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Histological Composition of the Extruded Intervertebral Disc in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation.

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2006;19(4):279-286. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2006.19.4.279

The aim of this study was to investigate histological composition (ratio of anulus fibrosus, cartilage endplate, and nucleus pulposus) of the herniated lumbar intervertebral disc fragments. The relative percentage of anulus fibrosus, cartilage endplate, and nucleus pulposus was examined in the herniated interverterbral disc fragments. The herniated intervertebral discs took out from the 31 patients were stained with H-E. The stained tissues were photographed, and the histological composition of the herniated intervertebral discs was analyzed after marking 3 components on the photograph with microscopic observation. The composition of the herniated lumbar intervertebral disc is 50.7% of nucleus pulposus, 41.3% of anulus fibrosus, and 8.0% of cartilage endplate. The proportion of the endplate in the herniated intervertebral disc in male was tend to be higher than that in female, and the proportion of the nucleus pulposus was tend to be decreased with aging, however, fail to reach statistical significance. This result may provide fundamental information for accessing clinical symptoms including pain in lumbar vertebral disc herniation.
Aging ; Cartilage ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Male

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Study on the Cerebral Laterality Pattern of Medical Students.

E Tay AHN ; Min Jung KIM ; Kyung Ho PARK ; Dae Kyoon PARK ; Jeong Sik KO

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2006;19(4):267-277. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2006.19.4.267

In this study, cerebral functional laterality patterns of medical students in the year 2005 were compared with those in the year 1995. Questionnaires on the behavior patterns were asked, and the laterality patterns were classified as right hemispheric (R)-balanced hemispheric (B)-left hemispheric (L). 385 students were studied (210 male and 175 female). Of the 3 categories, male students showed the patterns of R (42.8%), B (31.9%) and L (25.3%). Female students showed R (45.2%), B (30.9%) and L (23.9%). As the above result shows, laterality patterns of male and female were similar. The above data were compared with the another data in the article reported in 1995. Previous report showed that R (63.5%), B (24.9%) and L (11.6%) in the male students, and R (49.0%), B (22.4%) and L (28.6%) in female students, respectively. From the above results, It was suggested that cerebral laterality patterns of medical students in the year 2005 shifted toward left, but it still remained 42~45% in right hemispheric as contrast to 24~25% in left hemispheric. Hemispheric shift was interpreted as that, it may be the result of student's adaptative or competitive activities in the fast changing social environment.
Cerebrum ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Environment ; Students, Medical*

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Physical Anthropologic Characteristics of the Auricle through the Metric and Non-metric Analysis in Korean Young Adults.

Hyun Joo KANG ; Kyung Seok HU ; Wu Chul SONG ; Hyuk Jae KWON ; Dae Kyoon PARK ; Hyun Joon SOHN ; Ki Seok KOH ; Seung Ho HAN ; Doo Jin PAIK ; Rak Hee CHUNG ; Hee Jin KIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2006;19(4):255-265. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2006.19.4.255

The auricle, which has a subtle structure, is an element that conveys signs of age or sex and decides the facial characteristic. The anatomy of the auricle differs in each individual as well as in each race. Therefore, the anatomy of the auricle can be useful for physical anthropologist to classify the race of a person or for a forensic anthropologist to identify the body of dead person. Also, a standard measurement of a normal ear is required for plastic surgeons to reconstruct an ear or artists to express the ear. Studies on the auricle of Caucasians and Koreans have been reported. However, further study on the classification of the location and shape of the auricle is necessary. The authors investigated the metric and non-metric characteristics to obtain basic data that display physical anthropologic features. Seven hundreds and thirty three Koreans under 39 years old and over 18 years old were examined. Metric items investigated were the length of the auricle, width of the auricle, morphological width of the ear, physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth, morphologic ear breadth, length of the ear cartilage, length of the ear lobule, and the height of the tragus. Non-metric items investigated were the location of the ear, shape of the helix and antihelix, and the attaching shape of the lobule. According to the metric results, all measured values were significantly greater in males than females, and there was a sexual difference except the width of the auricle, length of the ear lobule, and the height of the tragus. In non-metric results of the auricle, cases where the superaurale was located at the upper area of the eyebrow line and cases where the superaurale was between the eyebrow line and the upper eyelid showed similar rates among males. However, in 87.5% of the female group, the superaurale was located between the eyebrow line and the upper eyelid. The major shape of the helix were oval type (32.6%) and quadrilateral type (30.5%) in males, but oval type (32.7%) and triangular type (33.0%) in females. We believe that the data obtained in this study have generated standard measurements for ear reconstruction and can be used as basic data that show physical anthropologic characteristics of the Korean auricle.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anthropology ; Classification ; Continental Population Groups ; Ear ; Ear Cartilage ; Eyebrows ; Eyelids ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult*

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Estimation Regression of Thigh Muscle Volume by Anthropometry.

