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Study on the Effect of Vitamin E Against Methylmercury-induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Spinal Motor Neurons .

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):109-116. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.109

In order to investigate the neurotoxic effect of methylmercury (MM) on cultured mouse spinal motoneuron cell line, NSC-19, neurotoxic effect of MM was evaluated by MTT assay after neurons were incubated with various concentrations of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) for 24 hours. In addition, neuroprotective effect of vitamin E against MMC-induced neurotoxicity was examined by MTT assay and neurofilament enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) in these cultures. The results were as follows : 1. MTT50 value was a concentration of 20µM methylmercuric chloride. 2. Methylmercuric chloride was toxic on cultured spinal motor neurons, NSC-19 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner by severe decrease of cell viability. 3. Methylmercuric chloride induced the decrease of cell number and the loss of neuritis on these cultures. 4. Vitamin E remarkably increased the viabilily of cultured neurons damaged by methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity at a concentration of 250µM vitamin E. From above the results, it is suggested that methylmercury induces severe toxic effect on cultured mouse spinal motor neurons, NSC-19 cells, and the selective antioxidants such as vitamin E are effective in the neurotoxicity induced by methylmercury in these cultures.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Cell Count ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Intermediate Filaments ; Mice ; Motor Neurons* ; Neuritis ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Vitamin E* ; Vitamins*

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Effect of Midkine (MK) on Cultured Spinal Motor Neurons Damaged by Oxidative Stress.

Seung Taeck PARK ; Yeun Tai CHUNG

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):101-107. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.101

To evaluate the effect of midkine (MK), neurotrophic factor on cultured mouse spinal motor neuron, NSC-19 which was inhibited by glucose oxidase (GO)-induced oxygen radicals, MTT assay and neurofilament enzymeimmunoassay were carried out after NSC-19 cells were preincubated with various concentrations of midkine for 2 hours prior to exposure of glucose oxidase. The results were as follows : 1. MK increased the rate of cell viability and neurofilamental development in a dose-dependent manner on motoneurons inhibited by glucose oxidase-induced oxygen radicals. 2. MTT50 value was 25 mU/ml GO. 3. GO-induced oxygen radicals were toxic on cultured motor neurons in a time and dose-dependent manner. 4. GO-induced oxygen radicals induced the decrease of cells in number and the loss of neurites in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons. From above the results, it is concluded that oxygen radicals are toxic in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons, and selective neurotrophic factors such as MK enhance the viability of motor neurons inhibited by oxygen radicals.
Animals ; Cell Survival ; Glucose ; Glucose Oxidase ; Intermediate Filaments ; Mice ; Motor Neurons* ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Neurites ; Oxidative Stress* ; Reactive Oxygen Species

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A Study on ttie Biomechanical Body Segment parameters of Korean Adults.

Soo Chan PARK ; Se Jin PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):91-99. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.91

This study is to determine the biomechanical characteristics of Korean adults. Male 32 and female 28 were participated for the measurement which was performed by immersion method and reaction board method. Body segments were head with neck, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot. Their volumes were measures by immersion method. Their weight were determined by using Dempster (1955), Drills and Contini (1969) density data. Each COM (center of mass) of body segment weight were determined by specific posture on the reaction board. The postures were asked to the subject total arm-lifted posture, forearm-lifted posture, total leg-lifted posture, leg-lifted posture. According to each posture, the COM of each segment were calculated. Also, center positions of mass according to posture change were estimated. The results were compared with cadaver data from Dempster (1955), Cluaser (1969), Matsui (1958) which are applied very often and also bio data from Lim (1994) and Jung (1993) on Korean adults.
Adult* ; Arm ; Cadaver ; Female ; Foot ; Forearm ; Hand ; Head ; Humans ; Immersion ; Leg ; Male ; Methods ; Neck ; Posture ; Thigh

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Observations on Diaphysial Nutrient Foramina in Human Metatarsals.

Jong Ik CHEON ; Choon Sang BAE

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):85-90. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.85

One hundred ninety seven metatarsals of Korean adults were studied macroscopically for the number, position and direction of the diaphysial nutrient foramen. Most metatarsals had on diaphysial nutrient foramen which was situated in the middle third of the shaft with average foraminal index ranging from 43 to 51, but 73% of first metatarsals had two or more foramina. No foramen was observed in 3% of total metatarsals studied. Nutrient foramen was present most frequently on the lateral surface in the first and second metatarsals and on the medial surface in the fifth, but it was present about the same the rate on both medial and lateral surfaces in the third and forth. The direction of the foramen was toward the head in the first metatarsals and toward the basis in the rest being always away from the growing end, thus favoring the growing end theory.
Adult ; Head ; Humans* ; Metatarsal Bones*

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Electron Microscopic Study on Differentiation of Tracheal Epithelium in Human Fetus.

