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In vitro cytotoxicity of four calcium silicate-based endodontic cements on human monocytes, a colorimetric MTT assay.

Sedigheh KHEDMAT ; Somayyeh DEHGHAN ; Jamshid HADJATI ; Farimah MASOUMI ; Mohammad Hossein NEKOOFAR ; Paul Michael Howell DUMMER

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014;39(3):149-154. doi:10.5395/rde.2014.39.3.149

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of four calcium silicate-based endodontic cements at different storage times after mixing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Capillary tubes were filled with Biodentine (Septodont), Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM cement, BioniqueDent), Tech Biosealer Endo (Tech Biosealer) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental). Empty tubes and tubes containing Dycal were used as negative and positive control groups respectively. Filled capillary tubes were kept in 0.2 mL microtubes and incubated at 37degrees C. Each material was divided into 3 groups for testing at intervals of 24 hr, 7 day and 28 day after mixing. Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cocultered with 24 hr, 7 day and 28 day samples of different materials for 24 and 48 hr. Cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay. RESULTS: In all groups, the viability of monocytes significantly improved with increasing storage time regardless of the incubation time (p < 0.001). After 24 hr of incubation, there was no significant difference between the materials regarding monocyte viability. However, at 48 hr of incubation, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were less cytotoxic than CEM cement and Biosealer (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Biodentine and ProRoot MTA had similar biocompatibility. Mixing ProRoot MTA with PBS in place of distilled water had no effect on its biocompatibility. Biosealer and CEM cement after 48 hr of incubation were significantly more cytotoxic to on monocyte cells compared to ProRoot MTA and Biodentine.
Calcium* ; Capillaries ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Monocytes* ; Water ; Pemetrexed

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Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio.

Hae Young KIM

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):72-76. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.72

No abstract available.
Odds Ratio*

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Retreatment of failed regenerative endodontic of orthodontically treated immature permanent maxillary central incisor: a case report.

Musaed Fahad AL-TAMMAMI ; Saad A AL-NAZHAN

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):65-71. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.65

A revascularization procedure was shown to be the best alternative therapy for immature teeth with necrotic pulp and apical infection. A 12 year old female with a history of trauma to her upper central incisor and a sinus tract was referred for endodontic treatment. She was an active orthodontic patient and had undergone regenerative endodontic treatment for the past 2 years. Clinical examination revealed no response to sensibility, percussion, and palpation tests. The preoperative radiograph showed an open apex and apical rarefaction. The case was diagnosed as previously treated tooth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Regenerative endodontic retreatment was performed, and the case was followed for 3 years. Clinical, radiographic, and cone-beam computed tomography follow-up examination revealed an asymptomatic tooth, with evidence of periapical healing and root maturation.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incisor* ; Palpation ; Percussion ; Periapical Periodontitis ; Retreatment* ; Tooth

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Maxillary first molar with 7 root canals diagnosed using cone-beam computed tomography.

Evaldo RODRIGUES ; Antônio Henrique BRAITT ; Bruno Ferraz GALVÃO ; Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal DA SILVA

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):60-64. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.60

Root canal anatomy is complex, and the recognition of anatomic variations could be a challenge for clinicians. This case report describes the importance of cone beam computed tomographyic (CBCT) imaging during endodontic treatment. A 23 year old woman was referred by her general dental practitioner with the chief complaint of spontaneous pain in her right posterior maxilla. From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis was made and endodontic treatment was suggested to the patient. The patient underwent CBCT examination, and CBCT scan slices revealed seven canals: three mesiobuccal (MB1, MB2, and MB3), two distobuccal (DB1 and DB2), and two palatal (P1 and P2). Canals were successfully treated with reciprocating files and filled using single-cone filling technique. Precise knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is important during root canal treatment. CBCT examination is an excellent tool for identifying and managing these complex root canal systems.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Molar* ; Pulpitis

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Antibacterial effect of urushiol on E. faecalis as a root canal irrigant.

