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Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):119-120. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.119

There is no published guideline for the vaccination to pigs even though several vaccine companies suggested the program based on their products. It is very difficult to standardize the program because most of the veterinary vaccines are containing several multivalent antigens depending on the companies. Now, we are suggesting the vaccine programs based on the current situation.
Korea ; Swine* ; Vaccination* ; Vaccines

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Antigenic properties and virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus rescued from full-length cDNA clone of serotype O, typical vaccine strain.

Rae Hyung KIM ; Jia Qi CHU ; Jeong Nam PARK ; Seo Yong LEE ; Yeo Joo LEE ; Mi Kyeong KO ; Ji Hyeon HWANG ; Kwang Nyeong LEE ; Su Mi KIM ; Dongseob TARK ; Young Joon KO ; Hyang Sim LEE ; Min Goo SEO ; Min Eun PARK ; Byounghan KIM ; Jong Hyeon PARK

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):114-118. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.114

We cloned the full-length cDNA of O Manisa, the virus for vaccinating against foot-and-mouth disease. The antigenic properties of the virus recovered from the cDNA were similar to those of the parental virus. Pathogenesis did not appear in the pigs, dairy goats or suckling mice, but neutralizing antibodies were raised 5-6 days after the virus challenge. The utilization of O Manisa as a safe vaccine strain will increase if recombinant viruses can be manipulated by inserting or removing a marker gene for differential serology or replacing the protective gene from another serotype.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Clone Cells* ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus* ; Goats ; Humans ; Mice ; Parents ; Swine ; Virulence*

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Oral immunization of mice with recombinant rabies vaccine strain (ERAG3G) induces complete protection.

Dong Kun YANG ; Ha Hyun KIM ; Sung Suk CHOI ; Jong Taek KIM ; Woong Ho JEONG ; Jae Young SONG

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):107-113. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.107

PURPOSE: New rabies vaccine bait for both pets and raccoon dogs residing in Korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection among animals. In this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (RABV), the ERAG3G strain, using a reverse genetics system. Then we investigated the efficacy of this strain in mice after oral administration and the safety of this strain in cats after intramuscular administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ERAG3G strain was rescued in BHK/T7-9 cells using the full-length genome mutated at the amino acid position 333 of the glycoprotein gene of RABV and helper plasmids. Four-week-old mice underwent one or two oral administrations of the ERAG3G strain and were challenged with the highly virulent RABV strain CVSN2c 14 days after the second administration. Clinical symptoms were observed and body weights were measured every day after the challenge. RESULTS: All mice showed complete protection against virulent RABV. In addition, cats intramuscularly inoculated with the ERAG3G strain showed high antibody titers ranging from 2.62 to 23.9 IU/mL at 28-day postinoculation. CONCLUSION: The oral immunization of the ERAG3G strain plays an important role in conferring complete protection in mice, and intramuscular inoculation of the ERAG3G strain induces the formation of anti-rabies neutralizing antibody in cats.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Body Weight ; Cats ; Genome ; Glycoproteins ; Immunization* ; Korea ; Mice* ; Plasmids ; Rabies ; Rabies Vaccines* ; Rabies virus ; Raccoon Dogs ; Reverse Genetics

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In silico analysis for identifying potential vaccine candidates against Staphylococcus aureus.

Somayeh DELFANI ; Abbas Ali IMANI FOOLADI ; Ashraf Mohabati MOBAREZ ; Mohammad EMANEINI ; Jafar AMANI ; Hamid SEDIGHIAN

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):99-106. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.99

PURPOSE: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The increasing incidence of multiple antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains and the emergence of vancomycin resistant S. aureus strains have placed renewed interest on alternative means of prevention and control of infection. S. aureus produces a variety of virulence factors, so a multi-subunit vaccine will be more successful for preventing S. aureus infections than a mono-subunit vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected three important virulence factors of S. aureus, clumping factor A (ClfA), iron-regulated surface determinant (IsdB), and gamma hemolysin (Hlg) that are potential candidates for vaccine development. We designed synthetic genes encoding the clfA, isdB, and hlg and used bioinformatics tools to predict structure of the synthetic construct and its stabilities. VaxiJen analysis of the protein showed a high antigenicity. Linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were identified. RESULTS: The proteins encoded by these genes were useful as vaccine candidates against S. aureus infections. CONCLUSION: In silico tools are highly suited to study, design, and evaluate vaccine strategies.
Community-Acquired Infections ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation* ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; Genes, Synthetic ; Incidence ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Vaccines ; Vancomycin ; Virulence Factors

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Systemic antibody response to nano-size calcium phospate biocompatible adjuvant adsorbed HEV-71 killed vaccine.

