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Amisulpride and Haloperidol-Induced c-Fos Expression in the Rat Brain.

Chul Hyun PARK ; Guang Biao HUANG ; Tong ZHAO ; Young Chul CHUNG

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2011;22(2):105-112.

OBJECTIVE: Amisulpride, a D2/D3 dopamine receptor blocker, shows efficacy against both negative symptoms in a low dose range and positive symptoms in a high dose range. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of amisulpride and haloperidol on the c-Fos expression in rat brain. METHODS: Amisulpride (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg, ip) and haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, ip) were administered to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two hours after drugs or vehicle administration, rats were killed and their brains were perfused with fixative. The brains were cut at 40 microm on a freezing microtome. Brain regions of interest were medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens core and shell, hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus), central amygdala nucleus, basolateral amygdala nucleus and temporal cortex. To label cell bodies containing c-Fos, immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS: The administration of amisulpride in all doses (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) demonstrated greater c-Fos expressions in all of the investigated brain areas, compared to the vehicle. Interestingly, low doses (0.5 mg/kg) of amisulpride showed greater c-Fos expression in the mPFC than high dose of amisulpride (50 mg/kg). The administration of haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) also demonstrated greater c-Fos expressions in all of the investigated brain areas except mPFC, compared to the vehicle. CONCLUSION: Both amisulpride and haloperidol increased c-Fos expressions in limbic areas which are considered as the sites of antipsychotic effects. The findings that lower doses of amisulpride increased greater c-Fos expressions in the mPFC, may explain the beneficial effects of low dose of amisulpride on the negative or depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
Adult ; Amygdala ; Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Brain ; Depression ; Freezing ; Haloperidol ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Schizophrenia ; Sulpiride

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Role of Circadian Types and Depressive Mood on Sleep Quality of Shift Work Nurses.

Hyun Sook KIM ; Kyeong Sook CHOI ; Miran EOM ; Eun Jeong JOO

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2011;22(2):96-104.

OBJECTIVE: This study was done to explore the relationship between circadian types, depressive mood, and sleep quality and to identify the mediating effect of depression between circadian types and sleep quality in shift work nurses. METHODS: Participants were 510 females selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected from October to November 2008 using the Composite Scale for Morningness, Beck Depression Inventory, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-Korean. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, logistic regression and multiple regression. RESULTS: There were significant relationships between sleep quality and circadian types(r=-0.160, p<0.001), and depressive mood (r=0.438, p<0.001). In addition, the circadian types was significantly correlated with depressive mood (r=-0.236, p<0.001). Depressive mood showed mediating effect between circadian types and sleep quality (beta=0.424, p<0.001). Evening type subjects showed higher scores in depressive mood and sleep quality than morning type ones. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that depression and circadian rhythm management in nurses with evening type would contribute to the prevention of sleep disturbance.
Circadian Rhythm ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Negotiating

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Smoking Behavior and Loudness Dependence of the Auditory Evoked Potential among Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Eunkyoung YANG ; Jin Hwan KIM ; Seung Hwan LEE

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2011;22(2):89-95.

OBJECTIVE: The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been known as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission. Nicotine increases the release of serotonin levels. The current study investigated whether cigarette smoking would make difference in LDAEP among male patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS: Twenty-four non-smoking and 20 smoking male patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) were recruited. There was no significant difference in severity of MDD symptoms between the two groups. The age of participants ranged from 20 to 65 years old. Event-related potentials (ERP) N100 were measured on 5 different sounds (55, 65, 75, 85, 95 dB) and on 5 electrodes (Fz, Cz, Pz, C5, C6). The N1/P2 peak to peak amplitudes and amplitude slope according to 5 different sounds were calculated. RESULTS: LDAEP was significantly weaker in the smoking group in comparison to the non-smoking group (p<0.05). Among non-smoking group LDAEP was negatively correlated with a core depression subscale of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) (r=-0.41, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: LDAEP of the smoking patients with MDD group was weaker than the non-smoking patient with MDD group's. This result suggests that smoking may have increased the release of serotonergic neurotransmission in patients with MDD. Future studies need to examine LDAEP changes before and after tobacco use among smoking patients.
Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Electrodes ; Evoked Potentials ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Humans ; Male ; Nicotine ; Serotonin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Synaptic Transmission ; Tobacco

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Factors Influencing the Subjective Sexual Function in Patients with Schizophrenia Switched to Olanzapine.