Sang Wan KIM ; Dong Hoon SHIN

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):54-59. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.54

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of urushiol against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) to that of NaOCl. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The canals of thirty two single rooted human teeth were instrumented with Ni-Ti files (ProTaper Next X1, X2, X3, Dentsply). A pure culture of E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was prepared in sterile brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The teeth were submerged in the suspension of E. faecalis and were incubated at 37℃ for 7 days to allow biofilm formation. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups according to the irrigant used, and a negative control group where no irrigant was used (n = 8). Group 1 used physiologic normal saline, group 2 used 6% NaOCl, and group 3 used 10 wt% urushiol solution. After canal irrigation, each sample was collected by the sequential placement of 2 sterile paper points (ProTaper NEXT paper points, size X3, Dentsply). Ten-fold serial dilutions on each vials, and 100 µL were cultured on a BHI agar plate for 8 hours, and colony forming unit (CFU) analysis was done. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-whitney U tests. RESULTS: Saline group exhibited no difference in the CFU counts with control group, while NaOCl and urushiol groups showed significantly less CFU counts than saline and control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study suggests 10% urushiol and 6% NaOCl solution had powerful antibacterial activity against E. faecalis when they were used as root canal irrigants.
Agar ; Biofilms ; Brain ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Heart ; Humans ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Stem Cells ; Tooth

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Comparison of two different methods of detecting residual caries.

Uzay KOÇ VURAL ; Zeynep Bilge KÜTÜK ; Esra ERGIN ; Filiz YALÇIN ÇAKIR ; Sevil GÜRGAN

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):48-53. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.48

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the fluorescence-aided caries excavation (FACE) device to detect residual caries by comparing conventional methods in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 301 females and 202 males with carious teeth participated in this study. The cavity preparations were done by grade 4 (Group 1, 154 teeth), grade 5 (Group 2, 176 teeth), and postgraduate (Group 3, 173 teeth) students. After caries excavation using a handpiece and hand instruments, the presence of residual caries was evaluated by 2 investigators who were previously calibrated for visual-tactile assessment with and without magnifying glasses and trained in the use of a FACE device. The tooth number, cavity type, and presence or absence of residual caries were recorded. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, the Fisher's Exact test, or the McNemar test as appropriate. Kappa statistics was used for calibration. In all tests, the level of significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Almost half of the cavities prepared were Class II (Class I, 20.9%; Class II, 48.9%; Class III, 20.1%; Class IV, 3.4%; Class V, 6.8%). Higher numbers of cavities left with caries were observed in Groups 1 and 2 than in Group 3 for all examination methods. Significant differences were found between visual inspection with or without magnifying glasses and inspection with a FACE device for all groups (p < 0.001). More residual caries were detected through inspection with a FACE device (46.5%) than through either visual inspection (31.8%) or inspection with a magnifying glass (37.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the FACE device may be an effective method for the detection of residual caries.
Calibration ; Eyeglasses ; Female ; Glass ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Methods* ; Research Personnel ; Tooth

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In vitro study of Streptococcus mutans adhesion on composite resin coated with three surface sealants.

Da Hye KIM ; Tae Yub KWON

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):39-47. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.39

OBJECTIVES: Although the coating of surface sealants to dental composite resin may potentially reduce bacterial adhesion, there seems to be little information regarding this issue. This preliminary in vitro study investigated the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on the dental composite resins coated with three commercial surface sealants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Composite resin (Filtek Z250) discs (8 mm in diameter, 1 mm in thickness) were fabricated in a mold covered with a Mylar strip (control). In group PoGo, the surfaces were polished with PoGo. In groups PS, OG, and FP, the surfaces polished with PoGo were coated with the corresponding surface sealants (PermaSeal, PS; OptiGuard, OG; Fortify Plus, FP). The surfaces of the materials and S. mutans cells were characterized by various methods. S. mutans adhesion to the surfaces was quantitatively evaluated using flow cytometry (n = 9). RESULTS: Group OG achieved the lowest water contact angle among all groups tested (p < 0.001). The cell surface of S. mutans tested showed hydrophobic characteristics. Group PoGo exhibited the greatest bacterial adhesion among all groups tested (p < 0.001). The sealant-coated groups showed statistically similar (groups PS and FP, p > 0.05) or significantly lower (group OG, p < 0.001) bacterial adhesion when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the surface sealants significantly reduced S. mutans adhesion to the composite resin polished with the PoGo.
Bacterial Adhesion ; Composite Resins ; Flow Cytometry ; Fungi ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Streptococcus mutans* ; Streptococcus* ; Surface Properties ; Water

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Effect of adaptive motion on cyclic fatigue resistance of a nickel titanium instrument designed for retreatment.

