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Does Methylphenidate Affect Cystometric Parameters in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats?.

Khae Hawn KIM ; Ha Bum JUNG ; Don Kyoung CHOI ; Geun Ho PARK ; Sung Tae CHO

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(2):67-73. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.67

PURPOSE: Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most commonly prescribed psychostimulants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is limited research on its effects on lower urinary tract function. This study investigated changes in cystometric parameters after intragastric administration of MPH in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an animal model of ADHD. METHODS: Fourteen- to 16-week-old male SHRs (n=10), weighing between 280 and 315 g, were used. Three micturition cycles were recorded before administering MPH. One hour after each intragastric MPH injection, three cycles of cystometrogram were obtained in the awake condition. Various cystometric parameters were evaluated, including basal pressure (BP), maximal pressure (MP), threshold pressure (TP), bladder capacity (BC), micturition volume (MV), micturition interval (MI), and residual volume (RV). The data were analyzed using paired Student t-tests. RESULTS: Five SHRs were each administered a dose of 3-mg/kg MPH, and the other five received a dose of 6-mg/kg MPH. BP and MP increased significantly in the rats that received the 3-mg/kg MPH injection, but not in those that received the 6-mg/kg injection. BC, MV, and MI significantly increased in the rats that received the 6-mg/kg MPH injection, but not in those that received the 3-mg/kg injection. There were no significant changes in TP after either injection. CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases in BC, MV, and MI after the 6-mg/kg MPH injection suggest that the peripheral and the central nervous systems may play important roles in bladder function in those receiving MPH for ADHD.
Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Central Nervous System ; Humans ; Male ; Methylphenidate* ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR* ; Residual Volume ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract ; Urination ; Urodynamics

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Is 5'-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Both Jekyll and Hyde in Bladder Cancer?.

Wun Jae KIM

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(2):55-66. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.55

The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis in mammalian tissues. Metabolic adaptation is a critical step in ensuring cell survival during metabolic stress. Because of its critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, AMPK is involved in many human diseases, including cancers. Although AMPK signaling was originally characterized as a tumor-suppressive signaling pathway, several lines of evidence suggest that AMPK plays a much broader role and cannot simply be defined as either an oncogenic regulator or tumor suppressor. Notably, several recent studies demonstrated that the antitumorigenic effects of many indirect AMPK activators, such as metformin, do not depend on AMPK. Conversely, activation of AMPK induces the progression of cancers, emphasizing its oncogenic effect. Bladder cancer can be divided into two groups: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The molecular mechanisms underlying these two types of cancer are distinct: NMIBC is associated with activation of the Ras pathway, whereas MIBC is characterized by loss of major tumor suppressors. Importantly, both pathways are connected to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In addition, our recent metabolomic findings suggest that beta-oxidation of fatty acids is an important factor in the development of bladder cancer. Both mTOR and beta-oxidation are tightly associated with the AMPK pathway. Here, I summarize and discuss the recent findings on the two distinct roles of AMPK in cancer, as well as the relationship between bladder cancer and AMPK.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases* ; Cell Survival ; Fatty Acids ; Glucose ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Metabolomics ; Metformin ; Sirolimus ; Stress, Physiological ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms*

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Application of Oncology Research to Resolve a Problem in Neurourology.

Tack LEE

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(2):53-54. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.53

No abstract available.

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Book Review: Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery. 4th ed..

Jang Hwan KIM

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):51-51. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.51

No abstract available.

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Postoperative Ureteral Leak Treated Using a Silicone-Covered Nitinol Stent.

Hyo Jung PARK ; Ji Hoon SHIN ; Jong Woo KIM ; Bum Sik HONG

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):47-50. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.47

Ureteral fistula is a serious complication of abdomino-pelvic surgeries, often resulting in poor outcomes owing to lack of proper treatment. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman who underwent placement of a silicone-covered ureteral occlusion stent in her right ureter for the management of ureteral leakage after pelvic surgery. A ureterogram obtained 18 months following the stent placement confirmed that there was no stent migration or additional urine leakage. We propose that the silicone-covered ureteral occlusion stent is practical, fast, and safe for the management of ureteral leakage.
Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Stents* ; Therapeutic Occlusion ; Ureter* ; Urinary Diversion ; Urinary Fistula

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Population-Based Survey on Disease Insight, Quality of Life, and Health-Seeking Behavior Associated With Female Urinary Incontinence.

