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The role of IL-33 in parasitic infections:a review

Jianan YAN ; Yujing HUO ; Xunzhou LIU ; Sai SHI ; Qian YU

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):362-365. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.014

Interleukin 33 (IL 33),one member of the IL-1 family,is expressed in many types' tissue and regulation of multiple target cells via its suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor.Therefore,the crucial roles of the novel cytokine IL-33 in allergic,endocrine diseases,infectious diseases and cancer are becoming characterized.The function of IL-33 in different parasite infection is distinctive in parasitic infections,due to the difference in pathogenic mechanism and in the time course of IL-33 expression.

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Broth dilution method for the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to protionamide

Biyi SU ; Yaoju TAN ; Aiwu WU

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):357-361. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.013

We compared the MGIT 960 method,the reference,and the broth microdilution method for detecting the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to protionamide (PTO).We performed drug susceptibility testing for 248 M.tuberculosis clinical isolates to PTO using MGIT 960 and broth microdilution method.In addition,a total of 117 isolates were randomly selected for further evaluation of the consistency of the minimal inhibitory concentrations determined by these two methods,and eleven concentrations of PTO had been involved accordingly (0.062 5,0.125,0.25,0.5,1,2,4,8,16,32,64 μg/mL).The MGIT method showed an average detection time of 10.1 days,while the detection period of broth microdilution method was 8 days,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.001).In addition,the rate of the sensitivity,specificity and concordance between these two methods was 96.5％ (55/57),93.2％ (178/191),and 94.0％ (233/248),respectively.The Kappa value was 0.84.Comparison of the MIC values detected by different methods revealed that the overall concordance rate was 81.2％ (95/117).For the isolates harboring low MIC values (MIC＜8.0 μg/mL),the concordance rate was 86.3％ (82/95),while that of the isolates with high MIC values was only 59.1％ (13/22).In conclusion,our data demonstrate that the broth microdilution method showed excellent concordance with MGIT method for detecting the resistance rate of M.tuberculosis isolates to PTO,indicating that the broth microdilution method with available performance,short turn-around time and convenient manual operation was suitable for rapid detection of M.tuberculosis to PTO.

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Investigation on spoligotyping and phenotypes of drug resistance to four first-line drugs in 251 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Qinghai, China

Zhaofen WANG ; Bin LI ; Mingxia JIANG ; Yongcheng MA ; Haijing WANG ; Xiuli SHEN ; Xueqiong YAO ; Tingting LI ; Ying CHEN ; Xinhua WANG

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):332-336. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.008

This study aims to learn drug resistance situation of four first-line anti TB drugs among 251 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Qinghai and to explore their relationships with genotypes by Spoligotyping,so as to provide basis for effective prevention of tuberculosis.Isolates of 251 M.tuberculosis were tested susceptibilities of four first-line drugs including isoniazid (INH),rifampicin (RFP),streptomycin(SM) and ethambutol (EMB) by using conventional proportion method and genotyped by Spoligotyping.Relationship between drug resistance and genotypes was analyzed statistically.Results showed the total drug resistance rate was 56.2％ (141/251) among 251 M.tuberculosis isolates.Resistance rates of four first-line drugs were 43.0％ (108/251) for INH,37.1％ (93/251) for RFP,39.0％ (98/251) for SM,27.9％ (70/251) for EMB respectively.Rate of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) was 31.5％ (79/251).All 251 isolates of M.tuberculosis were typed by spoligotyping.The 185 (73.7 ％) were Beijing genotypes and 66 (26.3.％) were non-Beijing genotypes,and no statistical association was found with drug resistance.This paper concludes that isolates of M.tuberculosis prevail in Qinghai have both high rates of drug resistance and MDR and dominant isolates are Beijing genotypes by spoligotyping.

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Expression of cysteine aspartyl proteinase 3 from liver tissues of the porkets experimentally infected by Taenia asiatica

Shigang XU ; Rong MOU ; Ke ZHANG ; Lin YANG ; Shuyuan LANG ; Huaien BAO

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):326-331,342. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.007

