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Sugar composition and glycemic indices of frequently consumed fruits in Korea.

Ji Hyun RYU ; Jung Eun YIM ; Wan Hee SUK ; Hansongyi LEE ; HyeJin AHN ; Young Seol KIM ; Cheon Seok PARK ; Ryowon CHOUE

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):192-200. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.192

Fruits are generally recommended for a balanced meal, as they are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, which may improve blood glucose control. However, fruits have simple sugars with a wide glycemic index (GI) range. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sugar content and composition and to determine the glycemic indices of the most frequently consumed fruits in Korea, including apple, tangerine, pear, water melon, persimmon, grape, oriental melon, and peach. The sugar content and composition of the fruits were analyzed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography (Dinonex model DX-600). The GI of the fruits was measured in 13 healthy subjects (seven females and six males) after permission was received from the University Hospital institutional review board (KHU-IRB 1114-06). The subjects consumed 50 g of glucose as a reference and carbohydrate portions of eight fruits. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming the fruits. The GI values for the fruits were calculated by expressing the increase in the area under the blood glucose response curve for each subject. As a result, the total sugar contents of 100 g fruits were: grape (13.9 g), apple (12.3 g), persimmon (11.9 g), oriental melon (11.2 g), watermelon (9.3 g), tangerine (8.9 g), peach (8.6 g), and pear (8.3 g). The GI values of the fruits were as follows: GI value of peach (56.5 +/- 14.17), watermelon (53.5 +/- 18.07), oriental melon (51.2 +/- 18.14), tangerine (50.4 +/- 15.16), grape (48.1 +/- 14.05), persimmon (42.9 +/- 18.92), pear (35.7 +/- 14.38), and apple (33.5 +/- 11.92). These findings will help individuals choose fruit for controlling blood sugar.
Blood Glucose ; Carbohydrates ; Chromatography ; Citrullus ; Cucurbitaceae ; Diospyros ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Female ; Fruit ; Glucose ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Minerals ; Prunus persica ; Pyrus ; Vitamins ; Vitis

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Parents' perception on middle school foodservice using environment friendly agricultural products (EFAP) in Masan area.

Yoon Soon NAM ; Hyun Ah KIM

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):181-191. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.181

The purpose of this study was to investigate parent's perception of a middle school foodservice in Masan city, Korea that uses environmentally friendly agricultural products (EFAP). From May 29, 2009 to July 11, 2009, questionnaires were distributed to 350 parents of middle schools located in Masan city. A total of 295 responded and 276 (response rate, 78.9%) were used for the final analysis after excluding improperly completed questionnaires. First, 47.8% of the parents responded that they had participated in the school foodservice operation (receiving food, attending foodservice-related events, working as a meal service aid, evaluating suppliers). Receiving food (53.7%) accounted for the greatest proportion in the participating area. Second, most subjects (83.0%) responded that they were aware of the use of EFAP. Additionally, 96.4% of the subject approved expanding the use of EFAP for all items. Third, their degree of interest in the school foodservice was 3.86, and satisfaction with the school foodservice was 3.94 based on a 5-point Likert scale. The overall satisfaction on the quality of EFAP used in the school foodservice was 3.68 based on a 5-point Likert scale. Fourth, awareness that the school used EFAP in the foodservice by the parents who participated in school foodservice operations was higher than that of parents who did not participate. Satisfaction (4.10) with the school foodservice by parents who participated in school foodservice operations was significantly higher than that (3.79) of parents who did not participate (p < 0.001). In conclusion, parent's participation in school foodservice operations should increase to improve the quality of the school foodservice and improve communication between parents and the school.
Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Nitroimidazoles ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sulfonamides

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Health/functional food consumption factors of 20's Korea women based on social cognitive theory.

