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Evaluation of nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality in Korean adults according to nutrition label utilization: Based on 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Yun Jung BAE

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014;47(3):193-205. doi:10.4163/jnh.2014.47.3.193

PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to investigate nutrient and food intake status and dietary quality in Korean adults according to nutrition label utilization. METHODS: We analyzed data from the combined 2010-2011 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 8190 adults aged 19 to 64 years. In this study, according to nutrition label utilization, we classified the subjects according to the "non-utilization of nutrition label (NUNL)" group (male, n = 2716, female, n = 3147), "identification of nutrition label (INL)" group (male, n = 143, female, n = 330), and "Utilization of nutrition label (UNL)" group (male, n = 363, female, n = 1491). Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient ad-equacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), and INQ (index of nutritional quality) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that subjects in the NUNL group were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. The NUNL group showed a significantly higher frequency of consuming in-stant noodles, Soju (male), and carbonated drink (female) than the UNL group, whereas the NUNL group showed a sig-nificantly lower frequency of consuming milk, soymilk, and yogurt than the UNL group. In addition, regarding diet quality (NAR and INQ), significantly lower vitamin B2, vitamin C, and calcium was observed in the NUNL group compared with the UNL group. For both male and female, significantly higher MAR was observed in the UNL group than in the NUNL group. The NUNL group showed significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the UNL group. CONCLUSION: Good dietary practice such as referring to nutrition labels and its influence can affect the quality of nutritional intake and selection of food, while it can also provide basic data for specific nutrition education regarding use of nutrition labeling.
Adult* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Carbonated Beverages ; Diet ; Eating* ; Education ; Female ; Food Labeling ; Humans ; Male ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Riboflavin ; Yogurt

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The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009.

Mi Rhan HAN ; Jeong Hyun LIM ; Yoonju SONG

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014;47(3):186-192. doi:10.4163/jnh.2014.47.3.186

PURPOSE: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. How-ever, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009). METHODS: Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects. RESULTS: The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Re-quirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbo-hydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phos-phorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum tri-glycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Ascorbic Acid ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium ; Diet* ; Diet, Fat-Restricted* ; Diet, High-Fat ; Energy Intake ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Iron ; Korea ; Motor Activity ; Niacin ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Potassium ; Prevalence ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Riboflavin ; Risk Factors* ; Vitamin A

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Relationship between flavonoids intake and metabolic syndrome in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Ji Soo OH ; Mi Jin AHN ; Chan Jung HAN ; Hyesook KIM ; Oran KWON ; Hye Won CHUNG ; Namsoo CHANG

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014;47(3):176-185. doi:10.4163/jnh.2014.47.3.176

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary flavonoids intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: A total of 223 subjects (mean age; 27.3 +/- 4.2 yrs, range; 17-38 yrs) were divided into the MetS group (n = 27) and non-MetS group (n = 196). Dietary intake data were assessed by 24-hour recall method for two non-consecutive days and the average of the two days was used to estimate the usual dietary intake. Dietary habits were assessed using the Mini Dietary Assessment (MDA) score. We analyzed the intakes of six flavonoid classes (anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and iso-flavones) using a flavonoids database. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, smok-ing, regular exercise, and oral contraceptive use, dietary flavonols intake was significantly lower in the MetS group (5.1 +/- 2.4 mg/d) than in the non-MetS group (8.9 +/- 2.8 mg/d) (p = 0.0472). Intakes of other flavonoids except for flavonols did not differ between the two groups. In MDA scores, significant differences were observed only for that related to daily con-sumption of fruit or fruit juice (p = 0.0180). A significant inverse relationship was observed between flavonols intake and the risk of MetS (4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.02-0.62, p for trend = 0.0131). CONCLUSION: These results sug-gest that higher intake of flavonols may be beneficial for MetS in PCOS women.
Alcohol Drinking ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Flavanones ; Flavones ; Flavonoids* ; Flavonols ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Humans ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome*

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Study of the mechanisms underlying increased glucose absorption in Smilax china L. leaf extract-treated HepG2 cells.

