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Acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels (Pomposia) against Tetranychus urticae Koch.

Abd El-Moneim M R AFIFY ; Hossam S EL-BELTAGI ; Sayed A FAYED ; Emad A SHALABY

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(5):359-364. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60080-4

OBJECTIVETo investigate the acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) (Pomposia) againsst Tetranychus urticae Koch (T. urticae) and the biochemical changes in antioxidants enzymes.

METHODSSix extracts of S. cumini (Pomposia) at concentrations of 75, 150 and 300µg/mL were used to control T. urticae (Koch).

RESULTSThe ethanol extract showed the most efficient acaricidal activity agent against T. urticae (98.5%) followed by hexane extract (94.0%), ether and ethyl acetate extract (90.0%). The LC50 values of the promising extract were 85.0, 101.0, 102.0 and 98.0µg/mL, respectively. The activities of enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in susceptible mites were increased. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes reach the maximum value in mites at LC50 with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe extract of S. cumini has acaricidal acivity against T. urticae, and the ethanol extract is the most efficient.

Acaricides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Ethanol ; Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Tetranychidae ; drug effects ; enzymology

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Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of a mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa.

Sundaram RAVIKUMAR ; Murugesan GNANADESIGAN

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(5):348-352. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60078-6

OBJECTIVETo identify the hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lumnitzera racemosa (L. racemosa) leaf extract.

METHODSAnimals in Group 1 served as vehicle control, Group 2 served as hepatotoxin (CCL4 treated) group, Group 3 served as positive control (Silymarin) group, and Group 4, 5 and 6 served as (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg bw p.o.) L. racemosa leaf extract treated groups. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), NO, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) were also analyzed for the leaf extract.

RESULTSThe levels of the serum parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, cholesterol (CHL), sugar and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased in CCL4 treated rats when compared with the control group (P<0.05). But the L. racemosa leaf extract treated rats showed maximum reduction of SGOT [(210.36±19.63) IU/L], SGPT [(82.37±13.87) IU/L], ALP [(197.63±23.43) IU/L], bilurubin [(2.15±0.84) mg/dL], cholesterol [(163.83±15.63) mg/dL], sugar [(93.00±7.65) mg/dL] and LDH [(1134.00±285.00) IU/L] were observed with the high dose (300 mg/kg bw) of leaf extract treated rats. Histopathological scores showed that, no visible changes were observed with high dose (300 mg/kg bw) of leaf extract treated rats except few mild necrosis. The IC50 values were observed as (56.37±4.87) µg/mL, (57.68±1.98) µg/mL, (64.15±2.90) µg/mL, (61.94±3.98) µg/mL, (94.53±1.68) µg/mL and (69.7±2.65) µg/mL for DPPH, HRSA, NO, FRAP, LPO and SOD radical scavenging activities, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, the hepatoprotective effect of the L. racemosa leaf extract might be due to the presence of phenolic groups, terpenoids and alkaloids and in vitro antioxidant properties.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; toxicity ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Liver ; chemistry ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhizophoraceae ; chemistry

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Isolation of a small molecule with anti-MRSA activity from a mangrove symbiont Streptomyces sp. PVRK-1 and its biomedical studies in Zebrafish embryos.

Rajaretinam Rajesh KANNAN ; Appadurai Muthamil INIYAN ; Vincent Samuel Gnana PRAKASH

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(5):341-347. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60077-4

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the present study was to isolate the anti-MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) molecule from the Mangrove symbiont Streptomyces and its biomedical studies in Zebrafish embryos.

METHODSMRSA was isolated from the pus samples of Colachal hospitals and confirmed by amplification of mecA gene. Anti-MRSA molecule producing strain was identified by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Anti-MRSA compound production was optimized by Solid State Fermentation (SSF) and the purification of the active molecule was carried out by TLC and RP-HPLC. The inhibitory concentration and LC50 were calculated using Statistical software SPSS. The Biomedical studies including the cardiac assay and organ toxicity assessment were carried out in Zebrafish.

RESULTSThe bioactive anti-MRSA small molecule A2 was purified by TLC with Rf value of 0.37 with 1.389 retention time at RP-HPLC. The Inhibitory Concentration of the purified molecule A2 was 30 µg/mL but, the inhibitory concentration of the MRSA in the infected embryo was 32-34 µg/mL for TLC purified molecule A2 with LC50 mean value was 61.504 µg/mL. Zebrafish toxicity was assessed in 48-60 µg/mL by observing the physiological deformities and the heart beat rates (HBR) of embryos for anti MRSA molecule showed the mean of 41.33-41.67 HBR/15 seconds for 40 µg/mL and control was 42.33-42.67 for 15 seconds which significantly showed that the anti-MRSA molecule A2 did not affected the HBR.