Jung Eun LEE ; Yoon Jung YANG ; SunHee SEO ; Oran KWON

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):170-180. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.170

This study was conducted to identify factors influencing Health/Functional Foods (HFFs) consumption for women in their 20's based on social cognitive theory. A total of 295 subjects participated in this study and were divided into two groups based on the experience of HFF use. This study compared their personal, environmental and behavioral factors which influence the consumption of HFFs. With regard to personal factors, the expected effectiveness for HFFs was higher in the user group than the nonuser group. For the environmental factors, the subjects' use of HFFs was critically affected by the use of HFFs regarding the family members. In terms of behavioral factors, there were no significant differences between the two groups. For the user group, it was observed that their use of HFFs was closely related to when their interests for health was high and the family's use of HFF was high. On the other hands, for the nonuser group, there were less people around them using HFFs than the user group and they did not feel that HFFs were necessary. Since non-experts including parents and close acquaintances critically affected the HFF ingestion of the subjects, it is essential to educate all citizens as well as HFFs consumers about HFFs information.
Eating ; Female ; Friends ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Morinda ; Parents

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A study on the perception of nutrition labeling among high school boys based on their weight.

Hyo Seon EO ; Jung Sug LEE ; Hee Eun MIN ; Heeok HONG

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):150-158. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.150

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between knowledge of nutrition labeling and the effect on eating habits with 300 high school boys in Seoul. The subjects were divided into an underweight (UW) group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, n = 42), a normal weight (NW) group (18.5 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 23 kg/m2, n = 129) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI > or = 23 kg/m2, n = 79) based on their body mass index (BMI). The average age of participants was 17.8 years old and their mean height and weight were 174.9 cm and 66.5 kg. The mean BMI of subjects was 21.7 kg/m2 which fell within the normal range. Seventy six point four percent of subjects perceived nutrition labeling and they acquired the information pertaining to it through TV and internet. The UW group and the OW group obtained it from their parents, relatives and friends, while NW group acquired it from school. There were significant differences among groups in the acquired source of the information on nutrition labeling (p < 0.05). The NW group and the OW group trusted nutrition labeling more than the UW group, but there were no significant differences among them. Forty five point five percent of the UW group and 40.7% the NW group were satisfied with nutrition labeling education, while only 15.8% of the OW group did it. The OW group checked nutrition labeling more than the UW group and the NW group at the point of food purchase. The primary reason for examining nutrition labeling was 'to check nutrient contents' in the UW group and the NW group, while the OW group examined it to improve health including regulation of body weight. There were significant differences among groups with regards to the reason for examining nutrition labeling (p < 0.001). The OW group was aware that nutrition labeling affected their eating habits significantly more than the other groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, application-centered education on nutrition labeling and the strong support of the government is needed in order to improve nutrition labeling use and to apply the information from nutrition labeling into student dietary life.
Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Eating ; Food Labeling ; Friends ; Humans ; Internet ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Parents ; Reference Values ; Thinness

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Dietary Choline Intake of Korean Young Aldults.

Young Jin CHUNG ; Hyo Jung CHO ; Jin Seok NA

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2004;37(1):61-67.

This study was conducted to investigate the choline intake of Korean adults for the purpose of preparing a basal data required for the establishment of choline adequate intake (AI). The subjects of 56 Korean young adults were recruited from college students of 20 to 30 years old in Daejeon city. The aliquots of foods that the subjects ate for one day were collected with use of duplicate food collection method and choline content of one day meal directly was analyzed with the use of enzymatic method. Choline intakes of male subjects were in the range of 353.5 ~ 1222.5 mg and those of female subjects were in the range of 213.1 ~ 722.3 mg. Mean intakes of choline were 658.2 +/- 243.9 mg/day in male subjects and 423.3 +/- 133.6 mg/day in female, therefore choline intake of men was about 200mg higher than that of women. Median value in total subjects was 496 mg, male's median was 608.8 mg, female's median was 419.9 mg. When the subjects were devided into 4 groups by choline intake, as less than 75%, 75 ~ 100%, 100 ~ 125% and over 125% based on choline AI of USA (males: 550 mg, females: 425 mg), there was no significant difference between men (64.3%) and wemen (67.9%) in the distribution of the subjects whose choline intake is under the range of 75 ~ 125% AI of USA. However, 10.7% of men and 21.4% of female had choline intake less than 75% AI of USA while the cases of choline intake higher than 125% AI were 25% in male and 10.7% in female. Thus, it is assumed that female case in choline-deficient state would be two times more than male. When adjusted by body weight, choline intake was 9.5 +/- 3.4 mg/kg in men, 8.1 +/- 3.1 mg/kg in women and 8.8 +/- 3.3 mg/kg in total subjects. And choline intake per 1,000 kcal of men, women and total subjects were 277.1 +/- 78.4 mg, 275.9 +/- 62.1 mg and 276.5 +/- 70.1 mg respectively. From these results, it is suggested that these levels of 276.5 +/- 70.1 mg/ 1,000 kcal or 8.8 +/- 3.3 mg/kg B.W. can be used as a reference value for the establishment of AI of choline for Korean, because overall choline intake of these subjects was not in lower state compared to other nutrients intakes obtained from calculation of the food the subjects had taken.
Adult ; Body Weight ; Choline* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Reference Values ; Young Adult