Hyun Jeong LEE ; Hyeri YOON ; S H Samuel HWANG ; Se Hyun KIM ; Dong Chung JUNG ; Nam Young LEE ; Yong Sik KIM ; Yong Min AHN

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2011;22(2):80-88.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in both untreated and treated patients with schizophrenia. Sexual dysfunction is a major cause of poor quality of life, negative attitude to therapy and treatment non-compliance. We thereby conducted this study to better understand the predictors of subjective sexual dysfunction. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 83 patients (46 men; 37 women) who participated in an open label study on switching antipsychotics to olanzapine. All subjects met the Tenth Revision of International Classification of Diseases diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. To better understand the predictors of subjective sexual dysfunction, we used the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side-effect Rating scale (LUNSERS), a comprehensive self-rating instrument for assessing and quantifying the subjective adverse events during antipsychotic treatment. All patients were taking antipsychotics at the initiation of the study and were assessed using LUNSERS, the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating scale (BARS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). They were also checked for their serum prolactin levels and vital signs before and after a 6-week treatment with olanzapine. In order to identify the cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of LUNSERS hormonal side effect, we carried out multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Prolactin levels, LUNSERS hormonal side effect, CGI, PANSS, SAS, AIMS, and BARS decreased after a 6-week treatment with olanzapine. At initial evaluation, cross-sectional predictors of LUNSERS hormonal side effect were red herring and allergic reaction subscale, but after the 6-week treatment with olanzapine, none of the variables were found to significantly predict LUNSERS hormonal side effect. Longitudinal predictors of LUNSERS hormonal side effect were LUNSERS extrapyramidal system side effect and prolactin levels. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested relationships among prolactin, extrapyramidal symptom, motor function and sexual dysfunction. After switching to olanzapine, sexual function of the patients improved subjectively. More studies are warranted as these results have significant implications for quality of life and treatment adherence.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; Dyskinesias ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; International Classification of Diseases ; Phenothiazines ; Prolactin ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Quality of Life ; Schizophrenia ; Vital Signs

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The Safety and Efficacy of Ziprasidone: Post-Marketing Surveillance Study in Korea.

Sung Nyun KIM ; Euitae KIM ; Jae Yeon HWANG ; Jun Soo KWON

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2011;22(2):73-79.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe the safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in the usual care setting in patients with schizophrenia or acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. METHODS: A total of 3,391 patients who were treated with ziprasidone were enrolled from 108 centers in Korea. Differences in the clinical global impression of severity and clinical global impression of improvement (CGI-I) were measured after 8+/-1 weeks administration of ziprasidone. Adverse events were observed in all subjects who were administered ziprasidone at least once. In 330 patients, the change of weight was evaluated. RESULTS: Ziprasidone was effective for most of schizophrenia and acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder patients. CGI-I score was improved in 84.8% of PP subjects. Of the subjects who did not complete the study, sixty-four (1.9%) subjects discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The most common adverse events were akathisia, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms and insomnia. In total, 6 serious adverse events were reported in 2 subjects, including psychotic disorder and suicidal attempt. Mean 0.9 kg of weight loss was observed. CONCLUSION: Ziprasidone was effective, safe and generally well tolerated for schizophrenia or acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder patients in Korea.
Bipolar Disorder ; Humans ; Korea ; Piperazines ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Thiazoles ; Weight Loss

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Face and Emoticon: Behavioral Difference and Gender Effect.

Taemin KIM ; Bumseok JEONG ; Ji Woong KIM ; Jeewook CHOI

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2010;21(3):156-162.

OBJECTIVE: Emoticon as well as face is a tool for the communication of emotion. However, little is known about behavioral response to emoticon, unlike face. To explore the characteristics of behavioral response of emoticon and face, we measured both response time and accuracy in healthy young subjects. METHODS: The 29 subjects were asked to respond to emoticons or faces which contained one among happy, sad, angry/fearful or neutral emotion. Using univariate analysis of variance, behavioral responses were analyzed for three main effects of stimulation (face, emoticon), emotion (happy, sad, angry/fearful, neutral), gender (male, female) and also their interactions. RESULTS: The response to face was faster and more accurate than that to emoticon. Female's response to face, not to emoticon, was faster than male. A common finding of face and emoticon stimuli was that their responses were slower and less accurate in angry/fearful condition than in the rest emotional ones. There was not any interaction among three factors. The different finding was that neutral condition was less informative in only emoticon, not in face, condition. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated emoticon is different from face in terms of the characteristics in the transfer ability of emotion and in gender effect.
Humans ; Male ; Reaction Time ; Transfer (Psychology)

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Phenomenology of Delirium in Cancer Patients and Its Association with Sedative-Hypnotics.