Yun Hwan KANG ; Dae Jung KIM ; Kyoung Kon KIM ; Sung Mee LEE ; Myeon CHOE

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014;47(3):167-175. doi:10.4163/jnh.2014.47.3.167

PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that treatment with Smilax china L. leaf extract (SCLE) produces antidiabetic effects due to alpha-glucosidase inhibition. In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying these antidiabetic effects by examining glucose uptake in HepG2 cells cultured with SCLE. METHODS: Glucose uptake and glucokinase activity were examined using an assay kit. Expression of glucose transporter (GLUT)-2, GLUT-4, and HNF-1alpha was measured by RT-PCR or western blot. RESULTS: Treatment with SCLE resulted in enhanced glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, and this effect was especially pronounced when cells were cultured in an insulin-free medium. SCLE induced an increase in expression of GLUT-2 but not GLUT-4. The increase in the levels of HNF-1alpha, a GLUT-2 transcription factor, in total protein extract and nuclear fraction suggest that the effects of SCLE may occur at the level of GLUT-2 transcription. In addition, by measuring the change in glucokinase activity following SCLE treatment, we confirmed that SCLE stimulates glucose utilization by direct activation of this enzyme. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the potential antidiabetic activity of SCLE is due at least in part to stimulation of glucose uptake and an increase in glucokinase activity, and that SCLE-stimulated glucose uptake is mediated through enhancement of GLUT-2 expression by inducing expression of its transcription factor, HNF-1alpha.
Absorption* ; alpha-Glucosidases ; Blotting, Western ; China* ; Glucokinase ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative ; Glucose* ; Hep G2 Cells* ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha ; Smilax* ; Transcription Factors

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Effect of stabilized rice bran-added high sucrose diet on glucose control in C57BL/6 mice.

Seung Min LEE ; Mal Shick SHIN ; Young Ran HEO

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014;47(3):157-166. doi:10.4163/jnh.2014.47.3.157

PURPOSE: Rice bran is a byproduct of the hulling of rice and contains a variety of bioactive components. Various studies have reported on the antioxidative, anticancer, immune-enhancing, and hypocholesterolemic effects of rice bran. However, few studies about the physiological activity of stabilized rice bran supplement on dietary intake of sugars is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized rice bran supplement on blood glucose in C57BL/6 mice fed a high sucrose diet. METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into three groups respectively, and were fed a normal diet (ND group), a high sucrose diet (HSD group) or a high sucrose diet containing 20% stabilized rice bran (HSD-SRB group) for 12 weeks. RESULTS: In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), after seven weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, a significantly lower result was observed for HSD-SRB than for HSD at 30 and 60 minutes after oral administration in glucose solution (2 g/kg body weight). The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. After 12 weeks, fasting blood glucose level of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. No significant difference in the serum insulin level was observed between HSD and HSD-SRB. However, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in HSD-SRB compared to HSD. In addition, HOMA beta-cell was significantly increased in HSD-SRB com-pared to HSD. Triglyceride in liver of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding diets con-taining 20% rice bran improved insulin resistance and insulin secretion by decreasing triglyceride in liver. Thus, rice bran has a positive effect on glycemic control. In addition, the results are expected to be utilized as a basis for human study and development of food products with added rice bran.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Carbohydrates ; Diet* ; Fasting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Mice* ; Sucrose* ; Triglycerides

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Erratum: Abstract & Figure Correction. Effects of natural eggshell membrane (NEM) on monosodium iodoacetate-induced arthritisin rats.

Boo Yong SIM ; Ji Won BAK ; Hae Jin LEE ; Ji Ae JUN ; Hak Joo CHOI ; Chang Ju KWON ; Hwa Young KIM ; Kevin J RUFF ; Karsten BRANDT ; Dong Hee KIM

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015;48(5):457-458. doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.457

We made a mistake in presenting abstract & figure correction.

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Anti-apoptotic effect of fermented Citrus sunki peel extract on chemical hypoxia-induced neuronal injury.

Woon Chul KO ; Sun Ryung LEE

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015;48(5):451-456. doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.451

PURPOSE: Neuronal apoptotic events induced by aging and hypoxic/ischemic conditions is an important risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The peel of Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka has long been used as a traditional medicine, based on multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity. In the current study, we examined the actions of fermented C. sunki peel extract against cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-mediated hypoxic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS: Cell viability was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Expression of apoptosis related proteins and release of cytochrome c were detected by western blot. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic morphology were examined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. RESULTS: Exposure to CoCl2, a well-known mimetic agent of hypoxic/ischemic condition, resulted in neuronal cell death via caspase-3 dependent pathway. Extract of fermented C. sunki peel significantly rescued the CoCl2-induced neuronal toxicity with the cell viability and appearance of apoptotic morphology. Cytoprotection with fermented C. sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in activities of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, increase in the intracellular ROS and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol were inhibited by treatment with extract of fermented C. sunki peel. CONCLUSION: Based on these data, fermented C. sunki peel extract might have a protective effect against CoCl2-induced neuronal injury partly through generation of ROS and effectors involved in mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.
Aging ; Alzheimer Disease ; Anoxia ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Citrus* ; Cobalt ; Cytochromes c ; Cytoprotection ; Cytosol ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mitochondria ; Neuroblastoma ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; Trypan Blue

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A study on hypertension relevant nutritional knowledge and dietary practices in Chinese college students studying in South Korea.