Mohamed Ibrahim SAEED ; Abd Rahaman OMAR ; Mohd Zobir HUSSEIN ; Isam Mohamed ELKHIDIR ; Zamberi SEKAWI

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):88-98. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.88

PURPOSE: Since 1980s, human enterovirus-71 virus (HEV-71) is one of the common infectious disease in Asian Pacific region since late 1970s without effective commercial antiviral or protective vaccine is unavailable yet. The work examines the role of vaccine adjuvant particle size and the route of administration on postvaccination antibody response towards HEV-71 vaccine adsorbed to calcium phosphate (CaP) adjuvant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, CaP nano-particles were compared to a commercial micro-size and vaccine alone. Secondly, intradermal reduced dosage was compared to the conventional intramuscular immunization. Killed HEV-71 vaccines adsorbed to CaP nano-size (73 nm) and commercial one of micro-size (1.7 microm) were administered through intradermal, intramuscular, rabbits received vaccine alone and unvaccinated animals. RESULTS: CaP nano-particles adsorbed HEV-71 vaccine displayed higher antibody than the micro-size or unadsorbed vaccine alone, through both parenteral immunization routes. Moreover, the intradermal route (0.5 microg/mL) of 0.1-mL volume per vaccine dose induced equal IgG antibody level to 1.0-mL intramuscular route (0.5 microg/mL). CONCLUSION: The intradermal vaccine adsorbed CaP nano-adjuvant showed safer and significant antibody response after one-tenth reduced dose quantity (0.5 microg/mL) of only 0.1-mL volume as the most suitable protective, cost effective and affordable formulation not only for HEV-71; but also for developing further effective vaccines toward other human pathogens.
Animals ; Antibody Formation* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calcium* ; Communicable Diseases ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin G ; Injections, Intradermal ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Rabbits ; Vaccines

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Comparative evaluation of booster efficacies of BCG, Ag85B, and Ag85B peptides based vaccines to boost BCG induced immunity in BALB/c mice: a pilot study.

Aliabbas A HUSAIN ; Shubhangi R WARKE ; Dewanand R KALOREY ; Hatim F DAGINAWALA ; Girdhar M TAORI ; Rajpal S KASHYAP

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):83-87. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.83

PURPOSE: In the present study booster efficacies of Ag85 B, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and Ag85B peptides were evaluated using prime boost regimes in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were primed with BCG vaccine and subsequently boosted with Ag85B, BCG and cocktail of Ag85B peptides. RESULTS: Based on analysis of immune response it was observed mice boosted with Ag85B peptides showed significant (p < 0.001) cytokines levels (interferon gamma, interleukin 12) and BCG specific antibodies (anti-BCG and anti-purified protein derivative titre) compared to booster dose of BCG, Ag85B and BCG alone. CONCLUSION: Our pilot results suggest that prime boost regimes with Ag85B peptides can boost waning BCG induced immunity and may improve immunogenicity of BCG vaccine. However, lot of work is further needed using experimental model of tuberculosis infection to justify the result.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Bacillus ; BCG Vaccine ; Cytokines ; Interleukins ; Mice* ; Models, Theoretical ; Mycobacterium bovis* ; Peptides* ; Pilot Projects* ; Tuberculosis ; Vaccines*

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Preliminary study on the immunogenicity of a newly developed GCC Tdap vaccine and its protection efficacy against Bordetella pertussis in a murine intranasal challenge model.

Seung Beom HAN ; Kyu Ri KANG ; Dong Ho HUH ; Hee Chul LEE ; Soo Young LEE ; Jong Hyun KIM ; Jae Kyun HUR ; Jin Han KANG

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):75-82. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.75