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Food adaptation and nutrient intake of female immigrants into Korea through marriage.

Ji Myung KIM ; Hee Seung LEE ; Min Hwa KIM

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):159-169. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.159

The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean food adaption, eating behavior and dietary intakes of married female immigrants by age, number of residence years in Korea and level of income. The survey included 67 female marriage immigrants attending the Korean language class at the multicultural family support center within the northern part of Kyonggi province from October 2010 to July 2011. General characteristics, Korean dietary life adaptation, and eating behavior were collected and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recall. The home countries with regards to all subjects were Vietnam (40.3%), China (23.9%), Japan (11.9%), Philippines (7.0%), and Mongolia (3.0%). Total energy intake was 1432.5kcal and there were significant differences in nutritional intake concerning vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 by age (p < 0.05). More than 50% of subjects did not meet estimated average requirements for calcium (56.7%), zinc (52.2%), vitamin C (55.2%), and folic acid (76.1%). Food adaptation scores were significantly correlated with general characteristics (age, residence year, drinking alcohol and acquisition of nationality), total scores of eating behavior, and nutritional intake (energy, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, niacin, vitamin E, and zinc). These results might suggest that the better their Korean food adaptation, the more desirable their eating behavior and nutritional status.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; China ; Drinking ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Energy Intake ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Marriage ; Mongolia ; Niacin ; Nutritional Status ; Philippines ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Sodium ; Thiamine ; Vietnam ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins ; Zinc

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Evaluation of nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality in Korean female adults according to obesity : Based on 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Yun Jung BAE

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):140-149. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.140

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intake and diet quality of obese women to those of non-obese women, and to investigate the relationship between diet quality and obesity index in females. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, according to their BMI (above 25 kg/m2), we classified the subjects into the obese group (n = 724) and non-obese control group (n = 2,841). Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS), and food groups consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) were analyzed by using the data from the 24-recall method. The average energy intake of both the obese and control group were 1634.94 kcal and 1,707.81 kcal, respectively (p = 0.0199). The obese group consumed significantly lower quantities of calcium per 1,000 kcal compared to the control group (p = 0.0261). With regards to diet quality, calcium NAR in the obese group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.0158). MAR values for the obese and the control group was 0.79 and 0.80, respectively and revealed no statistical difference. The obese group showed a significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the control group (p = 0.0162). The average DVS of the obese and control group was 28.63 and 30.41, respectively and revealed a statistical significance (p = 0.0003). DDS in the obese group (3.686) was significantly lower than that of the control group (3.769)(p = 0.0253). DVS showed considerable negative relationships with BMI or waist circumference after it was adjusted for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, obese women had lower calcium intake quality, milk consumption, DVS and DDS than those of the control group. In Korean females, food intake variety did adversely affect obesity index. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Adult ; Calcium ; Diet ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Waist Circumference

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Comparison in Isoflavone Contents between Soybean and Soybean Sprouts of Various Soybean Cultivas.

Eun Mi KIM ; Kyung Jin LEE ; Kew Mahn CHEE

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2004;37(1):45-51.

