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Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of the Voltage-gated Ion Channels in Gerbil Cerebellum.

Yoon Hee CHUNG ; Kyung Hwan KIM ; Sung Su KIM ; Kyung Yong KIM ; Won Bok LEE

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2005;18(4):323-334. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2005.18.4.323

There is growing evidence that alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis may play a role in processes of brain aging and neurodegeneration. However, few have focused on voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) subunits, much less on expression of other voltage-gated ion channels, i.e. voltage-gated K+ (Kv) and Na+ (Nav) channels. In the present study, we have investigated the spatial patterning of VGCCs, Kv1 and Nav channels by immunohistochemistry. This study have shown clearly that the VGCCs, Kv1 and Nav channels have differential distribution in the cerebellum of gerbil, which is used as an ischemia and epilepsy animal model. Immunoreactivities for Cav2.1, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 were observed in the cell bodies and dendritic branches of Purkinje cells. In particular, Cav1.3 immunoreactivity was most prominent in the cell bodies and dendritic arborizations. A distinct band of punctate immunoreactivity for the Cav2.1, Cav2.2, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 were observed in cerebellar nuclei. Strong immunoreactivities for Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5 and Kv1.6 were observed in the Purkinje cell bodies, whereas Kv1.2 immunoreactivity was found in the basket cell axon plexus and terminal regions around the Purkinje cells. In the cerebellar nuclei, Kv1.2, Kv1.4 and Kv1.6 proteins were clearly detected in the soma of cerebellar output neurons. The most intense staining for Nav1.1 was observed in the granular layer, whereas strong immunoreactivity for Nav1.2 were seen in the Purkinje cell bodies, and extended into their dendrites. The overall results have demonstrated the expression patterns of VGCCs, Kv1 and Nav channels in gerbil cerebellum. Further studies are needed to define changes in other Ca2+ channel types to determine whether any channel changes represent selective loss of specific receptors or of cell loss, and to determine whether changes in Kv and Nav channels are linked to Ca2+ channel changes.
Aging ; Axons ; Brain ; Carisoprodol ; Cerebellar Nuclei ; Cerebellum* ; Dendrites ; Epilepsy ; Gerbillinae* ; Homeostasis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ion Channels* ; Ischemia ; Models, Animal ; Neurons ; Purkinje Cells

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Dermatoglyphic Characteristics of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Sung Bae HWANG ; Min Suk CHUNG ; Jin Seo PARK ; Chang Hee SUH ; Yong Seok NAM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2005;18(4):313-321. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2005.18.4.313

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is frequently involved in the articulations of the hands and feet, is known to be related with inheritance. Dermatoglyphics, the patterns of ridges on the skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles, are mostly related with inheritance. The purpose of this study is to verify the possibility that dermatoglyphics are helpful for the diagnosis of RA. We attempted to compare the characteristics of the fingerprints, palmprints, and palm creases in 67 Korean RA patients (RA group) to those in 3, 216 normal Korean persons. In the RA group, the radial loop and whorl were more frequent whereas the arch and ulnar loop were less frequent. The total fingerprint ridges were more numerous and 11 palmprint D type was more frequent in the RA group. Also, the Simian and Sydney creases were more frequent and the total degree of palm crease transversality was lower in the RA group. In addition, a part of the dermatoglyphic characteristics of the Korean RA group were different from those of the Indian RA group. These results suggest that dermatoglyphics may be helpful in the diagnosis of Korean RA patients.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Dermatoglyphics* ; Diagnosis ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Skin ; Wills

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The Study of Cranial Shape Variation in a Population from Joseon Dynasty using Geometric Morphometrics.