In order to provide substantial scientific information for exploring the mechanism of porcine liver injury caused by Taenia asiatica (T.asiatica),the expression of Cysteine aspartyl proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) from liver tissues of porkets that were experimentally infected by T.asiatica was examined.The T.asiatica adults were collected from the taeniasis patients in Duyun,Guizhou Province and identified biologically.The eggs were harvested from gravid proglottids and prepared by repeated washing and centrifugation.Twelve 20-days old Yorkshire and Seghers hybrid porkets were randomly divided into experimental and control groups as six pigs per group.The experimental group was orally administrated with 1.5 × 106 eggs per porket at day 0 post-infection.The porkets of both groups were sacrificed on the day 15 and day 75 post-infection (three pigs per time point) respectively,and liver samples were collected for further experiments.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method was employed to detect the mRNA levels of Caspase-3,and western blotting and immunohistochemistry methods were performed to detect the level of Caspase-3 expression in both groups.At the day 15 post-infection,the mRNA level and expression level of Caspase-3 of the experimental group were significantly decreased,comparison with the control group (P =0.011,P=0.008 and P=0.004 respectively).It was positive with Caspase-3 when yellow or brown signal appeared in the cytoplasm of liver cells by immunohistochemistry.However,at the day 75 post-infection,the mRNA level and expression level of Caspase-3 of the experimental group were dramatically similar to the control group.Furthermore,in the experimental group,the mRNA level and expression level of Caspase-3 were significantly increased at day 75 post-infection than day 15 post-infection (P--0.018,P=0.003 and P=0.002 respectively).These results suggested that Caspase-3 might be involved into the regulation of the damage of porcine liver induced by T.asiatica challenge at the early infection stage and have on effect to the hepatic injury because of the dramatic recovery of Caspase-3 at the consequent infection stage.

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Genetic diversities of different geographical populations of Aedes albopictus based on mitochondrial gene COI

Ruiling ZHANG ; Guangqin YAO ; Xiaoqian PAN ; Dezhen MA ; Aihua ZHAO ; Zhong ZHANG

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):316-320. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.005

In order to figure out phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of different geographical populations,genetic analyses of Aedes albopictus were performed based on mitochondrial gene COI.Based on samples collected from most distribution regions in China,mitochondrial gene Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I was obtained through PCR and DNA sequence.Together with some COI sequences downloaded from GenBank,60 COI sequences with the final length of 598 bp were used for subsequent analyses.Results showed that there was no obvious divergence according to phylogenetic analyse,all sequences were clustered together in Maximum Likelihood tree.Sixteen haplotypes were detected,and four of them shared haplotypes.Haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.737,nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.20 ％.Population genetic differentiation analyses demon strated that Hainan population showed obvious divergences.In the network of haplotypes,H1 and H6 was found to be the primary haplotypes,and they formed two radical centers.All these results indicate that A.albopictus populations of China are expanding presently,and Hainan population become differential with other geographical populations,which probably attribute to geographical isolations.

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Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus Far-eastern subtype and Siberian subtype in the China-Kazakhstan border area in Xinjiang

Guilin ZHANG ; Xiang SUN ; Ran LIU ; Zhong ZHENG ; Xiaoming LIU ; Xiaoping YIN

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):312-315. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.004

To investigate the genotype and the biological characteristics of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Charles Hilary endemic foci in the China-Kazakhstan border area in Xinjiang,ticks were collected by flagging during May to June in 2012 and 2014,and were stored in liquid nitrogen.TBEV strains were isolated from tick samples by inoculating BALB/c mice and BHK-21 cells.The FE gene fragments of TBEV-Far and the S gene fragments of TBEV-Sib were detected by RT-PCR from infected mice brain tissue and BHK cells,and then subjected to sequence alignment.Totally 16 TBEV strains were isolated from Ixodes persulcatus and Dermuceuter silvarum,among 13 strains were Far eastern subtype,three strains were Siberian subtype.It was first time that the TBEV-Sib was isolated in China.The Charles Hilary TBE natural foci were in the China-Kazakhstan border area,and both TBEV-Far and TBEV-Sib co-circulated.

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Pathogenic characteristics and molecular typing of Salmonella strains isolated from diarrhea patients in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China

Dan SHA ; Hong LI ; Hongxia GUAN ; Weihong FENG ; Yong XIAO

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):378-381. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.017

We analyzed the pathogenic characteristics of Salmonella strains isolated from diarrhea patients in Wuxi City,Jiangsu Province,China and compared the differences among pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of main serotype strains,so as to provid scientific basis for disease control.After biochemical identification of the Salmonella strains isolated from infectious diarrhea patients in Wuxi in 2015,drug susceptibility test,serotyping and PFGE were applied to analyze these strains.Results showed that a total of 32 Salmonella strains were detected from 756 diarrhea specimens with a positive rate of 4.23 ％.The infection occurred more frequently between May and October and adults aged more than 60 years old affected mostly.There was no significant difference between genders in infected population.The drug susceptibility test indicated that the antibiotic resistance rate of these Salmonella strains to ampicillin (56.25 ％) was the highest,and to ciprofloxacin(6.25 ％)and Ceftazidime (6.25％) were the lowest.The 32 Salmonella strains belonged to 11 serotypes,and S.enteritidis(31.25％)and S.typhimurium(21.88％) were the predominant serotypes.PFGE showed that the pattern similarity of all S.enteritidis was more than 85 ％;PFGE patterns of S.typhimurium were different.In conclusion,the infection of Salmonella from diarrhea patients in Wuxi City had obvious season and age specific distribution,and the most prevalent serotype of Salmonella was the S.enteritidis.It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of Salmonella concurrently in food and environment.

