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The Effects of Exercise- and Food Intake Restriction-induced Weight Loss on the Expression of Ghrelin in Plasma and Stomach of Obese Rats

Wenqian LIU ; Jiangang ZHANG ; Lan XIE ; Hua AI

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2010;(2):184-187,216.

Objective To clarify the effects of exercise- and food intake restriction-induced weight reduction on expression of ghrelin in plasma and stomach of obese rats,and to explore the role of ghrelin during weight loss. Methods 100 weaned Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into control group(fed with standard chow,n= 20) and model group (two-bottle-feeding method,fed with standard chow and high-fat diet simultaneously, n=80). After 20 weeks feeding, Lee' s index of control was used as the reference of diet-induced obesity identification, and then diet-induced obese rats were randomly divided into four groups:obese control group,swimming group,food intake restriction group and swimming+food intake restriction group, eight rats in each group. Rats in swimming group underwent long-term(40 min,6 days/week for 5 weeks)swimming exercise. Calorie in food intake restriction group was restricted 1/3 of normal kcal for 3 weeks,and subsequently restricted 1/3 for 2 weeks. Swimming+food restriction group had the same intervention as swimming and food restriction group. 8 normal diet rats were also chosen as controls. After five weeks of treatments,peripheral fat mass of testis and kidney,ghrelin proteins in plasma and stomach,and ghrelin mRNA in stomach were measured. Results Gastric ghrelin protein and mRNA were significantly lower in obese control group than those in normal control group (P<0.05). However, plasma ghrelin did not decrease markedly in obese control rats(P>0.05). Compared with obese control group,weight and fat mass in all weight loss groups declined notablely(P<0.05);in swimming and swimming+food restriction groups,the expression of ghrelin protein or mRNA in plasma or stomach increased remarkably( P<0.05); in food restriction group, the level of ghrelin mRNA raised significantly (P<0.05), while ghrelin protein in plasma and stomach had not change. Conclusion The level of ghrelin increased in exercise induced weight loss,while showed no significant change in food intake restriction group, suggested that ghrelin might be involved in the process of weight loss induced by exercise.

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Effect of Endurance Training on JAKs and SOCSs Expression of Left Ventricle Muscle in Rats

Yunhong WANG ; Minghua ZHAO ; Lei LIANG ; Liqin ZHANG ; Lili XI ; Xiuting CUI ; Chaoshu TANG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2010;(2):181-183,191.

Objective To evaluate Janus kinase (JAKs) and Suppressors of cytokine signaling(SOCSs) expression in myocardium after endurance training. Methods 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats undertook 10 weeks grade treadmill training program and were sacrificed at 0 and 24 h respectively after the last exercise. JAK1,JAK2,JAK3 and SOCS1 ,SOCS2,SOCS6 expression in the myocardium were determined by im munohistochemistry method. Results The percentage of JAK1 positive cell significantly increased immediately after last running and recovered to the sedentary level 24 hrs after exercise;The percentage of JAK2 positive cell significantly increased immediately after last running and continuously at a higher level 24 hrs after exercise (P<0.01;P<0.05); JAK.3 showed no significant change either immediately or 24 hrs after exercise (P>0.05). The percentage of SOCS1 and SOCS2 positive cell also significantly increased both immediately and 24 hrs after exercise (P<0.01 ;P<0.05). However, the percentage of SOCS6 positive cell showed no significant change either immediately or 24 hrs after exercise(P>0.05). Conclusion Endurance training could induce different responses of JAK1,JAK2 and JAK3. The increased expressions of JAK1 and JAK2 might indicate the changes of JAK/STAT signal pathway in regulating myocardial function. The increased expressions of SOCS1 and SOCS2 after endurance training might indicate the increased exertion in regulating JAK/STAT signal pathway in cardiac muscle.

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The Effects of Aerobic Exercises on the Pulmonary Ventilation Function and Electrocardiac Activity of Simple Obesity Primary School Students

Guoxiang WANG ; Dianyu LIU ; Wenjun WANG ; Chunlin YUE

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2010;(2):170-172,169.

