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A Study on Food and Nutrient Intakes of Weekday and Weekend Among High School Boys in Seoul.

Hong Ja CHAI ; Heeok HONG ; Hee Sun KIM ; Jung Sug LEE ; Choon Hie YU

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2008;41(6):539-549.

residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for breakfast skipping was the highest as compared with lunch and dinner skipping. Frequencies for breakfast and lunch skipping were significantly higher in weekend than weekday (p < 0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food and animal food intakes were 1,327.6 g, 800.5 g, and 425.8 g, respectively. Total food and vegetable food intakes of weekday were significantly higher than weekend (p < 0.05). The dietary variety score (DVS) was 20.5 in daily average, 23.3 in weekday and 15.1 in weekend, which showed significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p < 0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 2244.9 kcal, 89 g, 72.6 g, and 311.2 g, respectively. Fat intake was significantly lower and carbohydrate, fiber, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, folate, and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p < 0.05). The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.8%, 28.8% in daily average, 56.8%, 15.8%, 27.4% in weekday and 53.6%, 15.8%, 30.7% in weekend, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate in weekday and weekend were below 60%, and that from fat was above 27% in weekday and weekend. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher and fat intake was significantly lower in weekday than weekend (p < 0.05). Energy intakes of daily average, weekday and weekend were above 83% as compared with estimated energy requirement (EER). Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate were below 75% as compared with adequate intake (AI) or recommended intake (RI). Mean adequacy ratios (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.78 in daily average, 0.80 in weekday and 0.75 in weekend. MAR of weekend showed significantly lower than weekday (p < 0.05). This study revealed that the overall nutrient intake status was worse in weekend than weekday among high school boys.
Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Calcium ; Dietary Fiber ; Energy Intake ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Iron ; Lunch ; Meals ; Niacin ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Sodium ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A

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The Relationship between Beverage Consumption, Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Elementary School Students in Gyeongnam Area.

Seok Young KIM ; Seon A RYU

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2008;41(6):530-538.

This study was performed to assess the effects of beverage consumption on nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements. Beverage intake and dietary intake were measured by a beverage frequency and quantity questionnaire and three 24-hour dietary recalls in 160 elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area. The number of drinking moments per month was 93.5 and drinking amount of all beverages was 626.6 mL per day. The amount of milk intake was 253.8 ml per day, which was the highest in all types of beverage consumption, followed by juice (133.6 mL), and carbonated beverage (77.7 mL). The amount of sweetened beverage which was defined as all beverages except milk and soy milk was 359.7 ml per day. Energy intakes from all kinds of beverages and sweetened beverages accounted for 20.3% and for 10.5% of the daily energy intake, respectively. The contributions of sweetened beverage intake to the daily energy intake in girls accounted for 13.5% , whereas in boys it was 7.7% and significantly lower. The number of drinking moments and the contribution of sweetened beverage intake to daily energy intake were negatively correlated with protein, vitamin A and niacin intake, respectively. The consumption of milk and soybean milk combined showed a significant negative correlation with the body fat ratio (%) and it also negatively correlated with waist-hip girth ratio (WHR). However, the sweetened beverage intake was not related any of the anthropometric measurement. In conclusion, consumption of the sweetened beverage dropped the nutritional quality of diet. However it was not related with anthropometric measurements in elementary students.
Adipose Tissue ; Beverages ; Body Mass Index ; Carbonated Beverages ; Child ; Diet ; Drinking ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Milk ; Niacin ; Nutritive Value ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Soy Milk ; Soybeans ; Vitamin A

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Folate Content of Human Milk During Extended Lactation and Folate Nutritional Status of Lactating Women in Korea.

Da Woon JEONG ; Hyeon Sook LIM

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2008;41(6):518-529.

Lactating women have an increased need of folate in the breastfeeding period and, as a consequence, may be in risk of folate deficiency. Folate content of breast milk, furthermore, is important for infants to support exponential growth. However, little is known about the folate content of breast milk from Korean lactating women and their folate nutritional status. In this study, therefore, we investigated the folate status of Korean lactating women and the folate content of their breast milk during extended lactation. A total of 10 subjects who delivered full-term infants participated this study voluntarily. Dietary folate intakes were measured and blood and breast milk were collected at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months postpartum. The women who did not take folic acid supplements failed to meet the recommended intake (RI) of folate for lactating women during all the study periods but those who did met the RI. The unsupplemented women showed lower plasma folate concentrations compared to the supplemented women and all the women were in suboptimal folate status determined by plasma folate concentration throughout the study periods. But the supplemented women showed lower prevalence of suboptimal folate status only at 3 or 6 months postpartum. Plasma folate concentrations of both groups decreased with the progression of lactation. Erythrocyte folate concentrations were not different between the two groups, however, that of the unsupplemented reduced further as time progressed. Plasma homocysteine levels were not different between the two groups. Concentrations of erythrocyte folate and plasma homocysteine were not changed throughout the study periods. Folate contents of their breast milk through the study periods were not different between the two groups and it decreased as lactation progressed in both groups. The results of this study suggest that the folate nutritional status of Korean lactating women might be deteriorated with the progression of lactation without folic acid supplements.
Breast Feeding ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Homocysteine ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Lactation ; Milk, Human ; Nutritional Status ; Plasma ; Postpartum Period ; Prevalence

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The Presence of Diabetes Mellitus and Anemia in Korean Adults-based on data from 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III).

