
Crohn Disease* ; Cystoscopy ; Diarrhea ; Dysuria ; Fistula* ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Leukocytes* ; Male ; Radionuclide Imaging* ; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime* ; Urinary Bladder ; Young Adult

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Sialolithiasis Mimicking Metastatic Thyroid Cancer.

Hwang Jeong JEONG ; Hee Seung BOM ; Ho Cheon SONG ; Jung Jun MIN ; Seung Min KIM ; Ji Yeul KIM

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):94-98.

We report a false positive case of I-131 scan due to a sialolithiasis in right submandibular gland. I-131 images showed not only remnant thyroid tissues and functional metastases in the anterior neck but also a hot uptake near right submandibular gland. We confirmed the sialolithiasis by radiologic studies. Sialolithiasis should be regarded as a false positive cause when I-131 scan shows a hot spot near salivary bed.
Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Salivary Gland Calculi* ; Submandibular Gland ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

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Investigation of the Signal Characteristics of a Small Gamma Camera System Using NaI(Tl)-Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube.

Yong CHOI ; Jong Ho KIM ; Joon Young KIM ; Ki Chun IM ; Sang Eun KIM ; Yearn Seong CHOE ; Kyung Han LEE ; Koan Sik JOO ; Byung Tae KIM

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):82-93.

PURPOSE: We characterized the signals obtained from the components of a small gamma camera using NaI(Tl)-position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) and optimized the parameters employed in the modules of the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The small gamma camera system consists of a NaI(Tl) crystal (60x60x6 mm3) coupled with a Hamamatsu R3941 PSPMT, a resister chain circuit, preamplifiers, nuclear instrument modules (NIMs), an analog to digital converter and a personal computer for control and display. The PSPMT was read out using a resistive charge division circuit which multiplexes the 34 cross wire anode channels into 4 signals (X+, X-, Y+, Y-). Those signals were individually amplified by four preamplifiers and then, shaped and amplified by amplifiers. The signals were discriminated and digitized via triggering signal and used to localize the position of an event by applying the Anger logic. The gamma camera control and image display was performed by a program implemented using a graphic software. RESULTS: The characteristics of signal and the parameters employed in each module of the system were presented. The intrinsic sensitivity of the system was approximately 8x103 counts/sec/microcurie. The intrinsic energy resolution of the system was 18% FWHM at 140 keV. The spatial resolution obtained using a line-slit mask and 99mTc point source were, respectively, 2.2 and 2.3 mm FWHM in X and Y directions. Breast phantom containing 2~7 mm diameter spheres was successfully imaged with a parallel hole collimator. The image displayed accurate size and activity distribution over the imaging field of view. CONCLUSION: We proposed a simple method for development of a small gamma camera and presented the characteristics of the signals from the system and the optimized parameters used in the modules of the small gamma camera.
Anger ; Breast ; Electrodes ; Gamma Cameras* ; Logic ; Masks ; Microcomputers

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Development of a Noble Dosimetry Using Metaphase Analysis and Micronuclei Assay of Bone Marrow Cells in Mice.

Jung Jun MIN ; Hee Seung BOM ; Young Ho KIM ; Hyun Joong YOON ; Ji Yeul KIM

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):74-81.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop in vivo dosimetries using both chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in mice to assess biological effects of radiations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five each mice were irradiated with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 Gy of Cs-137 gamma-rays. We scored numbers of chromosomal aberrations in metaphase spreads and numbers of micronuclei in bone marrow smears under light microscope, and obtained the dose-response relationships. We also examined the relationship between the two dose-response curves. RESULTS: The frequency of both chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei increased with dose, in a linear-quadratic manner. The delta, beta, and alpha coefficients were 0.0176, 0.0324, and 0.0567 for metaphase analysis (r=1.0, p<0.001) and 0.0019, 0.0073, and 0.0506 for micronuclei assay (r=1.0, p<0.001). The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in diffirent radiation doses was significantly correlated (r=0.99, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In vivo dosimetry using either metaphase analysis or micronucleus assay was feasible in mice. These methods could be useful to evaluate biological effects of radiation.
Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells* ; Bone Marrow* ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Metaphase* ; Mice* ; Micronucleus Tests

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Development of 166Ho-Stent for the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer.