Hyunwoo JUNG ; Eunjin WOO ; Sunyoung PAK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2015;28(1):27-35. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.27

Traditional morphometrics uses ratios between measured values such as the cranial index and the upper facial index. However, with these ratios alone, it is impossible to represent the shape of the entire cranium in a three-dimensional space because ratio does not express coordinate data. This methodological limitation of traditional morphometrics makes it difficult to evaluate relations between cranial parts. However, it is important to assess relations between cranial parts because cranial parts change their shapes in an integrated way. Therefore, this study adopted geometric morphometrics to overcome the limitations of traditional morphometrics and provide a more enhanced visual analysis of the cranial shape. Using geometric morphometrics, this study focused on variations of cranial shapes in a population from Joseon Dynasty to obtain their specific characteristics. This study investigated variations of cranial shapes in 57 individuals from Seoul Gyeonggi province who lived in the 15th to the early 20th centuries. The coordinates of the crania were collected by MicroScribe G2X (Immersion Corporation, USA) and statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. The results showed that the variations in cranial shapes of females were reflected mostly in width, length of cranium, position of bregma, shape of posterior part of cranium, and length of facial bone. The cranial shapes of the males varied mostly in length, width, height of cranium, size of mastoid process, and length of facial bones. The cranial length became shorter when the cranial width became broader in both sexes. However, cranial height and facial length showed different variations between the two sexes. In addition, the variation in females only showed evidence of static allometry. The results of this research provide basic information about cranial shapes in a population from Joseon Dynasty and will be useful in future studies such as analysis on between-group differences. By identifying within-group variations first, researchers focusing on between-group differences will likely avoid erroneous conclusions.
Facial Bones ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Male ; Mastoid ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seoul ; Skull

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The Angles of the Mandible in Korean - Three Dimensional Reconstruction Study.

Ju Young LEE ; Wu Chul SONG ; Kang Je SHIN ; Jeong Nam KIM ; Eun LEE ; Chuog SHIN ; Ki Seok KOH

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2015;28(1):19-25. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.19

The aim of this study was to analyze the difference of the measurements of mandible between young male and female using three dimensional reconstruction images derived from the facial bone CT images. Type classification of mandible was performed based on the angle of base of mandible and the angle of mandibular margin observed from the anterior view and the correlation among the measurement items was analyzed. One hundred-ninety five young adults facial CT were collected from the Konkuk University medical center (98 females, 97 males; mean age 25.9 years, range 18~38 years). Three dimensional images of the face were reconstructed using software from CT images of whole specimens. The angle of the base of the mandible, the angle of the mandibular margin, total length of mandibualr margin, and the height of mandibular symphysis were measured. All measurement items were larger and longer in male than female (P<0.05). Three types were classified according to the mandibular angle. In female, the subjects were evenly distributed among groups, but group I which had large mandibular angle was most common in male. The smaller the height of mandibular symphysis, the larger the angle of base of mandible or the angle of mandibular margin (P<0.05).
Academic Medical Centers ; Classification ; Facial Bones ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible* ; Young Adult

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The Size of the Rotator Cuff and the Positional Relationship of Bony Landmarks: An Anatomical Study.

Gyeong Jin KIM ; Ho Jung CHO ; Yong Seok NAM ; Seung Ho HAN ; In Beom KIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2015;28(1):11-17. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.11