Sang Yong LEE ; Kwang Il NAM ; Sung Sik PARK ; Sang Yong LEE ; Kwang Il NAM ; Sung Sik PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):69-83. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.69

The human trachea is normally lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium where ciliated, goblet, intermediate and basal cells are mainly represented. However the fetal tracheal epithelium was found to be composed of ciliated, non-ciliated and basal cells. The present study was designed to characterize the development of ciliated cells in the fetal trachea at mid (19 weeks) and last (32 weeks) trimester of gestation. At 19 weeks of gestation, the tracheal epithelium, 35 µm in height, was composed of surface, intermediate and basal layers. The surface cells were subdivided into ciliated, immature ciliated, non-ciliated, granule containing and goblet cells. The ciliated cells covered approximately half of the luminal surface area. The immature ciliated cells contained basal bodies, but the apical membrane was not invested with cilia. The granule containing cells contained numerous dense granules, 0.3-0.7 µm in diameter, in the apical cytoplasm. The goblet cells contained less electron dense granules, 1-2 µm in diameter, in the apical cytoplasm. The cells in intermediate layer were relatively undifferentiated and contained poorly developed organelles. Submucosal gland were well differentiated and were composed of the mucous and serous cells. At 32 weeks of gestation, the tracheal epithelium, 50µm in height, was also composed of surface, intermediate and basal layer. The surface cells were composed of ciliated, non-ciliated and goblet cells. The ciliated cells, dominant type of surface cells, were subdivided into mitochondria-rich cells (type I) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum-rich cells (type II). The non-ciliated cell were of three subtypes : mitochondria-rich cells (type A), glycogen and microfilament-containing cells (type B) and cells with bulging apical surface into the lumen (type C). Small granule containing cell appeared in the basal layer. These cells contained clear vesicles, 50 ㎚m in diameter, and dense granules, 100-300 ㎚m in diameter. Submucosal gland were well developed and consisting of mucous, serous and myoepithelial cells. These results indicate that the cell populations of the tracheal epithelium at late stage of pregnancy have essential features similar to those of adult. and show that the different steps of ciliogenesis could be identified.
Adult ; Basal Bodies ; Cilia ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelium* ; Fetus* ; Glycogen ; Goblet Cells ; Humans* ; Membranes ; Organelles ; Phenobarbital ; Pregnancy ; Trachea

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Immunohistochemical Study on Cytokeratin Expression in Tracheal Epithelium of Human Fetus.

Kwang Soo OH ; Kwang Il NAM ; Sung Sik PARK ; Sung Sik PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):55-67. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.55

Trachea is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium which usually expresses a complex mixture of stratified as well as simple epithelial-type cytokeratins. In the present work, the cytokeratin expressions was studied immunohistochemically in the tracheal epithelium and gland of human fetus at 14, 26 and 32 weeks of gestation. The primary antibodies used were CK7, 8, 10, 14, 18, AE8, 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3. In PAS-hematoxylin stain, the tracheal eithelium was composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar type and consisted of surface, intermediate and basal layers regardless of gestational ages. The PAS positive cells, however, were decreased in number in proportion to gestational ages. The tracheal gland was not fully differentiated at 14 weeks of gestation, and had well differentiated secretory portions consisting mucous and serous cells at 26 and 32 weeks of gestation. The mucous cells and luminal border of the duct were positive for PAS stain. The tracheal eithelium showed different immunoreactivity between cartilageous and membranous portions. In general, CK7 and 5D3 were expressed in surface cells, AE8 in intermediate cells, and MNFl16 and AE3 in the cells of all layers. At 14 weeks of gestation, the tracheal epithelium immunoreacted for CK7, AE8, 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3. The premordium of tracheal gland was positive for 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3. The tracheal epithelium at 26 and 32 weeks of gestation showed same staining properties to those at 14 weeks of gestation. The duct cells at 26 weeks of gestation were immunoreactive for CK7, 8, 14, 18, AE8, 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3, and those at 32 weeks of gestation were immunoreactive for CK7, 14, 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3. The acinar cells at 26 and 32 weeks of gestation were positively stained for CK7, 8, 18, 5D3, MNFl16 and AE3. These results suggest that CK7 and 5D3 may serve as useful markers for mature cilated cells, AE8 (CKl3) for immature ciliated cells, and CKl4 for duct cells in tracheal epithelium and gland.
Acinar Cells ; Antibodies ; Epithelium* ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins* ; Phenobarbital ; Pregnancy ; Trachea

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Dentofacial Changes in Class I Cases Treated With and Without Extraction.

Hong Kyu CHO ; Jong Chul KIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):45-54. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.45

In order to compare the changes of dentofacial skeleton, teeth and soft tissue profile in Class I malocclusion patients treated with and without extraction, cephalometric radiographs were taken in 22 female patients as extraction group and 23 female as nonextraction group who were treated in the Department of Orthodontics in Chonnam National University Hospital. The results were as follows. 1. At the beginning of treatment, average age was 19.0 years in extraction group and 15.9 years in nonextraction group. Duration of treatment was 2.8 years in extraction group and 1.7 years in nonextraction group. 2. Before treatment, there were significant difference between 2 groups in the amount of protrusion and proclination in upper and lower central incisor and lower lip protrusion. After treatment, these differences were decreased. 3. In comparison before and after treatment in extraction group, upper and lower central incisor protrusion and lower lip protrusion were significantly improved. In nonextraction group, retrusion and improvement of inclination of upper and lower central incisor were not found.
Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jeollanam-do ; Lip ; Malocclusion ; Orthodontics ; Overbite ; Skeleton ; Tooth

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Dental Anthropologic Study on the High School Students of Che-ju island.