Kyung Bae PARK ; Young Mi KIM ; Kyung Hwa KIM ; Byung Chul SHIN ; Woong Woo PARK ; Kwang Hee HAN ; Young Ju CHUNG ; Sang Mu CHOI ; Jong Doo LEE

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):62-73.

PURPOSE: Esophageal cancer patients have a difficulty in the intake of meals through the blocked esophageal lumen, which is caused by an ingrowth of cancer cells and largely influences on the prognosis. It is reported that esophageal cancer has a very low survival rate due to the lack of nourishment and immunity as the result of this. In this study a new radioactive stent, which prevents tumor ingrowth and restenosis by additional radiation treatment, has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using HANARO research reactor, the radioactive stent assembly (166Ho-SA) was prepared by covering the metallic stent with a radioactive sleeve by means of a post-irradiation and pre-irradiation methods. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy and autoradiography exhibited that the distribution of 165/166Ho (NO3) compounds in polyurethane matrix was homogeneous. A geometrical model of the esophagus considering its structural properties, was developed for the computer simulation of energy deposition to the esophageal wall. The dose distributions of 166Ho-stent were calculated by means of the EGS4 code system. The sources are considered to be distributed uniformly on the surface in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 20 mm and length of 40 mm. As an animal experiment, when radioactive stent developed in this study was inserted into the esophagus of a Mongrel dog, tissue destruction and widening of the esophageal lumen were observed. CONCLUSION: We have developed a new radioactive stent comprising of a radioactive tubular sleeve covering the metallic stent, which emits homogeneous radiation. If it is inserted into the blocked or narrowed lumen, it can lead to local destruction of the tumor due to irradiation effect with dilatation resulting from self-expansion of the metallic property. Accordingly, it is expected that restenosis esophageal lumen by the continuous ingrowth and infiltration of cancer after insertion of our radioactive stent will be decreased remarkably.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Computer Simulation ; Dilatation ; Dogs ; Esophageal Neoplasms* ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Meals ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Polyurethanes ; Prognosis ; Stents ; Survival Rate

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Gallbladder Ejection Fraction Using 99mTc-DISIDA Scan in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy.

Seong Jang KIM ; In Ju KIM ; Yong Ki KIM ; Jun Hyup AN ; Seok Dong YOO

Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2000;34(1):55-61.

PURPOSE: We performed this study to evaluate the changes of gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) in diabetic patients with or without autonomic neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 37 diabetic patients (25 women, 12 men, mean age 51 years) and 24 normal controls (10 women, 14 men, mean age 38 years). After intravenous injection of 185 MBq of 99mTc-DISIDA, serial anterior abdominal images were acquired before and after fatty meal. Regions of interest were applied on gallbladder and right hepatic lobe on 60 and 90 minute images to calculate GBEF. RESULTS: GBEF was significantly reduced in diabetes with autonomic neuropathy (43+/-12.3%) and without autonomic neuropathy (57.5+/-13.2%) compared with normal controls (68+/-11.6%, p <0.05). And also, GBEF was significantly reduced in diabetes with autonomic neuropathy compared with diabetes without autonomic neuropathy (p <0.05). Fasting blood glucose level, age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, serum lipid level were not different in these two diabetic patient groups (p>0.05). When 50.2% of GBEF was used as the criteria for diabetic autonomic neuropathy, the sensitivity and specificity were 80%, 76.5%, respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.846. CONCLUSION: GBEF of diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy was significantly reduced than that of diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy.
Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Diabetic Neuropathies* ; Fasting ; Female ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Meals ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin*

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