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Epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Zhangzhou, China, 2006-2015

Zhibin XU ; Yuejiao WU ; Jun LUO ; Danhong CHEN ; Shenggen WU ; Hansong ZHU ; Yang CHEN ; Shuyang LI

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):372-377. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.016

In this study,we analyzed the data of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and host animals monitoring in Zhangzhou City,Fujian Province,China,2006-2015,in order to find out the epidemic situation and risk factors,and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control strategy.A total of 171 HFRS cases,including 1 death,were reported in Zhangzhou in this decade.The incidence rate of 0.352/105 showed an upward trend (xtrend2 =58.60,P＜0.01).And 70 villages and towns in 11 counties have affected,accounting for 56.00％ of the counties in Zhangzhou City.The cases were mainly reported in some towns of Huaan,Nanjing and Zhaoan countries.The cases mainly occurred in countryside,which reported 142 cases.The cases in farmers accounted for the highest proportion (79.58 ％),and pig farming staff accounting for 23.01％ in farmer cases.Most cases were reported in municipal hospitals (86.55 ％).The common clinical manifestations of those cases were fever,nausea,vomiting,backache,headache,pain,oliguria or anuria,eyelid edema and so on,with 72.67％ of thrombocytopenia and of 83.09 ％ proteinuria positive.Compared with the proportion (80.49 ％) of mice in patients' house from 2006 to 2010,that (45.83％) from 2011 to 2015 decreased obviously;however,the proportion of mice or mice droppings in workplaces were rising from 60.98％ to 73.33％.Mean rodent density was 6.40％ and total infection rate in rats was 7.42％.The main kind of rats with virus infection was Rattus norvegicus,carrying Seoul virus Ⅱ.Results of this study indicate that Zhangzhou is one of the foci of HFRS rodent,and the epidemic is rising in recent years,the overall in the highly distributed,while some counties showed a rising trend year by year.Thus,monitoring and control efforts in prone areas should be increased,and to carry out clinics training of HFRS in primary health care institutions.

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Surveillance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection in Yanping and Yongan, Fujian Province, China

Jinsong YANG ; Enhui ZHENG ; Jie LIN ; Chaochen LUO ; Aiping CHEN

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):353-356,365. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.012

We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) infection in Fujian Province,providing reference for the prevention and control of diarrhea epidemic and outbreak.Yanping and Yongan areas were selected as surveillance sites from year 2010 to 2015,where 1 950 samples were collected from the sentinel hospitals,and then samples were isolated and cultured on MacConkey agar plates.Suspected strains were identified by routine and molecular diag nosis technique methods.Results were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software package.A total of 129 strains of diarrheagenic E.coli were isolated with a total detection rate of 6.62％.The detection rates of enteropathogenic E.coli(EPEC),enterotoxigenic E.coli(ETEC) and enteroadhesive E.coli(EAEC) were 3.33％,1.64％ and 1.64％ respectively (including 61 strains of atypical EPEC,4 strains of typical EPEC,and 32 strains of ETEC and EAEC for each),while EHEC and EIEC were not found.There was no significant difference between the detection rates of male and female.All the patients were divided into five groups according to the age,and there were no significant differences between the detection rates of EPEC,EAEC and ETEC in the 5 groups.The detection rates were the highest in August and September.There was no significant difference between the detection rates of rural area and uban area.There was also no significant difference between the composition ratio of diarrheagenic E.coli (DEC) in the two surveillance sites.In conclusion,there were three kinds of DEC in Fujian Province,and EPEC was the dominant.August and September were the months with the highest detection rates.Children age less than five and adult aged 20 59 years were the high risk groups with DEC infection.More attention should be attached on the rational treatment by antibiotic for DEC.

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First isolation of Laribacter hongkongensis from stool samples of Rattus norvegicus

Youzhao LIU ; Weicong CHEN ; Zhihua LIU ; Li WANG ; Jing GE ; Yuyu HAN ; Qing CHEN ; Jing HU

Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.2017;33(4):343-348. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.04.010

In order to investigate whether Laribacter hongkongensis could be detected in stool samples of Rattus norvegicus in the wild,Rattus norvegicus were trapped alive in an urban community of Guangzhou,China over a period of one year from June 2015 to May 2016,and their stool samples were examined for the presence of L.hongkongensis strains.Isolates were identified based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysis,and were examined for their susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents.Further typing of the isolates was performed using multi-loci sequence typing (MLST) analysis.A total of 191 R.norvegicus were trapped alive.L.hongkongensis was identified and successfully isolated from two samples,representing a prevalence of 1.05 ％.Although the two isolates possessed similar phenotypic characteristics and have no base difference of 16S rRNA gene,they constituted two new distinct sequence types (STs),ST-163 and ST-164.This is the first report that L.hongkongensis can be detected in the intestinal tract of R.norvegicus.Results suggest that R.norvegicus could serve as carriers of L.hongkongensis and therefore could be another potential source of infection.

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