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Cellular immunity survey against urinary tract infection using pVAX/fimH cassette with mammalian and wild type codon usage as a DNA vaccine.

Abbas Ali IMANI FOOLADI ; Ghasem BAGHERPOUR ; Nima KHORAMABADI ; Jalil FALLAH MEHRABADI ; Mehdi MAHDAVI ; Raheleh HALABIAN ; Mohsen AMIN ; Jalal IZADI MOBARAKEH ; Behzad EINOLLAHI

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):185-193. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.185

PURPOSE: FimH (the adhesion fragment of type 1 fimbriae) is implicated in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) attachment to epithelial cells through interaction with mannose. Recently, some studies have found that UPEC can thrive intracellularly causing recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). Almost all vaccines have been designed to induce antibodies against UPEC. Yet, the humoral immune response is not potent enough to overcome neither the primary UTI nor recurrent infections. However, DNA vaccines offer the possibility of inducing cell mediated immune responses and may be a promising preventive tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we employed two different open reading frames within mammalian (mam) and wild type (wt) codons of fimH gene. Optimized fragments were cloned in pVAX-1. Expression of the protein in COS-7 was confirmed by western blot analysis after assessing pVAX/fimH(mam) and pVAX/fimH(wt). The constructs were injected to BALB/c mice at plantar surface of feet followed by electroporation. RESULTS: The mice immunized with both constructs following booster injection with recombinant FimH showed increased interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 responses significantly higher than non-immunized ones (p<0.05). The immunized mice were challenged with UPEC and then the number of bacteria recovered from the immunized mice was compared with the non-immunized ones. Decreased colony count in immunized mice along with cytokine responses confirmed the promising immune response by the DNA vaccines developed in this study. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, DNA vaccines of UPEC proteins may confer some levels of protection which can be improved by multiple constructs or boosters.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Bacteria ; Blotting, Western ; Clone Cells ; Codon* ; DNA* ; Electroporation ; Epithelial Cells ; Foot ; Immunity, Cellular* ; Immunity, Humoral ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-12 ; Mannose ; Mice ; Open Reading Frames ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, DNA

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A single immunization with recombinant rabies virus (ERAG3G) confers complete protection against rabies in mice.

Dong Kun YANG ; Keisuke NAKAGAWA ; Naoto ITO ; Ha Hyun KIM ; Bang Hun HYUN ; Jin Ju NAH ; Makoto SUGIYAMA ; Jae Young SONG

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):176-184. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.176

PURPOSE: New alternative bait rabies vaccines applicable to pet dogs and wild animals are needed to eradicate rabies in Korea. In this study, recombinant rabies virus, ERAG3G strain was constructed using reverse genetic system and the safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of the ERAG3G strain was evaluated in mice and dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the full-length genome mutated amino acid at position 333 of glycoprotein of rabies virus (RABV) and helper plasmids, the ERAG3G strain was rescued in BHK/T7-9 cells successfully. Mice were inoculated with the ERAG3G strain for safety and efficacy. Safety and immunogenicity of the dog inoculated with the ERAG3G strain (1 mL, 10(8.0) FAID50/mL) via intramuscular route was evaluated for 28 days after inoculation. RESULTS: The ERAG3G strain rescued by reverse genetic system was propagated well in the mouse neuroblastoma cells revealing titer of 10(8.5) FAID50/mL and was not pathogenic to 4- or 6-week-old mice that received by intramuscular or intracranical route. Immunization with the ERAG3G strain conferred complete protection from lethal RABV in mice. Dogs inoculated with the vaccine candidate via intramuscular route showed high neutralizing antibody titer ranging from 2.62 to 23.9 IU/mL at 28 days postinoculation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the ERAG3G strain plays an important role in inducing protective efficacy in mice and causes to arise anti-rabies neutralizing antibody in dogs.
Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Dogs ; Genome ; Glycoproteins ; Immunization* ; Korea ; Mice* ; Neuroblastoma ; Plasmids ; Rabies Vaccines ; Rabies virus* ; Rabies*

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Current status of human papillomavirus vaccines.

Kwang Sung KIM ; Shin Ae PARK ; Kyung Nam KO ; Seokjae YI ; Yang Je CHO

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):168-175. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.168

Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells that originate in the cervix uteri. It is the second most prevalent cancer among women. It can have several causes; an infection with some type of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer. Over 100 types of HPVs have been identified, and more than 40 types of HPVs are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region. Among these, a number of HPVs types, containing types 16 and 18, are classified as "high-risk" HPVs that can cause cervical cancer. The HPVs vaccine prevents infection with certain species of HPVs associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers. Two HPVs vaccines are currently on the global market: quadrivalent HPVs vaccine and bivalent HPV vaccine that use virus-like particles as a vaccine antigen. This review discusses the current status of HPVs vaccines on the global market, clinical trials, and the future of HPVs vaccine development.
Cervix Uteri ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Vaccines* ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle

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Host immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and their implications for the development of a vaccine to control tuberculosis.

Jae Min YUK ; Eun Kyeong JO

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):155-167. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.155

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem, causing around 2 million deaths per year. Despite the bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine being available for more than 80 years, it has limited effectiveness in preventing TB, with inconsistent results in trials. This highlights the urgent need to develop an improved TB vaccine, based on a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses during mycobacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed a potential role for autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic process, in vaccine development against TB, through enhanced immune activation. This review attempts to understand the host innate immune responses induced by a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to identify future vaccine candidates against TB. We focus on recent advances in vaccine development strategies, through identification of new TB antigens using a variety of innovative tools. A new understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, and the usefulness of mycobacterial antigens as novel vaccine candidates, will contribute to the design of the next generation of vaccines, and to improving the host protective immune responses while limiting immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection.
Autophagy ; BCG Vaccine ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immunity, Innate ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis* ; Vaccines

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Vaccine strategies utilizing C-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells in vivo.