For treatment of the rotator cuff, locating the structure and position of the rotator cuff is crucial. The aim of this study is to identify the size of each rotator cuff and the locational relationship with bony landmarks, and to provide superficial landmarks for locating the tendon from the surface. Fifty-two shoulders from 26 cadavers were dissected and measured in a supine position. The central point was set as the most protrusive point on the greater tubercle of the humerus. The measurement of angles was described ventral as positive (+) and dorsal as negative (-) placing the long axis of the humeral shaft at 0degrees. The range of the angle which each rotator cuff tendon is attached to the humerus head was: 53.8~103.3 degrees for the subscapularis, -17.1~25.7 degrees for the supraspinatus, -68.4~-1.9 degrees for the infraspinatus, and -117.1~-75.7 degrees for the teres minor. The vertical inferior point drawn from the anterior edge of the acromion to the humerus was 7.5+/-11.7 degrees from the central point. The average position of the point was the midpoint of insertion of the supraspinatus tendon. The lateral horizontal point drawn from the acromial angle to the humerus was -49.4+/-14.3 degrees away and located at an average of 30% inferior to the infraspinatus tendon. Also the lateral horizontal point drawn from the most protrusive point of the coracoid process to the humerus was 63.1+/-14.7 degrees away and located at an average of 20% superior to the subscapularis tendon. Lastly, the most protrusive point of the lesser tubercle of the humerus was located at a range of 80.8+/-11.1 degrees and an average of 60% superior to the insertion of the subscapularis tendon. For the measurements of the size of the rotator cuff, there was no statistical difference between the left and right. However, the four measurements - the proximal width of the teres minor tendon, the proximal and distal width, and the length of the subscapularis tendon - showed statistically significant difference between the sexes (P<0.05). Therefore, to identify the location of the tendon structures by palpation for shoulder treatment, using the lesser tubercle for the subscapularis, the anterior edge of the acromion for the supraspinatus, and the acromial angle for the infraspinatus as landmarks is regarded to be effective.
Acromion ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cadaver ; Head ; Humerus ; Palpation ; Rotator Cuff* ; Shoulder ; Supine Position ; Tendons

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Human Skeletal Remains from Ancient Burial Sites in India: With Special Reference to Harappan Civilization.

Astha DIBYOPAMA ; Yong Jun KIM ; Chang Seok OH ; Dong Hoon SHIN ; Vasant SHINDE

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2015;28(1):1-9. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.1

Harappan Civilization is well known for highly sophisticated urban society, having been flourished in extensive regions of northwestern part of Pakistan and northeastern part of Afghanistan as its heyday around 4500 years ago. Most archaeologists agree on the periodization of this civilization as three different phases (Early, Mature and Late), which represent its cultural process of origin, development and decline. From the Harappan sites, one can note that there were about more than fifty burial sites discovered so far related with the civilization. In this article, we are trying to introduce the brief picture of the Harappan burials from the archaeological as well as anthropological perspectives.
Afghanistan ; Anthropology ; Archaeology ; Burial* ; Civilization* ; Humans ; India* ; Pakistan

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Morphometric Analysis of the Skull by Moire Contourography.

Duk Soo KIM ; Jeong Sik KO ; Kyung Ho PARK ; Dae Kyoon PARK

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2014;27(3):165-171. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2014.27.3.165

The non-metric analysis of the skulls is very useful for estimating sex and determination of ancestry, the accuracy tends to depend on the amount of experiences of the observers, and so inter-observer errors might be happened. Many researchers are trying to find out more objective methods for determination of ancestry. The purpose of this presentation is to show the usefulness of moire contourography for analyzing the skull. The master screen that is similar to the gratings was made by steel rods, which were arranged as equally spaced parallel lines. Halogen light source was illuminated by lantern slide projector. The skeletal materials were documented crania, composed of 87 male and 47 female, from William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection housed at the Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee. The skulls were placed just behind the master screen as anatomical position using cubic craniophore. The angle between the light source and camera was 65degrees, the distance between camera and the master screen was 1.2 m. Frontal view, left lateral and right lateral view were taken. From the frontal view, fringe patterns were analyzed for first five contour lines which were mainly located around the Glabella. The results were as followed; Type I for male was 53% and female was 4%; Type II for male was 29% and female was 2%; Type III for male was 2% and female was 15%; Type IV for male was 6% and female was 55%. From the lateral view, fringe patterns were analyzed for first four contour lines. However, first and second contour lines were critical to determine the shape and the results were as followed; Type I for male was 52% and female was 22%; Type II for male was 38% and female was 26%; Type III for male was 8% and female was 17%; Type IV for male was 2% and female was 35%. According to this study, different fringe patterns might be dependent on the degree of development of bone marker such as Glabella, Supercillary arch, Euryon and Mastoid process. For example, Supercillary arches were very well developed and slope of forehead above the Glabella was declined, fringe pattern showed reverse triangle shape. If Supercillary arches were poorly developed and slope of forehead above the Glabella was flat, fringe pattern showed home plate shape. The present research shows that moire contourography might be used as more objective methods for estimating sex. And it would be helpful to determine the ancestry when the lateral aspects were analyzed. In the future, continuing study need to be performed with same master screen for different ancestry.
Anthropology ; Bass ; Female ; Forehead ; Humans ; Male ; Mastoid ; Skull* ; Steel ; Tennessee