Jong Chul KIM ; Hong Kyu CHO ; Suck Chul YOO

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):35-44. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.35

This dental anthropological study was performed to analyse male and female students of Che-ju high school students. Cephalometric X-rays and dental casts were obtained of 60 male and 60 female students and the Mean and Standard Deviation were obtained. There was no difference in craniofacial morphology between male and female students but the size of craniofacial skeleton of the male is bigger than that of the female. The distance from NB line to pogonion is longer in the male group, and it meant that mandibular symphysis of the male is well developed than the female. The size of teeth of the male is larger than that of the female and is significant in upper and lower canine and first molar. The size of upper arch width, intercanine width, basal arch width and lower basal arch width of the male is larger than that of the female, but arch length of the male and the female showed no significant difference.
Female ; Humans ; Jeju-do* ; Male ; Molar ; Skeleton ; Tooth

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The Morphometric Study on the Vermiform Appendix in Korean Adults.

Kyeong Han PARK ; Uhm Mee RYUNG ; Young Il HWANG ; Douk Ho HWANG ; Ka Young CHANG

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):27-34. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.27

The anatomical structure of vermiform appendix was studied for 124 Korean adult cadavers and the articles were reviewed with special reference to its position and length. The results are as follows ; 1. On the frequency of positional types based on Wakeley (1933), postileal type was recorded most frequently (37.7%) and retrocecal type was found in 19.7% of cases, showing the difference from other ethnic groups whose most frequent position was retrocecal or pelvic type. 2. In the direction of appendix in relation to the clock, the direction between 1 and 3 o'clock was most frequently found. 3. Appendix of fixed form was found in 22.1% of cases, that of free form 77.9%. In free form, postileal type was found most frequently, but retrocecal type was met most frequently in fixed form. 4. The length of appendix was 5.95±1.64 cm (male ; 6.14±1.67 cm ; female 5.59±1.51 cm). Neither significant difference between sex nor positional type was noted. 5. Positions of appendix are seemed to be set up during fetal stage. The Ethnic variation in the positions of appendix is thought to be determined by inherited physical anthropological factor, not by postnatal one.
Adult* ; Appendix* ; Cadaver ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Humans

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Case Report on Horseshoe Kidney.

Min Suk CHUNG ; Seung Seok KI ; Young Don LEE ; Seung Hwa PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.1996;9(1):17-26. doi:10.11637/kjpa.1996.9.1.17

The authors dissected and examined a horseshoe kidney from the cadaver of a 54-year-old Korean female. The results were as follows. Other congenital anomalies or complications were not found, and no renal stones showed on plain radiography of the horseshoe kidney. The horseshoe kidney was located in the area between the 12 th thoracic vertebra and the 4th lumbar vertebra, with the superior extremity of the left kidney 10mm more inferior than that of the right. The isthmus connecting the bilateral kidneys was located at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. The size of the kidney was 102mm × 52mm × 44mm (right) and 108mm × 62mm × 34mm (left), and the superoinferior and anteroposterior lengths of isthmus were 22mm and 10mm, respectively. The abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava passed posteriorly to the isthmus, with the inferior mesenteric artery and lumbar splanchnic nerve passing anteriorly. Some grooves were found on the anterior surface of the bilateral kidney. The hilum of the right kidney faced the anteromedial direction and that of the left kidney faced the anterolateral direction. At the hilar plane, the right renal arteries and veins passed anteriorly and posteriorly to the renal pelvis ; the left renal arteries passed posteriorly to the renal pelvis, with the left renal veins passing anteriorly and posteriorly. Three branches of the right renal arteries passed renal hilum, while two branches did not, and two branches of the left renal arteries passed renal hilum, while six branches did not. The two arteries arising from the aortic bifurcation were distributed to the isthmus. The number of renal veins passing the renal hilum were three in the right, and two in the left. The right and left ovarian veins drained to the renal veins. There were 12 minor calyces distributed normally in the right kidney, 13 minor calyces distributed radially in the left kidney, and 3 minor calyces in the isthmus, composed of parenchyme. The left portion of the horseshoe kidney was concluded to have developed poorly, on the basis of incomplete ascension and abnormal rotation during development, the imperfect configuration of the renal shape, and the abnormal distribution of the renal vessels and renal calyces.
Aorta, Abdominal ; Arteries ; Cadaver ; Extremities ; Female ; Fused Kidney* ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Pelvis ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Renal Artery ; Renal Veins ; Spine ; Splanchnic Nerves ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Inferior

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