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Corrigendum: Text Correction: Blood Sugar Control and Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet

Eun Hee KANG

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):62-62. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.62

This erratum is being published to correct the text error on page 241 of the article.

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An Unusual Case of Bilateral Peripheral Edema in a Male with Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cho Ok BAEK ; Ki Hoi KIM ; Sun Kyung SONG ; Ji Hye KIM

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):57-61. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.57

The present article demonstrates an unusual case of bilateral lower extremity edema caused by neurogenic areflexic bladder as the first physical symptom of diabetes. A 52-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of massive edema of his lower limbs. The edema had been present for 2 weeks, was symmetrical, and was progressively covering the lower limbs up to the inguinal area, scrotal bag, and penis and was accompanied by dysuria and an interrupted urine stream. Laboratory findings revealed a serum glucose level of 657 mg/dL and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 15.6%. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis revealed marked enlargement of the bladder with bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. In addition, CT demonstrated bilateral compression of the iliac veins caused by the enlarged bladder. This case highlights the importance of a broad differential diagnosis for patients with diabetes and extensive peripheral edema. Neurogenic bladder should be considered in the differential diagnosis, even in newly diagnosed diabetic patients.
Abdomen ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dysuria ; Edema ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Iliac Vein ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pelvis ; Penis ; Rivers ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic

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Characteristics of the Diabetic Life Cycle

Jun Young KIM

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):53-56. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.53

Diabetes educators need to understand and intervene in various patient situations to help provide education about effective blood glucose management. Diagnosis of diabetes can be traumatic and challenging. Therefore, diabetes educators should educate patients according to their life cycle characteristics.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages

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Beverage Consumption of Patients with Diabetes

Jee Seon SHIM

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):47-52. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.47

Beverage consumption is one of the most habitual dietary behaviors. Beverages such as coffee, tea, and juice are among the most widely and commonly consumed food. Recently, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been steadily increasing across the globe. Beverages, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages, are the primary source of added sugars and contribute to energy overconsumption. A number of studies have shown positive associations of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with weight gain, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. This review presents consumption of diabetic patients, impact of beverage consumption on metabolic and cardiovascular health, and much healthier beverage choices for diabetic patients.
Beverages ; Carbohydrates ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Coffee ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Obesity ; Tea ; Weight Gain

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Glucose Management Using Continuous Glucose Monitors

Yanggyo KANG

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):42-46. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.42

In the Diabetes Care Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association in 2015, the use of continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes who undergo multiple insulin therapy or insulin pump therapy is helpful in controlling blood sugar and monitoring blood glucose level when fluctuation is high or hypoglycemia is frequent. Recently, the American Diabetes Association published in the 2019 Standard of Care in Diabetes in the new diabetes technology part the criteria for use and methods of the continuous blood glucose meter. Continuous and real-time blood glucose meters emphasize the importance of education prior to use. In particular, the real-time blood glucose meter is a useful device for prevention of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes in children and adults. The purpose of this study is to summarize the contents of the continuous blood glucose measurement part of the 2019 Standard of Care in Diabetes.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Child ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; Standard of Care

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Interventional and Surgical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients

Sang Hoon KIM

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):33-41. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.33

After diagnosis of peripheral artery disease in diabetic patients, revascularization can be considered in those who are not improved after guideline-directed medical therapy. Recently, more aggressive approaches with interventional treatment have been recommended. Before revascularization therapy, it is important to differentiate patients with claudication or critical limb ischemia, and the final goal and treatment modality of interventional treatments should be based on clinical diagnosis. For patients with claudication, the goal of revascularization is improvement of functional capacity or quality of life; however, in more severe forms of critical limb ischemia, the purpose of revascularization is limb salvage and ultimately saving patient's life. With improvement of vascular interventions, interventional treatment for peripheral artery disease is preferred, although surgical treatment might show better results than intervention in some cases.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Extremities ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Limb Salvage ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Quality of Life

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Pharmacological Therapy of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiovascular Risk Factor Management

Suk CHON

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):24-32. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.24

Peripheral arterial disease is an arteriosclerotic disease that can affect the arteries of the whole body except the coronary arteries and the aorta. In general, disease of the descending aorta, iliac artery, and lower limb arteries below the renal artery is referred to as peripheral artery disease (PAD) or lower extremity artery disease. PAD is highly associated with ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and mortality. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, especially PAD. Recent studies have shown that PAD patients with DM have a significantly higher rate of major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and limb amputation compared with patients with PAD alone. To prevent and manage various complications of patients with DM, aggressive diagnosis and management and treatment of PAD play an important role in prevention of complications threatening quality of life such as cardiovascular disease and limb amputation.
Amputation ; Aorta ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Arteries ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Coronary Vessels ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Extremities ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Lower Extremity ; Mortality ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Quality of Life ; Renal Artery ; Risk Factors

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Diagnosis of Peripheral Artery Disease: Focus on the 2016 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and 2017 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines

Kyu Yeon HUR

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):17-23. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.17

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most frequent cause of reduced perfusion in peripheral arteries. Patients with PAD often have manifestations of atherosclerosis of the lower limb, although both symptomatic and asymptomatic disease is common. The clinical signs of PAD can differ in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients are at high risk for PAD characterized by symptoms of intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia. However, the majority of PAD patients are clinically asymptomatic. In addition to history taking, physical examinations including inspection of the skin, palpation of leg and foot pulses, and determination of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) are considered for diagnosis of PAD. The ABI measurement is the easiest and most common investigative technique for PAD. For hemodynamic assessment, additional diagnostic modalities could be considered.
Ankle Brachial Index ; Arteries ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; Atherosclerosis ; Cardiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Extremities ; Foot ; Heart ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intermittent Claudication ; Investigative Techniques ; Ischemia ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Palpation ; Perfusion ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Physical Examination ; Skin

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Epidemiology of Peripheral Arterial Diseases in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus

Bo Kyung KOO

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):10-16. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.10

Epidemiologic studies have revealed diabetes mellitus is an important determining factor not only for the presence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) but also for the severity of PAD. As PAD is closely related to mortality and morbidity in individuals with diabetes as well as the general population, the primary prevention for PAD is very important. Age, disease duration, the level of hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and smoking status are independent risk factors for development of PAD in diabetic patients, and management of those risk factors might be an effective tool for reducing PAD burden.
Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Mortality ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

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Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Summary of New Consensus Report from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes in 2018

Jeong Mi KIM ; Sang Soo KIM

Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019;20(1):6-9. doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.1.6

In 2018, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) published a consensus recommendation on management of hyperglycemia. This consensus report emphasized the need for patient-centered management considering multimorbidity and individual patient preferences and barriers. Patients with type 2 diabetes with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease who fail to control blood glucose with the initial glucose-lowering medication are recommended a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor or a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. For patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure, SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended. In patients who need an injectable medication, GLP-1 receptor agonists are the preferred choice over insulin. In this section, we summarize “Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).”
Atherosclerosis ; Blood Glucose ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Comorbidity ; Consensus ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Patient Preference ; Patient-Centered Care ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

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