Ji Hye KIM

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2008;41(6):502-509.

Anemia is common in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with chronic kidney disease. Recent research suggests that DM itself also may be a risk factor of anemia even though kidney failure causes anemia. However, it has not been reported that the impact of DM on anemia in representative data of Korean population. A total of 5,417 Korean adults aged 20 years and older (2,328 men, 3,089 women) were selected from the participants of the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for this study. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 13 g/dL and hematocrit (Hct) < 39% for men or Hb < 12 g/dL and Hct < 36% for women. DM was defined as a fasting blood glucose > or = 126 mg/dL. Korean adults with anemia had a higher prevalence of DM than in normal adults (11.4 vs 7.5%; p < 0.0001). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for anemia was greater in Korean men with DM than in normal men (OR = 4.25; 95% CI: 2.48-7.29). This results did not differ after adjustment for the putative risk factors for anemia including chronic disease (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.45-4.83). However, the presence of DM was not related with anemia in Korean women. In conclusion, this study revealed that DM might be an independent risk factor for anemia in Korean men. Identification and management for anemia are needed in Korean population with DM as well.
Adult ; Aged ; Anemia ; Blood Glucose ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fasting ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Risk Factors

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Effects of Eisenia Bicyclis Extracts and Pill on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Sung Hee CHO ; So Young PARK ; Sang Won CHOI

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2008;41(6):493-501.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidmic effects of sea oak (Eisenia bicyclis, EB) in the diabetic state and to examine the appropriateness of formulated EB pill for the effects. The various test materials obtained from EB were included in the experimental diets with 15% fat/0.5% cholesterol and fed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice weighing 35.0 +/- 0.7 g for three weeks but not in the control diet having the same composition. The test materials were EB dry powder, water and ethanol extracts, viscozyme-treated EB water extract (EB enzyme-TR) and formulated pill containing dry powders of the EB, two kinds of seaweed, black soybean, sesame, onion and garlic. BG was measured during feeding period and serum insulin, lipids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and intestinal disaccharidase activities were measured at the end of the three weeks of the feeding. BG increase was lower in the EB enzyme-TR group after 10 days of the experimental diet but lower in EB pill group after 15 days compared with the control group. Serum insulin levels were higher in the EB enzyme-TR and EB pill groups. Intestinal maltase but not sucrase activity was higher in EB enzyme-TR fed group than the control group. Serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were reduced by the EB enzyme-TR and EB pill compared with the control diet. HDL-/total cholesterol was increased by all EB test materials. Serum TBARS levels were lower in the EB ethanol extract and EB pill groups than in the control group and tended to be lower in the other EB groups. It is concluded that the EB enzyme-TR is the best among the EB preparations to be utilized as a functional component for improving blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic subjects in the future. However, the pill containing low level of the EB powder is also regarded as effective and readily usable when formulated with the several other ingredients of the proper composition. (Supported by the RIC Program of MOCIE, Korea).
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Ethanol ; Garlic ; Insulin ; Mice ; Onions ; Powders ; Seaweed ; Sesamum ; Soybeans ; Sucrase ; Thiobarbiturates ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Water

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Nutritional Quality of Korean Adults' Consumption of Lunch Prepared at Home, Commercial Places, and Institutions: Analysis of the Data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Sang Jin CHUNG ; Seung Ho KANG ; Su Min SONG ; Si Hyun RYU ; Jihyun YOON

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2006;39(8):841-849.

This study compared the nutritional quality of Korean adults's consumption of lunch prepared at home, commercial places, and institutions. The one day food intake data collected via 24-hour recall in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. Individuals with 19 . 64 years of age were selected (n = 5,756). Sampling weights in the Survey were used to generate nationally representative estimates. Lunch was categorized into three groups according to the place where the lunch was prepared: home, commercial places, and institutions such as schools and work places. Comparison among the three groups was made for 19 . 39 years old men (n = 1,387) and women (n = 1,572) and 40 . 64 years old men (n = 1,364) and women (1,433), respectively. The lunch prepared away from home contained more calories. The lunch prepared commercially was higher in calories percentages from fat than that prepared either at home or at institutions. Across the age and gender groups, lunch prepared at home contribute a high level of sodium intake. Among individuals with 40 . 64 years of age, but not those with 19 . 39 years of age, lunch prepared commercially was as sodium dense as that prepared at home. Among individuals with 19 . 39 years of age, the sodium density of lunch prepared commercially was about the same as that prepared at institutional food service of which the menus were planned by dieticians. Such differences in nutritional quality among meals prepared at home, commercial places, and institutions should be considered and applied for the content development of nutrition education and policy.
Adult ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Food Services ; Humans ; Lunch* ; Male ; Meals ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritionists ; Nutritive Value* ; Sodium ; Weights and Measures ; Workplace

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Effects of Food Cost on a Diet Quality.