Jae Koo LEE ; Young Kyu KIM ; Chang Soo KIM ; Wan Hee LEE ; Doo Jin PAIK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2006;19(4):245-253. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2006.19.4.245

The purpose in this study is to make a regression model for the prediction of skeletal muscle volume in thigh. For this purpose, men,14 and women,6 were included in this study. They were measured 22 independent variables by CT and anthropometry methods. CT Image analysis were performed with INFINITT, Rapidia 2.8, Korea. The results in this study are as following. There were not significant (P=.000) between CT-measured variables and predicted variables by anthropometry, excepting the difference (P=0.01) at thigh top muscle circumference. Therefore, many of variables could be applied with parameters for estimation equation by anthropometry. The estimation equation, obtained for thigh muscle volume using the predicted mid-thigh muscle circumference corrected by skinfold thickness and predicted total femur bone volume, was Y(Mtot)=127.4134x(X1)+18.7767x(X2)-5998.62. Where, X1 is predicted mid-thigh muscle circumference and X2 is predicted total femur bone volume. R2 in this model is .97, and SEE is 123 mL, CV 3.6%. In conclusion, the determination of skeletal muscle volume in thigh can be highly validated with estimaton model in this study. Therefore it also be apply to predicting thigh muscle volume in korean adults.
Adult ; Anthropometry* ; Femur ; Humans ; Korea ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Skinfold Thickness ; Thigh*

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No title available in English.

Hyung Woo PARK ; In Sok YEO ; Min Seok JEONG ; In Hyuk CHUNG

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1990;3(1):41-46. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1990.3.1.41

No abstract available.

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Left Coronary Artery in Korean.

Hyoung Woo PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1990;3(1):33-40. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1990.3.1.33

Patterns of branches and distributions of left coronary artery in Korean adult hearts were observed at the viewpoint of newly edited Nomina Anatomica, and the results were as follows. The left aortic sinus had only one orifice in all cases. The left coronary artery had mural coronray in 65% of cases. Type 3 of ramus interventricularis anteror was most frequent. Ramus coni arteriosi from the left coronary artery was more underdeveloped than that from right coronary artery. Right anterior ventricular branch was absent frequently, but when it was present it was composed of 1-2 small vessels. The left anterior ventricular branch was composed 2-5. It was difficult to define diagonal branch, and was present in 90% of cases. Type 3 of ramus circumflexus was most frequent. The ramus artrialis anastomoticus was present in 90% of cases. The rami atrialis could be divided into anterior and posterior group and incidence was only 47.5% and 30% respectively. The ramus marginalis sinister was present in 77.5% of cases. The anterior and posterior ventricular branch was composed of 1-3 and 1-4 respectively. The ramus posterior ventriculi sinistri was present in 82.5% of cases. Based on these results, the author depict typical arrangement of the left coronary artery in Korean.
Adult ; Coronary Vessels* ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Sinus of Valsalva

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Morphometric study on the trigeminal ganglion and the intracranial ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves in Korean adults.

In Hyuk CHUNG ; Hye Yeon LEE

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1990;3(1):23-31. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1990.3.1.23

A morphometric study on the trigeminal ganglion and the intracranial portion of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves was done in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The shape of the ganglion was classified into 7 types and semicircular shape was most common (54%). Mean width of the trigeminal root at porus trieminus was 6.08mm. The length of the trigemnal root from porus to the trigeminal ganglion was 8.28mm at ophthalmic portion, 10.16mm at maxillary portion, and 8.90mm at mendibular portion. Maximum width of the ganglion was 15.48mm and the breadth of the ophthalmic, and maxillary portion were 5.25mm and 5.26mm, respectively, and that of the mandibular portion (4.92mm) was narrow than the other portion. Intracranial ophthalmic nerve was 4.30mm of width and 17.89mm of length, and this nerve inclined average 39.7。 (range 14.56。) from sagital plane. It was observed infrequently that the cavernous sinus extended to the lateral border of the maxillary nervw and the emissary sinus ran under the mandibular nerve.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Cavernous Sinus ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Mandibular Nerve* ; Ophthalmic Nerve ; Trigeminal Ganglion*

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Anatomical Study of Musculus Pyramidalis in Korean Adults.