In this study, isoflavone (genistein, genistin, daidzein, daidzin) contents in various parts of twelve soybean cultivars and three soy sprouts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector. Three cultivars of soybean were selected and cultured in the lab to produce sprout for five days. Total isoflavone (Total IF) varied greatly among differnt breeds of soybean in range of 99 - 649.9 microgram/g and 522.3 - 1,277.7 microgram/g respectively, domestic and foreign cultivars. There were greatly difference in total IF of various parts of the soybean sprouts. Sprout from the Myunjunamul-kong appeared to have 69% genistein and 22% genistin in head part, and 30% and 62% of daidzin and daidzein, respectively, in root. Meanwhile, the sprouts from Junjori contains most (84%) of daidzein in its root. Sprout from chinese black-soybean had the largest amount of genistein among the sprouts but, there were no differences in the average genistein content between three selected black and non-black soys. The glycosidic form of IF were dominant compared to aglycone forms both in soybean and sprouts by 24 times and 12 times, respectively, suggesting that during the sprouts cultivation glycosidic forms could change to aglycone forms. There are no difference in total content between genistein + genistin and daidzein + daidzin in soy and soy sprout. Therfore, considering the total IF contents, the intake of 1 soy sprout is similer to 1.5 times as soybean.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Genistein ; Head ; Humans ; Soybeans*

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Effect of an abdominal obesity management program on dietary intake, stress index, and waist to hip ratio in abdominally obese women: Focus on comparison of the WHR decrease and WHR increase groups.

Ji Won LEE ; Sook Young YOO ; So Young YANG ; Hyesook KIM ; Seong Kyung CHO

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):127-139. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.127

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an abdominal obesity management program on dietary intake, stress index, and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in abdominally obese women. The subjects were 195 adult abdominally obese women (WHR > or = 0.80) who had been participating in a nutrition education (total of nine times) and dietary habits and life style modification programs (total of six times) for 12 weeks. The abdominal obesity management program focused on the nutrition provided by breakfast, lunch, and dinner, proper dietary habits, and practices to improve life style. The subjects were divided into a WHR decrease group and a WHR increase group according to changes in the WHR. Daily nutrient intake was assessed with a 3-day food record, body measurements and blood vessel age, stress index, and a health index that were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. After the intervention, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in the WHR decrease group. Energy intake increased from 1486.2 kcal to 1541.4 kcal with a significant improvement in nutrient density for animal protein, total fat, animal fat, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, and saturated fatty acids in the WHR decrease group. Additionally, dietary diversity increased significantly in the WHR decrease group compared to that in the WHR increase group. The WHR decrease group showed a significant improvement in the stress and health indices. Changes in WHR were correlated with changes in nutrient intake (animal protein, total fat, animal fat, plant fat, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and folate) and medical index profiles (stress and indices) adjusted for age, birth status, baseline BMI, and baseline WHR. These results show that an abdominal obesity management program was effective not only for reducing the WHR but also to improve dietary intake and the stress index in abdominally obese women.
Adult ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Blood Vessels ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Calcium ; Energy Intake ; Fatty Acids ; Female ; Food Habits ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Hip ; Humans ; Iron ; Life Style ; Lunch ; Meals ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Parturition ; Phosphorus ; Plants ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; Zinc

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Beneficial effect of fish oil on bone mineral density and biomarkers of bone metabolism in rats.

Gun Ae YOON

The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012;45(2):121-126. doi:10.4163/kjn.2012.45.2.121

This study evaluated the effect of fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on bone characteristics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Weanling male rats were randomized to receive either a diet containing high fish oil (FO), fish oil blended with corn oil (FICO), or soy oil rich in n-6 fatty acids (SO) for 4 weeks. All diets provided 70 g/kg fat based on the AIN-93G diet. Growth and biomarkers of bone metabolism were analyzed, and femur bone characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After the dietary treatment, no significant differences among the diet groups were observed for serum concentrations of Ca, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or osteocalcin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater in FO-fed rats compared to that in the FICO and SO groups, whereas no difference in deoxypyridinoline values was observed, supporting the positive effect of a FO diet on bone formation. These results were accompanied by a significant increase in femur bone mineral density (BMD) in FO-fed rats. These findings suggest that providing fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids correlates with higher alkaline phosphatase activity and BMD values, favoring bone formation in growing rats.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Amino Acids ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; Bone Density ; Calcitonin ; Corn Oil ; Diet ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Femur ; Humans ; Male ; Osteocalcin ; Osteogenesis ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

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