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Variations in the Cusps of Mandibular Molars in Koreans.

Hong Il YOO ; Ji Hye KIM ; Sun Hun KIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2014;27(3):155-163. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2014.27.3.155

This study aimed to investigate the cusp size and morphological characteristics of permanent mandibular molars in Koreans with reference to the hypoconulid, and to analyze the differences and correlations between both sexes as well as between first and second mandibular molars. We obtained data from dental casts of 110 adults (78 males and 32 females). Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of first and second mandibular molars, the area of five cusps (protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, and hypoconulid), as well as the total cusp area and occlusal table area were measured. Paired t-test was performed to analyze the morphological differences between first and second mandibular molars and the sex differences between both sexes using SPSS program. Crown diameters and cusp areas of mandibular first molars were larger than those of mandibular second molars in both sexes. The hypoconulid was the most variable in size and morphological pattern among the five cusps, and the first molars showed a higher incidence of hypoconulid than the second molars. Except for the entoconid area of the first molar (p=0.06) and the hypoconulid area of the second molar (p=0.24), all other mean values were larger in males than in females, demonstrating a significant sexual dimorphism. These data suggest that the teeth which develop late in ontogeny tend to be smaller in size and more variable in morphological characteristics.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Crowns ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Molar* ; Sex Characteristics ; Tooth

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The Effect of Education Program of Cadaver Dissection for the Paramedical Students.

Hyo Hyun YOO ; Chang Ho SONG ; Eui Hyeog HAN ; Hyoung Tae KIM

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2014;27(3):145-154. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2014.27.3.145

A purpose of the study is to provide basic information in order to find better ways for more effective cadaver dissection education by analyzing education effect on paramedical students after cadaver dissection. By using questionnaires composed of 12 questions, we have surveyed 1,041 paramedical students who participate in cadaver dissection in 2013 and analysed the results. The paramedical students are the department of nursing science, operation treatment, physical therapy, alternative medicine, clinical pathology, emergency rescue and dental hygienics. As a result, we have found that cadaver dissection makes students have more respect for human life and dignity, helps students learn anatomy and major. Furthermore, the degrees of satisfaction, interest, intention of afterward participation in cadaver dissection afterward are high. However, the degrees of intention of cadaver donations are low. We need to develop cadaver dissection programme customized for each majors in order to helps students have more respect for human life and dignity, more professionalism, more effective cadaver dissection education.
Cadaver* ; Clinical Medicine ; Complementary Therapies ; Education* ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Intention ; Nursing ; Pathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

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Difference Analysis of Study Achievement in Course Related to Anatomy by Personality Type.

Hyo Hyun YOO

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology.2014;27(3):137-144. doi:10.11637/kjpa.2014.27.3.137

The purpose of the study is to analyse difference of study achievement in course related to anatomy by personality type and to suggest application plan for anatomy education. We conducted a survey of 344 of the junior class in 2009, 2010, 2011 to get the results of MBTI personality type test and of courses related to anatomy And then, we analysed those results. As a result, personality type was similar to the distribution of the korean university students and the general public. But there was no difference in study achievements by personality type. We concluded that we should not predict study achievement by using personality type. And we should recognize personality types only as personality traits to utilize for student guidance, study guidance, effective teaching-learning method etc.
Education ; Humans

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