Yong Hwan KIM ; Sung Wan KIM ; Ji Eun JANG ; Seon Young KIM ; Il Seon SHIN ; Jae Min KIM ; Jin Sang YOON

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2010;21(3):150-155.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the phenomenology of delirium in cancer patients, and evaluated the severity of delirium according to the cancer treatment method and the use of sedative-hypnotics, including zolpidem. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review study. Cancer patients with delirium, who were referred to the Department of Psychiatry at a National University hospital, were included in the analysis. In all subjects, the severity of delirium was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R-98). RESULTS: The analysis included 112 patients with delirium. Among the neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms, the most frequent ones were sleep-wake cycle disturbance (100.0%) and perceptual disturbances and hallucinations (95.5%). Among the cognitive symptoms, inattention (98.2%) was the most frequent. The older the patients were, the higher the DRS-R-98 total scores were. There was no significant difference in the DRS-R-98 scores among cancer treatment methods (operation, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy). However, the total DRS-R-98 scores in the zolpidem use group were higher than in control group, and the difference was significant after adjusting for age, sex, and type of cancer treatment. CONCLUSION: Sleep-wake cycle disturbance, inattention, and perceptual disturbances were the most common delirium symptoms in cancer patients. The severity of delirium in patients taking zolpidem was significantly greater.
Behavioral Symptoms ; Benzodiazepines ; Delirium ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Neurobehavioral Manifestations ; Pyridines ; Retrospective Studies

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Effect of Temperament and Character on Pharmacotherapy in Panic Disorder Patients.

Yoon Jae SONG ; Eun Ho KANG ; Bum Hee YU

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2010;21(3):144-149.

OBJECTIVE: Temperament and character that represent personality trait are supposed to relate to panic disorder (PD). There are several studies that report a significant relationship among temperament, character and treatment outcome in PD. In this study, we examined whether temperament and character affect the long term outcome of escitalopram treatment in patients with PD. METHODS: Ninety-two patients with PD were recruited at the psychiatric outpatient clinics of 6 university hospitals in South Korea. All patients were treated with escitalopram for 6 months. The Temperament-Character Inventory-Revised-Short (TCI-RS) was administered to all patients at baseline. They were also assessed with the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), and Clinical Global Impression on-Severity (CGI-S) at both baseline and after 6 months of pharmacotherapy. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between reward dependence (RD) and a remission rate in PD patients who were treated with escitalopram, and panic patients who had high RD showed a low remission rate after the treatment. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that high RD predicts a poor treatment response in patients with PD.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Anxiety ; Citalopram ; Depression ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Panic ; Panic Disorder ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Republic of Korea ; Reward ; Temperament ; Treatment Outcome

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One-Year Rehospitalization Rates of Inpatients with First-Episode Bipolar Mania Treated with Atypical Antipsychotics in Combination with Mood Stabilizers: A Preliminary Study.

Young Eun JUNG ; Hoo Rim SONG ; Hee Ryung WANG ; Tae Youn JUN ; Won Myong BAHK

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2010;21(3):137-143.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the one-year rehospitalization rates of first-episode bipolar manic patients who were discharged while being treated with atypical antipsychotics in combination with mood stabilizers. METHODS: We monitored the rehospitalization status of the first-episode bipolar manic patients who were discharged between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2008 while they were taking risperidone (n=34), olanzapine (n=26) or quetiapine (n=32) in combination with mood stabilizers. Rehospitalizations were tracked over a 1-year period using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model was used to analyze covariates thought to affect time to rehospitalization. RESULTS: The rehospitalization rates during the 1-year follow-up period for patients taking atypical antipsychotics plus mood stabilizers were 22.8% (n=21). There were no significant differences in rehospitalization estimated using the Kaplan-Meier formula among the patients treated with risperidone (29.4%), olanzapine (23.1%) or quetiapine (15.6%). The psychotic symptoms, previous depressive episodes, lower Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score at discharge and less length of first hospitalization contributed to the risk of rehospitalization. CONCLUSION: The 1-year rehospitalization rates of first-episode bipolar manic patients taking risperidone, olanzapine, or quetiapine do not differ and the psychotic symptoms and previous depressive episodes affect time to rehospitalization.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; Bipolar Disorder ; Dibenzothiazepines ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Risperidone ; Track and Field ; Quetiapine Fumarate

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Comparison of Atypical Antipsychotics Discontinuation Rate in Acute Phase Hospitalized Patients-Retrospective Chart Review Study.

Changtae HAHN ; Young Sup WOO ; Ji Hee YOU ; Ho Jun SEO ; Jeewook CHOI ; Hyo Jin KO

Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology.2010;21(3):130-136.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the discontinuation rate of widely prescribed atypical antipsychotics when administered to newly admitted, acutely ill patients with schizophrenia or bipolar mania. METHODS: Medical records of patients admitted to psychiatric ward of two university hospitals between January 2007 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were eligible for inclusion if they prescribed olanzapine, risperidone or aripiprazole for their psychotic or manic symptom control. Patient groups (olanzapine/risperidone/aripiprazole) were compared for rate of antipsychotics discontinuation and duration of treatment continuation. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of discontinuation during hospitalized period between olanzapine, risperidone and aripiprazole. Rates of discontinuation were 14.5% for olanzapine, 18.6% for aripiprazole and 24.0% for risperidone. Predictor of treatment discontinuation was short titration period and long illness duration. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole were comparable with no difference found on the discontinuation rate in treating acutely ill psychiatric patients. However, the small number of patients who participated in this study made it difficult to establish significance.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; Bipolar Disorder ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Piperazines ; Quinolones ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; Aripiprazole

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