OBJECTIVES: This grounded theory study was conceptualized primarily, to describe the processes Caviteña participants go through in order to arrive at a decision about how to optimize intimate relationships and ultimately, to generate a conceptual framework arising from the core concepts that evolved from the collected data.
METHODOLOGY: Using theoretical and purposive sampling, 11 Caviteña participants from District 1 & 7 were identified based on predetermined criteria. The experiences of these participants were gathered through informal/ unstructured interviews and observation of participants' nonverbal cues; and validated against field notations,viewpoints from experts and audit trail. The main interview question was stated as: What are the processes (cognitive, affective and behavioral) that you went through in deciding whether to maintain or terminate the abusive intimate relationship that you are engaged in?
RESULTS: From the vantage point of the participants, the dominant themes established in relation to intimate partner violence (IPV) revolved around: IPV, gender differences, processes, consequences and interventions. These themes offered several implications to the different helping professionals-psychologists, social workers, nurses in such a way that they are able to understand the dynamics of intimate partner violence as they partake in the prevention of this pervasive societal phenomenon.
CONCLUSION: Intimate Partner Violence is a by-product of the interaction of men's dominance (machismo) and the women's subservience (marianismo). It is prominently caused by infidelity of the husband and dependence of his biologic family, which cause significant marital conflicts. IPV is perpetuated by the society's indifference and the women's selfless regard for familial welfare. All these create extreme pain, penetrating all the way to the woman's emotional core. However, the woman is able to protect herself from such pain because of her spiritual submissiveness and emotional toughness in favor of her love for family.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Domestic Violence ; Behavior ; Men ; Women ; Emotions

Confidence Intervals ; Probability ; Population

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the rate of noncompliance and the reasons for noncompliance to outpatient appointment among child and adult patients who were initially seen as emergency psychiatric referrals from June 1 to August 31,2013 at the UP-Philippine General Hospital.
METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive study. Total enumerative sampling of all patients seen as emergency psychiatric referrals was done. Results included percentage of noncompliance to appointments and a comparison of the rates using z-test. Top reasons for noncompliance were identified based on frequency and percentage. Comparison of reasons between child and adult groups was done using Fisher's exact test.
RESULTS: Majority (71.3%) of patients who were seen as emergency referrals to the Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine during the study period was non-compliant with their outpatient follow-up appointments. There was no statistically significant difference between child and adult groups in terms of rate of compliance and reasons for non-compliance.
CONCLUSION: The most common reasons for non-compliance to outpatient charity appointments: were unclear instructions about follow-up date and procedure;conflict with work or school schedule; perceived recovery after initial consult; no available companion; and no budget for transportation.

Human ; Child ; Adult ; Patients ; Psychiatry

OBJECTIVES: This study compared demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with and without history of recurrent hospitalization to a psychiatry unit of a private general hospital, and further examined association between these characteristics and recurrent psychiatric hospitalization.
METHODOLOGY: A retrospective case-control study was conducted via review of medical records of 68 adult patients with history of recurrent hospitalization (two or more hospitalizations within a span of 18 months during the study period). The control group consisted of 68 randomly selected medical records of adult patients admitted within the study period but without such history. Descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate comparisons using chi-square analysis and independent samples two-tailed t-tests between patient characteristic of the two groups were done. Odds ratio between patient variables and recurrent psychiatric hospitalization were also computed.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patients with history of recurrent hospitalization were more likely to be divorced or separated (x2=4.847, df=134, p=0.028), had significantly greater number of hospitalizations (t=8.203,df=134,p=0.000), and were reported to have more psychotic symptoms (x2=4.423, df=1, p=0.035), comorbid general medical conditions (x2=36.100, df=1, p=0.000), and suicidal and/or homicidal ideations and/or behavior (x2=4.204, df=1, p=0.040), with lower Global Assessment of Functioning ratings (t=-2.148, df=134, p=0.034). Further statistical analysis revealed that the odds of recurrent hospitalization was 5.03 times higher for patients who were widowed, separated or divorced compared those who were not (CI=1.05 to 24.24).The odds of recurrent hospitalization for patients who were unemployed was 1.52 times higher (CI=0.77 to 2.98) compared to patients who were not.The odds of recurrent hospitalization was 2.11 times higher (CI=1.05 to 4.25) for patients reported to have psychotic symptoms, 9.81 times higher (CI=4.47 to 21.55) for patients reported to have comorbid general medical and/or surgical conditions, and 2.07 times higher (CI= 1.00 to 4.25) for patients reported to have suicidal and/or homicidal ideations and/or behavior, compared to patients who did not report any of these.
CONCLUSION: The only demographic variable that showed significant difference between case and control groups was civil status, with more patients in the case group who reported being widowed, separated, or divorced. This study showed significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the two groups i.e. those who had history of recurrent hospitalization had more psychotic symptoms, comorbid general medical or surgical conditions, suicidal and/or homicidal ideations and/or behavior, and lower GAF ratings.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Patients ; Psychiatry ; Hospitalization