Zhe SUN ; Wookyoun CHO

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015;48(5):441-450. doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.441

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypertension relevant nutrition knowledge on practices for prevention of hypertension in Chinese college students studying in South Korea. METHODS: We conducted a survey of 276 Chinese students studying more than three months in Korean universities who were aged 19 and older about hypertension and sodium relevant nutrition knowledge, intake of salty processed food, hypertension prevention practices, and stages of behavior change for hypertension. RESULTS: The average score on the questionnaire for hypertension relevant nutritional knowledge was 40.62 out of 50 points, and the average score for sodium relevant nutritional knowledge was 24 out of 30 points. Kimchi was the most frequently eaten salty processed food. The average score for hypertension prevention practices was 3.10 out of 5 points. The behavior change stages for prevention of hypertension were contemplation (47.1%), action (32.2%), and pre-contemplation (20.7%). The students received high scores on nutrition knowledge and showed significantly higher scores on the action stage than on pre-contemplation or contemplation. Nutritional knowledge of hypertension and sodium showed positive correlation with hypertension prevention practices, whereas negative correlation with salty processed food intake. CONCLUSION: Development of an education program for Chinese students in Korea on hypertension and sodium relevant nutritional knowledge is needed so that they can practice for prevention of hypertension.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Korea* ; Sodium

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Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake.

Yun AHN ; Kyung Won KIM ; Kyungmin KIM ; Jinwon PYUN ; Ikhyun YEO ; Kisun NAM

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015;48(5):429-440. doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.429

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine sodium-related nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, eating behaviors, and self-efficacy by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake among childcare center foodservice employees. METHODS: Subjects (n = 333) were categorized according to two groups based on the stages of change; Pre-action stage (PA group: precontemplation/contemplation/preparation stage), Action stage (A group: action/maintenance stage). RESULTS: A major source of sodium-related nutrition information was TV/radio (56.6%) and only 166 people (49.8%) have experienced nutrition education specific to sodium. Although the A group showed slightly higher scores for nutrition knowledge than the PA group, the difference was not significant. The percentages of correct answers for 'daily goal of sodium intake for adults (27.0%)', 'calculation of sodium content in nutrition labeling (30.3%)' were low for both groups. The A group (total score: 40.3) had more desirable eating attitudes regarding reducing sodium intake than the PA group (36.6, p < 0.001). The total score for eating behaviors was slightly higher in the A group (49.6) than in the PA group (48.5), but without statistical significance. The A group (total score: 58.2) also received higher scores for self-efficacy regarding reducing sodium intake than the PA group (52.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that nutrition education for childcare center foodservice employees should be expanded and customized education should be implemented according to the stages in reducing sodium intake. It is also suggested that food companies make efforts to develop low-sodium products.
Adult ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Labeling ; Humans ; Sodium*

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Development of Korean Healthy Eating Index for adults using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.

Sung Min YOOK ; Sohee PARK ; Hyun Kyung MOON ; Kirang KIM ; Jae Eun SHIM ; Ji Yun HWANG

Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015;48(5):419-428. doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.419

PURPOSE: The current study was conducted in order to develop the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) for assessing adherence to national dietary guidelines and comprehensive diet quality of healthy Korean adults using the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. METHODS: The candidate components of KHEI were selected based on literature reviews, dietary guidelines for Korean adults, 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (2010 KDRI), and objectives of HP 2020. The associations between candidate components and risk of obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome were assessed using the 5th KNHANES data. The expert review process was also performed. RESULTS: Diets that meet the food group recommendations per each energy level receive maximum scores for the 9 adequacy components of the index. Scores for amounts between zero and the standard are prorated linearly. For the three moderation components among the total of five, population probability densities were examined when setting the standards for minimum and maximum scores. Maximum scores for the total of 14 components are 100 points and each component has maximum scores of 5 (fruit intakes excluding juice, fruit intake including juice, vegetable intakes excluding Kimchi and pickles, vegetable intake including Kimchi or pickles, ratio of white meat to read meat, whole grains intake, refined grains intake, and percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate) or 10 points (protein foods intake, milk and dairy food intake, having breakfast, sodium intake, percentages of energy intake from empty calorie foods, and percentages of energy intake from fat). The KHEI is a measure of diet quality as specified by the key diet recommendations of the dietary guidelines and 2010 KDRIs. CONCLUSION: The KHEI will be used as a tool for monitoring diet quality of the Korean population and subpopulations, evaluation of nutrition interventions and research.
Adult* ; Breakfast ; Edible Grain ; Diet ; Eating* ; Energy Intake ; Fruit ; Humans ; Korea* ; Meat ; Milk ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Sodium ; Vegetables

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