Objective To investigate the effects of aerobic exercises on the pulmonary ventilation function and electrocardiac activity of simple obesity primary school students. Methods 30 simple obesity boy students were recruited for this study. All the subjects participated in a 12-week aerobic training program (40 min/day,4 days/week). Body composition,pulmonary function and electrocardiogram were tested at the beginning and the end of the training program. Results Decreases of fat mass and body fat ratios were found in response to the exercise stimulus (P<0.05). Free-fat mass(FFM) significantly increased. No statistically significant differences of waist hip ratio (WHR) were found. Among the pulmonary ventilation function indexes,MVV、FEV_1、V_(50)/Ht and PEFR increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01). Among the EEG indexes,QTd value and QTcd value decreased significantly (P<0.05,P<0.01). Conclusion Aerobic exercises could improve the pulmonary ventilation function of simple obesity primary school students,and had favorable regulations on electrocardiac activity.

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LUMBAR SPONDYLOLYSIS:A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY

Liyang DAI

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1982;0(02):-.

A mechanical model was constructed with three-dimensional finite element method to analyse the statusof stress distribution in the isthmus of the neural arch. It was found that the stress concentrate significantlyin the isthmus with spine upright. flexed and extended, and most obviously in extension position. The auth-ors conclude that spondylolysis is mainly the fatigue fracture due to locally increased stress and is contribut-ing most by backward extension of lumbar spine.

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EFFECT ON ALTRASTRUCTURE OF CHONDROCYTE IN THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE AFTER CHRONIC COLLISION INJURY

Tiebin YAN ; Binquan XU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1983;0(04):-.

Five young rabbits were divided into 5 groups (2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 week), one rabbit in each group.A special collision unit was used in the experiment by which the distal ends of the right fore legs of rabbits were struck repeatedly. Altrastructure changes of chondrocyte at the epiphyseal plate in the distal endof radius were observed in H-500 electron microscope. In two and four week groups, organaelles swelling was found such as rough endoplasmic reticulum andmitochondria, especially mitochondria swelling which showed different shapes like sausagge and racket.Space around nucleus increased, nucleus shape changed, myeline structure in the mitochondria and chroma- tin margination in the nucleus were found in the six and eight week groups. Altrastructure changes weremore serious in the eight and twelve week groups than other groups. Necrosis of chondrocyte was appearedsuch as part organaelles dissolved or disappeared, nucleus brokeu aud nucleus memberane disappeared. The results showed in altrastructure pathology that chronic collision injury can cause not only degeneration of chondrocyte in the pressure epiphyseal plate but necrosis of chondrocyte as well. It concluses that chondrocyte necrosis is related to local ischemia resulted from chronic collision injury.

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THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD AND MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE OF CHINESE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

Dongxu LU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1983;0(03):-.

The anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO_(2max)) are both important physiological foundation of the aerobic capacity for athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cross-country skiers' aerobic capacity comprehensively and to provide useful information for selecting and training skiers by using the AT and VO_(2max). The results showed that there were significant differences between men's VO_(2max) (4.4L/min, 69.09 ml/kg. min and VO_(2AT) (2.89 L/min) and women's (3.071/min, 55.33 ml/min for VO_(2max) and 2.03 L/min for VO_(2AT), respectively) (p

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EARLY MUSCLE SORENESS AND STIFFNESS OF ATHLTES AFTER TRAINING

Qingfang GUO ; Xiangui YU ; Peiqing LIU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1982;0(01):-.

The muscle tonus of 7 (43 trials) swimmers were measured by the side of theswimming pool before and after training when they felt muscle stiffness and sore-ness. The muscle tonus and EMG of 10 (20 trails) swimmers and 5 (10 trails) runnrswere also measured and taken in the laboratory when they had a pain in the muscleafter training. The results showed that after training the muscle tonus was significantly higherthan before and the athletes had muscle stiffness and soreness. After stretching,not only the muscle tonus decreased, the athletes also felt better. The amplitude of the EMG appeared higher in the first stretching. then it be-came lower and lower with the stretching even showed electric silence. At the sametime, the muscle tonus decreased and the soreness was relieved. This study suggested that the early muscle soreness and stiffness are not cau-sed by local tissue edema, which is thought to be due to biochemical end-productsof metabolism, especially lactic acid. If muscle soreness and stiffness after vigo-rous exercises are the result of tissue edema, they can not be readily relieved byway of stretching technique since the water causing tissue edema cannot be remo-ved from the muscle tissue to the circulation in only about 30 seconds. Therefore, in our opinion, the early muscle soreness and stiffness are not cau-sed by biochemical but by physiological reasons, i. e. the physiological reflex spasmrelated with the functional state of the muscle spindle sensing system. Of course.this still needs to be confirmed by more extensive study in the future.