Hoon CHOI ; Jae Young PARK ; Jeong Kyun YEO ; Mi Mi OH ; Du Geon MOON ; Jeong Gu LEE ; Jae Hyun BAE

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):39-46. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.39

PURPOSE: To evaluate disease insight, personal distress, and healthcare-seeking behavior of women with urinary incontinence (UI) to improve women's health in Korea. METHODS: In October 2012, 500 Korean women residing around Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do were selected by random sampling for a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted by computer-aided telephone interview. Sixteen questions, which included information on demographic characteristics, information sources, disease insights, and general health-seeking behavior, were used for data collection. RESULTS: Among the responders, 23.8% experienced UI, the prevalence of which increased with increasing age; 83.3% knew about UI through the mass media out of 98.2% apprehended people. Regarding general awareness of UI, 77.2% understood that UI is caused by aging. A total of 48.7% of subjects experienced societal restrictions because of UI. Most women in their 30s (25.6%) acquired UI information from the Internet, while those in their 50s and 60s (50-59 years, 51.1%; 60-64 years, 42.4%) learned about UI through friends. Among subjects who did not have UI, 89.37% intended to see a doctor or consult a professional if they developed UI (83.2%). Among those with UI, however, only 59.0% had talked about UI; 79.7% had talked with friends or associates, whereas only 23.2% had consulted a professional. CONCLUSIONS: Most respondents tended to obtain information on UI through the mass media. Subjects who did not have UI expressed their intention to consult a professional if they developed UI, while the percentage of subjects with UI who had consulted a professional was very low. Many women are ashamed of UI in Korea, which may be changed by providing efficient advertising with the right information and establishing a new perception of UI.
Aging ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Incheon ; Intention ; Internet ; Interviews as Topic ; Korea ; Mass Media ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Women's Health

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Loss of Caveolin 1 is Associated With the Expression of Aquaporin 1 and Bladder Dysfunction in Mice.

Seheon JUNG ; Sun Ouck KIM ; Kyung Aa CHO ; Seung Hee SONG ; Teak Won KANG ; Kwangsung PARK ; Dongdeuk KWON

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):34-38. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.34

PURPOSE: It is suggested that caveolin and aquaporin might be closely associated with bladder signal activity. We investigated the effect of the deletion of caveolin 1, using caveolin 1 knockout mice, on the expression of aquaporin 1 in order to identify their relation in the urothelium of the urinary bladder. METHODS: The cellular localization and expressions of aquaporin 1 and caveolin 1, in the wild type and caveolin 1 knockout mice urinary bladder, were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS: Aquaporin 1 and caveolin 1 were coexpressed in the arterioles, venules, and capillaries of the suburothelial layer in the wild type controls. Aquaporin 1 protein expression was significantly higher in the caveolin 1 knockout mice than in the wild type controls (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that aquaporin 1 and caveolin 1 may share a distinct relation with the bladder signal activity. This might play a specific role in bladder dysfunction.
Animals ; Aquaporin 1* ; Arterioles ; Blotting, Western ; Capillaries ; Caveolin 1* ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Mice* ; Mice, Knockout ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urothelium ; Venules

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Stress-Induced Depression Is Alleviated by Aerobic Exercise Through Up-Regulation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A Receptors in Rats.

Tae Woon KIM ; Baek Vin LIM ; Dongjin BAEK ; Dong Soo RYU ; Jin Hee SEO

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):27-33. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.27

PURPOSE: Stress is associated with depression, which induces many psychiatric disorders. Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), acts as a biochemical messenger and regulator in the brain. It also mediates several important physiological functions. Depression is closely associated with an overactive bladder. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on stress-induced depression while focusing on the expression of 5-HT 1A (5-H(1A)) receptors in the dorsal raphe. METHODS: Stress was induced by applying a 0.2-mA electric foot shock to rats. Each set of electric foot shocks comprised a 6-second shock duration that was repeated 10 times with a 30-second interval. Three sets of electric foot shocks were applied each day for 7 days. For the confirmation of depressive state, a forced swimming test was performed. To visualize the expression of 5-HT and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), immunohistochemistry for 5-HT and TPH in the dorsal raphe was performed. Expression of 5-H(1A) receptors was determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: A depressive state was induced by stress, and treadmill exercise alleviated the depression symptoms in the stress-induced rats. Expressions of 5-HT, TPH, and HT 1A in the dorsal raphe were reduced by the induction of stress. Treadmill exercise increased 5-HT, TPH, and HT 1A expressions in the stress-induced rats. CONCLUSIONS: Treadmill exercise enhanced 5-HT synthesis through the up-regulation of 5-HT(1A) receptors, and improved the stress-induced depression. In the present study, treadmill exercise improved depression symptoms by enhancing 5-HT(1A) receptor expression. The present results suggest that treadmill exercise might be helpful for the alleviation of overactive bladder and improve sexual function.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Brain ; Depression* ; Exercise Test ; Exercise* ; Foot ; Immunohistochemistry ; Physical Exertion ; Rats* ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A* ; Serotonin ; Shock ; Stress, Psychological ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase ; Up-Regulation* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive

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Mirodenafil Prevents Bladder Dysfunction Induced by Chronic Bladder Ischemia in Rats.

Hoon CHOI ; Jae Hyun BAE ; Ji Sung SHIM ; Jae Young PARK ; Du Geon MOON ; Jeong Gu LEE

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):19-26. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.19

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of mirodenafil on bladder function in a rat model of chronic bladder ischemia (CBI). METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to three groups: untreated, sham-operated rats (control group); untreated, CBI model rats (CBI group); and CBI rats treated daily with 4 mg/kg mirodenafil (CBI+mirodenafil group). The CBI and CBI+mirodenafil groups underwent endothelial injury to the iliac arteries and were fed a 2% cholesterol diet after injury. Four weeks after surgery, the CBI+mirodenafil group started daily treatment with mirodenafil for four weeks. Eight weeks after surgery, continuous in vivo cystometry and in vivo organ bath studies of detrusor muscle strips were performed. RESULTS: in vivo cystometry revealed that the rats in the CBI group had a significantly higher micturition frequency, lower bladder capacity, and lower compliance than the rats in the control and CBI+mirodenafil groups. The detrusor muscle strip study showed that the magnitude of the carbachol-induced contractile response was significantly lower in the CBI group compared to either the control or CBI+mirodenafil group. Addition of daily mirodenafil after induction of CBI decreased the contractile response, compared to untreated CBI rats. CBI induced submucosal fibrosis and degenerative changes in bladder walls, which was reversed by the addition of mirodenafil. CONCLUSIONS: Daily treatment with mirodenafil showed protective effects against bladder dysfunction resulting from CBI in rats.
Animals ; Baths ; Cholesterol ; Compliance ; Diet ; Fibrosis ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia* ; Models, Animal ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urination

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Role of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor alpha3 and alpha7 Subunits in Detrusor Overactivity Induced by Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Rats.

Hyo Sin KIM ; Wang Jin PARK ; Eun Young PARK ; Jun Sung KOH ; Tae Kon HWANG ; Joon Chul KIM

International Neurourology Journal.2015;19(1):12-18. doi:10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.12

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of alpha3 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (nAChRs) in the bladder, using a rat model with detrusor overactivity induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used: 10 were sham-operated (control group) and 30 were observed for 3 weeks after partial BOO. BOO-induced rats were further divided into 3 groups: Two groups of 10 rats each received intravesicular infusions with hexamethonium (HM group; n=10) or methyllycaconitine (MLC group; n=10), which are antagonists for alpha3 and alpha7 nAChRs, respectively. The remaining BOO-induced rats received only saline infusion (BOO group; n=10). Based on the contraction interval measurements using cystometrogram, the contraction pressure and nonvoiding bladder contractions were compared between the control and the three BOO-induced groups. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting were used to analyze alpha3 and alpha7 nAChRs levels. RESULTS: The contraction interval of the MLC group was higher than that of the BOO group (P<0.05). Nonvoiding bladder contraction almost disappeared in the HM and MLC groups. Contraction pressure increased in the BOO group (P<0.05) compared with the control group and decreased in the HM and MLC groups compared with the BOO group (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the alpha3 nAChR signals increased in the urothelium, and the alpha7 nAChR signals increased in the urothelium and detrusor muscle of the BOO group compared with the control group. Western blot analysis showed that both alpha3 and alpha7 nAChR levels increased in the BOO group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Alpha3 and alpha7 nAChRs are associated with detrusor overactivity induced by BOO. Furthermore, nAChR antagonists could help in clinically improving detrusor overactivity.
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hexamethonium ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Nicotinic* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; Urothelium

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