Ho Suck KANG ; Young Chul YANG ; Byung Pil CHO ; Jeong Sik KO

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1990;3(1):13-21. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1990.3.1.13

The report of the M. pyramidalis was studied in 51 cadavers of Korean adults (male 33, female 18). Origin, insertion and number of this muscle were observed, and the length and breadth were also measured. The results were as follows : 1. The right pyramidal muscle was absent in one male cadaver, and the left pyramidal muscle was absent in two male cadavers. 2. In one male cadaver, pyramidal muscles of both sides had bifurcated origin. 3. In Korean adults, the average length of this muscle was 6.72cm in right, 7.05cm in left, and the breadth was about 2.0cm in both sides. The morphological index was 31.10 in right, and 29.55 in left. 4. In Korean male, the average length of this muscle was 1.93cm in right, 7.42cm in left, and the breadth was 1.93cm in right and 1.92cm in left. The morphological index was 28.70 in right and 26.58 in left. 5. In Korean female, the average length was 6.26cm in right, 6.38cm in left. and the breadth was 2.13cm in right and 2.12cm in left. The morphological index was 35.57 in right and 34.63 in left. 6. Compared with other human races, the pyramidal muscle was less frequently wanting in Asians (3.9%), including the Korean adults, than wanting in European (19.9%), American Whites (20.4%) and Negroes (15.1%). 7. The morphological index of this muscle was little differences existing in male of the human races, but this index was higher in Korean female (35.0) than in Japanese female (24.4) and in American female Whites (25.8). The morphological index was 32.3 in American female Negroes.
Adult* ; African Continental Ancestry Group ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cadaver ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles

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Morphometric Study on the Development of the Human Fetal Heart after Mid-term.

Ho Dirk KIM ; Chul Woo KIM ; Bong Jin RAH ; Hae Sung LEE ; Tae Sub SHIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1990;3(1):1-12. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1990.3.1.1

A total of 23 human fetal hearts from 18 to 40 weeks of gestation were provided for histologic and morphometric studies. The fetuses were the products of spontaneous or artificial abortions and were found to have no congential anomalies or associated lesions at autopsy. Maxima thickness of the left anterior, left lateral, left posterior, right anterior, right lateral, right posterior ventricular wall, and of the interventricular septal wall were measured and the left / right wall thickness ratio was calculated. The cross-sectional area of each ventricle parallel to the base of the heart at about 3-5mm below from the origin of the aorta was measured under drawing attachment-equipped light microscope with the application of point counting or cut-and-weigh method. Data were analyzed by the Anderson-ell ABSTAT dBASE ll statistical package program. The ventricular wall consisted of endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. The myocardium showed epithelial character by stratification of barrel-shaped myocardial cells, but the epithelial character progressively changed to as in adult myocardial tissue from the myocardial area close to the epicardium with increasing fetal age. However, any significant histologic difference between the left and the right ventricular wall at the same fetal age was not found. The growth pattern of both ventricular wall, the interventricular septal wall, and of the cross sectional area were linear (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the wall thickness between the left and right ventricle at the same fetal age, and the left / right thickness ratio was nearly constant with increasing fetal age. The cross sectional area was greater in the right than in the left ventricle in the fetuses after 18 weeks of gestation (p<0.01), and there was no significant difference in the morphometric values between point counting and cut-and-weigh method (p>0.1).
Adult ; Aorta ; Autopsy ; Endocardium ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Heart ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans* ; Methods ; Myocardium ; Pericardium ; Pregnancy

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IL-12 p40-Expressing Immune Cells Revealed by Cytokine Reporter Mouse System.

Mia GI ; Jungeun KIM ; Wooseok IM ; Jeehee YOUN ; Seokmann HONG

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2009;22(1):95-105. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2009.22.1.95

Interleukin-12 (IL-12), consisting of p35 and p40, plays important roles in linking innate and adaptive immunity. While p35 is constitutively expressed, IL-12 p40 gene expression is induced upon activation by Toll-like receptor ligands. Recently, with gene targeting technology, the cytokine IL-12 p40 reporter mouse has been developed to express the p40 gene linked via a viral IRES element with yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) fluorescent reporter. We investigated whether this novel system would be useful to reveal IL-12 p40-producing immune cells. We first investigated whether macrophages and dendritic cells from these mice faithfully reported p40 induction. Next, we tested if microglial cells, macrophages in the brain, could induce IL-12 p40. Finally we tested whether B cells could produce IL-12 p40 because there were very few reports for IL-12 production by B cells. Our results confirmed that macrophages and dendritic cells are main producer of IL-12 p40. Then, we found that microglial cells could produce IL-12 p40 upon stimulation with various TLR ligands. Finally we found that a subset of B cells could produce IL-12 p40 in TLR9-dependent manner. Taken all together, our system will be a valuable tool to identify the type of immune cells that produce IL-12 p40.
Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Brain ; Corynebacterium ; Dendritic Cells ; Fluorescence ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Interleukin-12 ; Ligands ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Microglia ; Toll-Like Receptors

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