Mental Health ; Philippines

Review ; Psychotherapy ; Brain

GENERAL OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers who delivered in a tertiary hospital in Dasmariñas, Cavite from April to May 2013. Specifically, it aims to determine the proportion of mothers experiencing postpartum depression on the basis of the following socio-demographic factors: age, marital status, employment status, manner of delivery, parity, age of gestation upon delivery, gender of the newborn and breastfeeding status.

METHODOLOGY: A total of 115 postpartum patients were included in this descriptive study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening postpartum women was used in this study. It was translated in Filipino language, back translated and validated prior to its use on the women. A score of at least 10 points indicates possible postpartum depression (PPD). A score of at least 1 point in question #10 indicates suicidal ideation.

RESULTS: Out of 115 patients, 89 had an EPDS score below 10 points corresponding to 77.39% of the total population studied, while 26 participants had a score of at least 10 points corresponding to 22.61%. There were 9 respondents who scored at least 1 point in ques­tion #10 pertaining to 7.83% of the population.

CONCLUSION: Postpartum depression is a universal dilemma. In this study, the prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers who delivered in a tertiary hospital in Dasmariñas, Cavite from April to May 2013 is 22.61%. Since postpartum depression is a common condition with serious consequences, screening must be done with a multidisciplinary approach from both the obstetricians and psychiatrists.

Human ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Depression ; Postpartum Period ; Depression, Postpartum ; Patients ; Women ; Mothers

Human ; Female ; Young Adult ; Bulimia Nervosa ; Depression ; Eating ; Euphoria

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and BDD among patients about to undergo cosmetic surgery in the Center for Wellness and Aesthetics from February to September 2011.
METHODOLOGY: This descriptive study included 50 patients who were scheduled to undergo cosmetic surgery in the Aesthetic and Wellness Center. Patients who consented to participate, complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) and Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ). Those who scored >8 for HADS-A and HADS-D and 3 and above for BIDQ had a follow up diagnostic clinical interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) for diagnosis.
RESULTS: Out of the 50% patients, 76% were female, majority were married (54%) and College graduate (68%). The most common surgical procedure is EVLT (Endovenous Laser Treatment), followed by rhinoplasty and blepharoplasty (16%). 18% of the patients had probable anxiety, 6% depression and 6% BDD. Upon further clinical interview, 2 (4%) were diagnosed with mild BDD, 2 (4%) had panic disorder without agoraphobia and 1 (2%) had generalized anxiety disorder. No patient was clinically depressed. The 3 patients who were positive in BIDQ were likewise positive in HADS-A.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anxiety was high (18%) in the subject population. However, BDD was lower (4%) than expected in the cosmetic surgery subjects. A high proportion of the participants had significant body image concerns.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Depression ; Anxiety ; Patients ; Rhytidoplasty ; Rhinoplasty

OBJECTIVES: This research aims to study the effect of omega-3 fatty acid as an adjunct to pharmacologic treatment for major depressive disorder occurring in-out patients aged 18-65 years old in a private tertiary hospital of Metro Manila who will receive pharmacologic maintenance antidepressant therapy. With the knowledge that this is a pilot study for Filipinos, the endpoint will be geared towards determining the feasibility of actually prescribing a dietary supplement in the form of omega-3 to further improve the depressive condition of our patients.
METHODOLOGY: Patients with a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder, based on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 14-18 or more, which is considered as moderate depression were observed for 4 weeks. The study design was a 4-week, double-blind addition of omega-3 or placebo to ongoing antidepressant therapy. Patients were required to continue their current antidepressant treatment at the same dose they were receiving when they entered the study. Patients were required to continue their current antidepressant treatment at the same dose they were receiving when they entered the study. Patients who were included in the study had been receiving their antidepressant medication for at least three weeks at the therapeutic dose.
RESULTS: Twenty-four patients participated. Eighteen were women, and six were men. Their mean age was 39.7 (range=18-63). The mean reduction of HAM-D scale score in patients taking omega-3 was 12.17 points, compared with 9.58 in patients receiving placebo.
CONCLUSION: This comparison in the reduction of scores was insignificant. There was no observable significant trends toward the superiority of omega-3 supplements over placebo in reducing depressive symptoms.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Fatty Acids ; Depressive Disorder ; Women ; Men ; Lipids