CONCLUSIONSAnti-MRSA molecule from Streptomyces sp PVRK-1 was isolated and biomedical studies in Zebrafish model assessed that the molecule was non toxic at the minimal inhibitory concentration of MRSA.

Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; drug effects ; pathology ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Rhizophoraceae ; microbiology ; Streptomyces ; chemistry ; Zebrafish

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Dengue fever treatment with Carica papaya leaves extracts.

Nisar AHMAD ; Hina FAZAL ; Muhammad AYAZ ; Bilal Haider ABBASI ; Ijaz MOHAMMAD ; Lubna FAZAL

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):330-333. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60055-5

The main objective of the current study is to investigate the potential of Carica papaya leaves extracts against Dengue fever in 45 year old patient bitten by carrier mosquitoes. For the treatment of Dengue fever the extract was prepared in water. 25 mL of aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves was administered to patient infected with Dengue fever twice daily i.e. morning and evening for five consecutive days. Before the extract administration the blood samples from patient were analyzed. Platelets count (PLT), White Blood Cells (WBC) and Neutrophils (NEUT) decreased from 176×10(3)/µL, 8.10×10(3)/µL, 84.0% to 55×10(3)/µL, 3.7×10(3)/µL and 46.0%. Subsequently, the blood samples were rechecked after the administration of leaves extract. It was observed that the PLT count increased from 55×10(3)/µL to 168×10(3)/µL, WBC from 3.7×10(3)/µL to 7.7×10(3)/µL and NEUT from 46.0% to 78.3%. From the patient feelings and blood reports it showed that Carica papaya leaves aqueous extract exhibited potential activity against Dengue fever. Furthermore, the different parts of this valuable specie can be further used as a strong natural candidate against viral diseases.
Antiviral Agents ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Carica ; chemistry ; Dengue ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Platelet Count ; Treatment Outcome

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Hypertriglyceridemia: a case report from diagnostic laboratory, Barasat, West Bengal, India.

Utpal Kumar BISWAS ; Arun KUMAR

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):328-329. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60054-3

Hypertriglyceridemia is defined as an abnormal concentration of triglyceride in the blood and has been associated with atherosclerosis, even in the absence of hypercholesterolemia. This case report is of 40-year-old man diagnosed to have hypertriglyceridemia who attended for routine screening in our diagnostic laboratory at Barasat. He was nonsmoker, non-alcoholic, had a reasonable diet with abundant fruits and vegetables, and was on regular exercise. He was not taking any lipid lowering medications. He hailed from Barasat, and was employed in Government sector in Barasat and policeman by profession. His father died at the age of 57 years in a heart attack; but his mother is healthy and now almost 62 years of age, and he has two brothers one elder and another younger to him, both are healthy. His blood pressure was normal, his body-mass index was 27, and his waist circumference was 96 cm and hip circumference was 103. His waist/hip ratio was 0.932. The Biochemical analyses were as follows- Fasting Glucose: 186 mg/dL, Total Cholesterol: 90 mg/dL, Triglycerides: 372 mg/dL, High-density cholesterol: 3.80 mg/dL, Low-density cholesterol: 2.90 mg/dL, VLDL: 83.20 mg/dL, Cholesterol/HDL-C ratio: 23.6:1, LDL-C/HDL-C: 0.07:1. This study revealed the increased prevalence of dyslipidemia to be more prevalent in 31-40 year males, suggesting that this group is at an increased risk of developing CAD leading to young infarcts. Combination lifestyle therapies i.e., enhanced physical activity and dietary modification and therapeutic intervention would help us in the treatment and management of dyslipidemia.
Adult ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; diagnosis ; India ; Male

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Concurrent malaria and dengue infection: a brief summary and comment.

Viroj WIWANITKIT

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):326-327. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60053-1

There are several tropical mosquito borne infections. Malaria and dengue are the two common mosquito infections that are very important and cause high morbidity and mortality for many patients around the world. Concurrent malaria and dengue infection is an important condition that is seldom reported. In this specific article, the author hereby summarizes on the topic of concurrent malaria and dengue infection.
Coinfection ; pathology ; Dengue ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Malaria ; complications ; pathology

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Risk factors and outcomes of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter bloodstream infection in North-Eastern Malaysia.

Zakuan Zainy DERIS ; Mohd Nazri SHAFEI ; Azian HARUN

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):313-315. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60050-6

OBJECTIVETo determine the risk factors and outcomes of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (IRAB) bloodstream infection (BSI) cases, since there is very little publication on Acinetobacter baumannii infections from Malaysia.

METHODSA cross sectional study of 41 cases (73.2%) of imipenem-sensitive Acinetobacter baumanii (ISAB) and 15 cases (26.8%) of IRAB was conducted in a teaching hospital which was located at North-Eastern state of Malaysia.