PURPOSE: Active reduced dose tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination for adolescents and adults is necessary because waning immunity after primary diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination is related to the recent emergence of pertussis. This study was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and protection efficacy against Bordetella pertussis between a new GCC Tdap vaccine and a commercially available Tdap vaccine in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with two doses of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for priming and a subsequent Tdap booster vaccination. According to the type of booster vaccine, mice were divided into four groups: commercially available Tdap vaccine in group 1 and GCC Tdap vaccines of different combinations of pertussis antigens in groups 2 to 4. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protection efficacy using a murine intranasal challenge model after booster vaccination were compared among the four groups. RESULTS: Every group showed significant increases in antibody titers against pertussis antigens such as pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and pertactin after booster vaccination. Spleen cells showed both Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses stimulated by pertussis antigens in all groups without any significant difference. In the intranasal B. pertussis infection model, bacteria were eradicated in all groups five days after challenge infection. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study did not show significantly different immunogenicity or protection efficacy of the new GCC Tdap vaccines compared to the commercially available Tdap vaccine, although a more extensive study is necessary to assess the differing efficacies of the new GCC Tdap vaccines.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Bacteria ; Bordetella pertussis* ; Hemagglutinins ; Humans ; Mice ; Pertussis Toxin ; Republic of Korea ; Spleen ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Whooping Cough

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Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes.

Manjunatha Muniswamappa VENKATASWAMY ; Shampur Narayan MADHUSUDANA ; Sampada Sudarshan SANYAL ; Shaheen TAJ ; Ashwin Yajaman BELLUDI ; Reeta Subramaniam MANI ; Nandita HAZRA

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):68-74. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.68

PURPOSE: Immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or type 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following rabies vaccination is not understood. Hence, the present study investigated cellular cytokine responses in vaccinated individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study groups included healthy rabies antigen naive controls (n=10), individuals who received intradermal primary (n=10) or booster pre-exposure vaccination (n=20) and subjects who received postexposure rabies vaccination either by intradermal (n=18) or intramuscular (n=20) routes. The antigen specific cellular responses were analyzed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a rabies vaccine antigen in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. These responses were compared to the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers that were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. RESULTS: We observed that cellular and humoral immune responses to primary intradermal rabies vaccination could be greatly enhanced by a booster vaccine; and both type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses were significantly elevated. The magnitude of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses did not differ significantly among the intramuscular and intradermal routes of postexposure vaccination. The number of cells producing IFN-gamma and IL-4 correlated significantly with the levels of RVNA. CONCLUSION: Both type 1 and type 2 cellular cytokine responses are strongly induced after rabies vaccination and directly correlate with levels of RVNA titers. The neutralizing antibody as well as the type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses may be important for vaccine induced protective responses against rabies.
Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular* ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunization ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-4 ; Rabies Vaccines ; Rabies virus ; Rabies* ; Vaccination*

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Tetanus toxin fragment C fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine.

Shee Eun LEE ; Chung Truong NGUYEN ; Soo Young KIM ; Thinh Nguyen THI ; Joon Haeng RHEE

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):59-67. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.59

PURPOSE: Recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. However, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. We have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune responses. In this study, we tested whether FlaB could be used as a fusion partner of subunit vaccine for tetanus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed fusion proteins consisted with tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC), the nontoxic C-terminal portion of tetanus toxin, and a Toll-like receptor 5 agonist from Vibrio vulnificus (FlaB). Mice were intranasally administered with fusion protein and protective immune responses of the vaccinated mice were analyzed. RESULTS: FlaB-TTFC recombinant protein induced strong tetanus-specific antibody responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments and prolonged the survival of mice after challenge with a supra-lethal dose of tetanus toxin. CONCLUSION: This study establishes FlaB as a successful fusion partner for recombinant subunit tetanus vaccine applicable through mucosal route, and it further endorses our previous observations that FlaB could be a stable adjuvant partner for mucosal vaccines.
Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Flagellin* ; Mice ; Tetanus ; Tetanus Toxin* ; Tetanus Toxoid ; Toll-Like Receptor 5 ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Subunit ; Vibrio vulnificus

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Vaccine adjuvant materials for cancer immunotherapy and control of infectious disease.

Yong Taik LIM

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2015;4(1):54-58. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.54

Adjuvants can be defined as pharmacological and immunological components that are able to modify and/or enhance antigen-specific immune responses. Based on the interdisciplinary research between immunology and material science/engineering, various vaccine adjuvant materials have been developed. By rational design and engineering of antigen or adjuvant materials, immune-modulatory vaccine systems generated to activate immune system. Here, we review the current progress of bioengineered prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine adjuvant for cancer and/or infectious disease, and discuss the prospect of future vaccine adjuvant materials.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Allergy and Immunology ; Communicable Diseases* ; Immune System ; Immunomodulation ; Immunotherapy*

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