Taha ÖZYÜREK ; Koray YILMAZ ; Gülşah USLU

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):34-38. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.34

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of the ProTaper Universal D1 file (Dentsply Maillefer) under continuous and adaptive motion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty ProTaper Universal D1 files were included in this study. The cyclic fatigue tests were performed using a dynamic cyclic fatigue testing device, which had an artificial stainless steel canal with a 60° angle of curvature and a 5 mm radius of curvature. The files were randomly divided into two groups (Group 1, Rotary motion; Group 2, Adaptive motion). The time to failure of the files were recorded in seconds. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated for each group. The data were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. The statistical significant level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The cyclic fatigue resistance of the adaptive motion group was significantly higher than the rotary motion group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, the ‘Adaptive motion’ significantly increased the resistance of the ProTaper Universal D1 file to cyclic facture.
Endodontics ; Fatigue* ; Nickel* ; Radius ; Retreatment* ; Stainless Steel ; Titanium*

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Post space preparation timing of root canals sealed with AH Plus sealer.

Hae Ri KIM ; Young Kyung KIM ; Tae Yub KWON

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):27-33. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.27

OBJECTIVES: To determine the optimal timing for post space preparation of root canals sealed with epoxy resin-based AH Plus sealer in terms of its polymerization and influence on apical leakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The epoxy polymerization of AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey) as a function of time after mixing (8, 24, and 72 hours, and 1 week) was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and microhardness measurements. The change in the glass transition temperature (Tg ) of the material with time was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fifty extracted human single-rooted premolars were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus, and randomly separated into five groups (n = 10) based on post space preparation timing (immediately after root canal obturation and 8, 24, and 72 hours, and 1 week after root canal obturation). The extent of apical leakage (mm) of the five groups was compared using a dye leakage test. Each dataset was statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Continuous epoxy polymerization of the material with time was observed. Although the T(g) values of the material gradually increased with time, the specimens presented no clear T(g) value at 1 week after mixing. When the post space was prepared 1 week after root canal obturation, the leakage was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05), among which there was no significant difference in leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Poor apical seal was detected when post space preparation was delayed until 1 week after root canal obturation.
Bicuspid ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Dataset ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Fourier Analysis ; Glass ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Post and Core Technique ; Root Canal Obturation ; Root Canal Preparation ; Spectrum Analysis ; Transition Temperature

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Retreatability of two endodontic sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer and AH Plus: a micro-computed tomographic comparison.

Enrique OLTRA ; Timothy C COX ; Matthew R LACOURSE ; James D JOHNSON ; Avina PARANJPE

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2017;42(1):19-26. doi:10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.19

OBJECTIVES: Recently, bioceramic sealers like EndoSequence BC Sealer (BC Sealer) have been introduced and are being used in endodontic practice. However, this sealer has limited research related to its retreatability. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the retreatability of two sealers, BC Sealer as compared with AH Plus using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six extracted human maxillary incisors were instrumented and randomly divided into 4 groups of 14 teeth: 1A, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated with chloroform; 1B, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated without chloroform; 2A, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated with chloroform; 2B, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated without chloroform. Micro-CT scans were taken before and after obturation and retreatment and analyzed for the volume of residual material. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned and digitized images were taken with the dental operating microscope. Data was analyzed using an ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test. Fisher exact tests were performed to analyze the ability to regain patency. RESULTS: There was significantly less residual root canal filling material in the AH Plus groups retreated with chloroform as compared to the others. The BC Sealer samples retreated with chloroform had better results than those retreated without chloroform. Furthermore, patency could be re-established in only 14% of teeth in the BC Sealer without chloroform group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the BC Sealer group had significantly more residual filling material than the AH Plus group regardless of whether or not both sealers were retreated with chloroform.
Chloroform ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Incisor ; Retreatment ; Tooth

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