RESULTSThere was no independent risk factor for IRAB BSI identified but IRAB BSI was significantly associated with longer bacteraemic days [OR 1.23 (95% CI 1.01, 1.50)]. Although prior use of carbepenems and cephalosporin were higher among IRAB than ISAB group, statistically they were not significant. There was no significant difference in term of outcomes between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough statistically not significant, this analysis compliments previous publication highlighting the importance of appropriate empiric antibiotic usage in hospital especially carbepenems and need further evaluation with bigger subjects.

Acinetobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bacteremia ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Malaysia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult ; beta-Lactam Resistance

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Effect of bacteriophage lysin on lysogens.

Balaji SUBRAMANYAM ; Vanaja KUMAR

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):306-308. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60048-8

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of phage lysin on the growth of lysogens.

METHODSSputum specimens processed by modified Petroff's method were respectively treated with phagebiotics in combination with lysin and lysin alone. The specimens were incubated at 37 °C for 4 days. At the end of day 1, 2, 3 and day 4, the specimens were streaked on blood agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 18-24 hours. The growth of normal flora observed after day 1 was considered as lysogens.

RESULTSSputum specimens treated with phagebiotics-lysin showed the growth of lysogens. When specimens treated with lysin alone, lysogen formation was avoided and normal flora was controlled.

CONCLUSIONSLysin may have no effect on the growth of lysogens.

Bacteria ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Bacteriophages ; enzymology ; Lysogeny ; Microbial Viability ; drug effects ; Mucoproteins ; metabolism ; Sputum ; microbiology ; Temperature ; Time Factors

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Anti-microbial principles of selected remedial plants from Southern India.

Rao G TIRUPATHI ; Babu K SURESH ; Kumar J UJWAL ; P SUJANA ; A Veerabhadr RAOA ; A S SREEDHAR

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):298-305. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60047-6

OBJECTIVETo examine the anti-bacterial activity of leaf extracts of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) and Piper betel L. (Piperaceae), and seed extracts of Bombax ceiba L. (Borabacaceae).

METHODSWe have partially purified plant extracts by solvent extraction method, and evaluated the effect of individual fractions on bacterial growth using Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterial strains.

RESULTSCompared with Morus and Bombax fractions, Piper fractions showed significant growth inhibition on all the three types of bacteria studied. The EtOAc-hexane fractions of Piper leaves exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 50 µg/mL culture against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The EtOAc-fractions I, II, and IV inhibited bacterial colony formation on soft agar in addition to growth inhibition. A combination treatment of piper fractions with ampicillin resulted in significant growth inhibition in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and combination with anticancer drug geldanamycin (2µg/mL) showed selective growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Three major compounds, i.e., eugenol, 3-hexene-ol and stigmasterol, were primarily identified from Piper betel leaf extractions. Among the individual compounds, eugenol treatment showed improved growth inhibition compared with stigmasterol and 3-hexene-ol.

CONCLUSIONSWe are reporting potential anti-bacterial compounds from Piper betel against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria either alone or in combination with drug treatment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Bombax ; chemistry ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Drug Synergism ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; India ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Morus ; chemistry ; Piper ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects

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Studies on isozymic variation among the South Indian species of Sphaerostephanos.

Irudayaraj VARAPRASADHAM ; Johnson MARIMUTHU

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2011;1(4):295-297. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60046-4

OBJECTIVETo explore the identity and phylogenetic relationships among the three medicinally important species of Sphaerostephanos from South India using isozymic profile.

METHODSThe young fronds were homogenized with 3.5 mL of ice-cold homogenizing buffer in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar. The supernatant was subjected to electrophoresis as described by Anbalagan poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Staining solutions for isoperoxidase was prepared as per Smila method for the detection of isoenzymes.

RESULTSA total of six different bands in five different positions with different molecular weight/Rf values and four active zones have been observed in the isoperoxidase enzyme system of Sphaerostephanos. Only one band with MW/Rf 0.399 is common to two different species i.e. Sphaerostephanos arbuscula (S. arbuscula) and Sphaerostephanos unitus (S. unitus). Among the remaining four bands, two bands (Rf. 0.23, 0.47) are present in Sphaerostephanos subtruncatus (S. subtruncatus) and one distinct band has been observed individually in S. arbuscula (Rf. 0.507) and S. unitus (Rf. 0.56).

CONCLUSIONSThe present preliminary molecular study through isozymic analysis shows the identity of all the three species and the present results confirm distinctness of these three species based on macro-micromorphology, phytochemistry and cytology.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; India ; Isoenzymes ; analysis ; Peroxidases ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; enzymology ; Staining and Labeling ; Tracheophyta ; classification ; enzymology

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