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A STUDY ON EXERCISE THERAPY AFTER TRANSPLANTATION OF KIDNEY

Meiguang HUONG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1982;0(01):-.

So far in the literature we hate not come across reports concerning the method and effect of therapeuticexercise aftet transplantation of kidney. In an attempt to make investigations in this direction, exercise the-rapy was adopted in 12 patients after renal transplantation and the tesults were evaluated. Exercise therapy was started in the second or third week after operation and was carried out in 2 stages:in bed and ambulatory. During the stage in bed, mainly the limbs were exercised, associated with properamount of exercises of respiration and abdominal muscles. In the ambulatory stage, the exercise was enduringwalking and slow runnipg. During each stage, the exercise was always restricted to small amount and graduallyincteased to medium amount. The following therapeutic effects were observed: (1) The patients became bettergenerally, their mental status improved, appetite became better, and they could sleep soundly. (2)Theircapacityof adaptation to pbysical activity was markedly improyed and their cardiac renal function also impr oved. (3)The cerebral reaction was quicker and the grasping power was stronger. (4) Patients' immuuogenic functionwas improved. In short, therapeutic exercise accelerated convalescence. Finally, indications for and mechanism of the effect of therapeutic exercise in patients with history oftransplantation of the kidney were discussed. It is beleived that therapeutic exercise is beneficial for thesepatients and further clinical trial is warranted.

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THE MET-ENKEPHALIN CHANGES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS AFTER EXHAUSTIVE RUNNING IN RATS

Xinming TAO ; Gongliang YUAN ; Yuliu CHENG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1982;0(01):-.

The purpose of this study is to observe the changes of the values of Met-enkephalin in variolus brain areas of rats, after exhaustive running on the treadmill by means of Radioimmunoussy (RIA). The resultsdemonstrated tbat the values of Met-enkephalin in the artas of cerebral cortex, caudatum. cerebellum andhypothalamus increased, significantly, while there was no significant change in those in areas of thalamus,brain stem and hippocampus. The following. conclusion has been drawn by the authors. The muscular activity is a type of stressorwhich can not only cause the changes of the values of ?-endorphin in plasma, but also cause the increase ofMet-enkephalin released from its neuron. Further investigations are needed on the problem whether the inc-rease in Met-enkephalin may have Dositive or negative physiological effects on the muscular activity of livingbody.

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AN INVESTIGATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SHAPE OF THE LOWER LIMBS AND SPORT INJURY

Wushao WANG ; Youzheng XIONG ; Lijun HUANG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.1982;0(01):-.

The subjects examined were 398athletes. The method used included both questions and clinical examination. The differences of the data obtained all underwent Chi Square (X~2) test. Result of the investigation showed: the site of the highest incidence of injury was the ankle, 38.4%; the nextwas the knee, 26. 1%; the foot, 15. 3%; low back, 10. 3%; the thigh, 6. 8%; Tendo Achilles, 6. 5%; tibia, 4. 5%and fibula, 2. 3%. The incidence was relatively higher wbenever the injury had any relation with the shape ofthe knee (genu valgum, genu recurvatum), hallux Yalgus, c avus and callus and tarsal navicular. The differencesamong incidences of injury related with the shape of the lower limbs are of important statistical significance.As for the incidence of abnormal shape of limbs, genu valgum and recurvatum are outstanding in female wbilegenu varum occurs much more in male. This article is emphasized on the analysis of the mechanism of the influence of limb shape on injury;and it is thought that it is mainly due to changes in the line of force. In the authors' opinion, in the choiceof high level athletes, those who have such abnormal anatomy of their limbs should not be selected.

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