Chae Gyu PARK

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):149-154. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.149

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. The development of effective ways to produce a large number of DCs in laboratories made the use of DCs available in various vaccine approaches. Compared to conventional vaccines, focused on protective antibody responses, DC vaccines emphasize protective T cell immunity but might elicit strong antibody responses as well. In addition, the recent discoveries of functionally distinct DC subsets in various organs and tissues are likely to increase the potential of exploiting DCs in vaccines and immunotherapy. Vaccines composed of DCs generated ex vivo, pulsed with antigens, and matured prior to being re-infused to the body have been widely tried clinically but resulted in limited success due to various obstacles. In this review, new approaches that protein vaccines are selectively targeted to the endocytic C-type lectin receptors on surface of DCs in vivo are discussed.
Adaptive Immunity ; Antibody Formation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; Dendritic Cells* ; Immunotherapy ; Lectins, C-Type* ; Receptors, Antigen ; Vaccines

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Zoonotic infections with avian influenza A viruses and vaccine preparedness: a game of "mix and match".

Philippe Noriel Q PASCUA ; Young Ki CHOI

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):140-148. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.140

Various direct avian-to-human transmissions of influenza A virus subtypes upon exposure to infected poultry have been previously observed in the past decades. Although some of these strains caused lethal infections, the lack of sustained person-to-person transmission has been the major factor that prevented these viruses from causing new pandemics. In 2013, three (A/H7N9, A/H6N1, and A/H10N8) novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) yet again breached the animal-human host species barrier in Asia. Notably, roughly 20% of the A/H7N9-infected patients succumbed to the zoonotic infection whereas two of three A/H10N8 human infections were also lethal. Thus, these events revived the concerns of potential pandemic threats by AIVs in the horizon. This article reviews the various human incursions with AIV variants and provides insight on how continued circulation of these viruses poses perpetual challenge to global public health. As the world anticipates for the next human pandemic, constant vigilance for newly emerging viruses in nature is highly encouraged. With the various numbers of AIVs demonstrating their capacity to breach the animal-human host interface and apparent limitations of current antivirals, there is a need to broaden the selection of pre-pandemic vaccine candidate viruses and development of novel alternative therapeutic strategies.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; Asia ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza in Birds* ; Influenza Vaccines ; Pandemics ; Poultry ; Public Health ; Virulence ; Zoonoses*

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Progress and hurdles in the development of influenza virus-like particle vaccines for veterinary use.

Dong Hun LEE ; Jae Keun PARK ; Chang Seon SONG

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):133-139. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.133

Virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble infectious virus particles in structure and morphology, have been proposed to provide a new generation of vaccine candidates against various viral infections. As effective immunogens, characterized by high immunogenicity and safety, VLPs have been employed in the development of human influenza vaccines. Recently, several influenza VLP vaccines have been developed for veterinary use and successfully evaluated in swine, canine, duck, and chicken models. These VLP vaccine candidates induced protective immune responses and enabled serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals in conjunction with a diagnostic test. Here, we review the current progress of influenza VLP development as a next-generation vaccine technology in the veterinary field and discuss the challenges and future direction of this technology.
Animals ; Chickens ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Ducks ; Influenza, Human* ; Swine ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle* ; Virion

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Seasonal influenza and vaccine herd effect.

Tae Hyong KIM

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):128-132. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.128

The seasonal influenza vaccine programs in many regions aimed to protect most vulnerable population, but current trivalent influenza vaccine does not provide sufficient effectiveness among people under high risk for severe outcome of the influenza. The vaccine herd effect (VHE) is the extra protection of non-immune high risk persons, with increase of immunity among vaccinated healthier persons which prevents circulation of influenza in the community. Accumulating evidences are supporting the immunization of extended population with regard to the VHE.
Humans ; Immunization ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human* ; Seasons* ; Vulnerable Populations

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Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam.

Thanh Hoa LE ; Nga Thi Bich NGUYEN

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):117-127. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.117

Based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza A virus is divided into 18 different HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA types (N1 to N11), opening the possibility for reassortment between the HA and NA genes to generate new HxNy subtypes (where x could be any HA and y is any NA, possibly). In recent four years, since 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of H5N1 subtype (HPAI A/H5N1) have become highly enzootic and dynamically evolved to form multiple H5 HA clades, particularly in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Cambodia, and Bangladesh. So far, after more than 10 years emerged in Vietnam (since late 2003), HPAI A/H5N1 is still posing a potential risk of causing outbreaks in poultry, with high frequency of annual endemics. Intragenic variation (referred to as antigenic drift) in HA (e.g., H5) has given rise to form numerous clades, typically marking the major timelines of the evolutionary status and vaccine application in each period. The dominance of genetically and antigenically diversified clade 2.3.2.1 (of subgroups a, b, c), clade 1.1 (1.1.1/1.1.2) and re-emergence of clade 7.1/7.2 at present, has urged Vietnam to the need for dynamically applied antigenicity-matching vaccines, i.e., the plan of importing Re-6 vaccine for use in 2014, in parallel use of Re-1/Re-5 since 2006. In this review, we summarize evolutionary features of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses and clade formation during recent 10 years (2004-2014). Dynamic of vaccine implementation in Vienam is also remarked.
Animals ; Bangladesh ; Cambodia ; China ; Disease Outbreaks ; Egypt ; Genotype ; Hemagglutinins ; Indonesia ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza in Birds* ; Neuraminidase ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Poultry ; Vaccines ; Vietnam*

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Dendritic cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present and future.

Md Selim AHMED ; Yong Soo BAE

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2014;3(2):113-116. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.113

No abstract available.
Cancer Vaccines*

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