Jae Eun SHIM ; Hyojee JOUNG ; Hee Young PAIK

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2006;39(8):832-840.

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between diet quality and food cost and identify the effects of food cost on healthy diet among Korean adult. Among the subjects of 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey 1,641 men and 1,765 women aged from 30 to 49 years were selected and their information of dietary intakes, socio-demographic information, and anthropometric data were analyzed. For the analysis, subjects were classified to quartile based on their daily food cost. Food guidelines provided by Korean Nutrition Society was regarded as a model of healthy diet. Subjects in the lowest quartile of food cost consumed inadequate amount of food from all food categories of the guidelines. Many subjects in the highest quartile not only satisfied the recommended amount of the Food Guide but also seemed to overeat high energy density foods. Even in the highest quartile, about 90% of subjects did not satisfied recommended amount of dairy products. According to the calculated cost of healthy diet, the average cost did not seem to be more expensive than the current mean food cost of the subjects, and most cost-sensitive food intake was observed in the meat . fish . beans . eggs category. The implications of study results were: 1) all the high cost diets did not indicate the high quality of diet, 2) most practical matter of healthy diet in low income group seemed whether they could afford the expense of meat and fish, 3) nutrition education was required to most subjects for healthy diet.
Adult ; Dairy Products ; Diet* ; Eating ; Education ; Eggs ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Nutrition Surveys ; Ovum

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A Study on Weight Control and Dietary Life among Middle School Students: Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Behavior and Food Frequency.

Hee Won KANG ; Sang Sun LEE

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2006;39(8):817-831.

The purpose of this study is to compare the nutrition knowledge, dietary behavior and food frequency according to the gender and weight control attempt among middle school students in Seoul and Gyunggi-do, Korea. The subjects were divided into three groups, one with experience in attempting to lose their weight, one with experience in attempting to gain their weight and one with no experience in attempting to control their weight. Nutrition knowledge level of girls was higher than that of boys (p < 0.01), but there were no significant difference according to weight control attempt. As for the scores of dietary behavior, there were no significant differences by gender but according to weight control attempt, the scores of dietary behavior of the weight loss attempt group were higher than those of the other attempt groups (p < 0.01). In the food intake frequency, there were significant differences according to weight control attempt (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).
Eating ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Seoul ; Weight Loss

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Application of a Practical Nutrition Education Program, KHIDIKIDS, for the Improvement of Dietary Attitudes and Habits of Elementary Students.

Yong Kyung KYEON ; Young Ai JANG ; Jeong Weon KIM

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2006;39(8):808-816.

The purpose of this study was to improve the dietary attitudes and habits of elementary students in lower classes through a 12-week practical nutrition education program called KHIDIKIDS, which was developed by Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) in 2004 based on the 2003 Children's Dietary Guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea. KHIDIKIDS has never been applied in the field, therefore, another purpose of this study was to evaluate the program in the school education and suggest the ideas for the improvement. KHIDIKIDS was applied to a class of 2nd-grade elementary students consisting of 28 children in Seoul during the fall semester of 2005, and the effect of the program was measured by using questionnaires for the students and their parents. The statistical analysis of the study was conducted by using SPSS WIN 11.5 program, and the results were as follows: The children's knowledge on nutrition was improved significantly by KHIDIKIDS education (p < .001), such that the average score on nutritional knowledge increased from 8.32 to 9.64 after education. This practical nutrition education program also improved the dietary attitudes and habits of children especially in healthy body weight, daily exercise, and having breakfast (p < .05). Parents also showed very positive responses for the nutrition education. During the application of KHIDIKIDS in the field, the followings were indicated for adjustment; First, some education content of the week was too much to be finished in a class hour and more hours need to be allocated. Second, some terminology need to be adjusted to help the students understand easily. Thirdl, the order of the '5 Basic Food Groups' needs to be matched with the order of each food group in the 'Food Tower' not to make children be confused. Above results showed that KHIDIKIDS was effective for the improvement of dietary attitudes and habits of lower elementary students. However, further educational effects would be achieved when the education was started from the 1st to higher grades along with the parents' participation.
Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Child ; Education* ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutrition Policy ; Parents ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

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Effect of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on the Bone Mineral Density and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Postmenopausal Women.

Haeng Shin LEE ; Da Hong LEE ; Mi Hyun KIM ; Chung Ja SUNG

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2006;39(8):801-807.

To elucidate the effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density and antioxidant enzyme activity in 60 postmenopausal women residing in Iksan area were recruited. There were 31 participants in the treatment group and 29 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas: Physical examination, diet survey, bone mineral density (BMD) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TA)). The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.3 mg) and the control group (24.0 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. Isoflavone supplementation of 12 weeks did not resulted in any significant changes in BMD or parameters of antioxidant enzyme activity, implying the necessity of more intensive intervention for a substantial change. In conclusion, this study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activity holds a significant relationship with the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and further systematic research on dose and period of isoflavone supplementation is needed to clearify the positive effect of isoflavone on BMD and/or blood antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women.
Body Mass Index ; Bone Density* ; Capsules ; Catalase ; Diet ; Diet Surveys ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Physical Examination

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