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Selective Enhancement of Open-skill Exercise on Attention Network of College Students

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):712-717. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.009

Objectives To investigate the relationship between different exercise types and the attention network.Methods A total of 75 university students were enrolled and randomly divided into an open-skill exercise group,a closed-skill exercise group and an irregular exercise control group,each of 25.They underwent the exercise as their group names implied.Then the attention network test was performed to evaluate their functions of the alerting network,orienting network and executive control network.Results Significant differences were found in the function of the executive control network among the 3 groups,while no significant difference was found among the 3 groups in the functions of the alerting network and orienting network.Conclusions Both open-and closed-skill exercise are associated with better function of executive control network.Furthermore,open-skill exercise showes more benefits than closed-skill exercise in promoting the function of the executive control network.Neither opennor closed-skill exercise bring benefits to the function of the alerting or orienting network.

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The Short-term and Long-term Effect of Motor Imagery Training of Athletes on Their Visual Imagery and Kinesthetic Imagery

Hua LIU ; Yang LI ; Xiulan GUO ; Yufeng GUO ; Yanyan DU ; Yuqi CHENG ; Xiangjiang RONG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):706-711. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.008

Objective To investigate the short-term and long-term effect of motor imagery training on visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery of athletes.Methods Twenty athletes majoring in the sports training of Capital University of Physical Education were selected into the experimental group,while 20 counterparts majoring in the human kinetic science were selected into the control group.All subjects received motor imagery training,and were assessed their visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery at three before the training,as well as ten minutes and 48 hours after the training.Results The repetitive measurement and analysis of variance showed that the visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery scores had the main effect of time factor [FvI (2,37)=7.57,P＜0.01;FK1 (2,37)=ll.75,P＜0.01)],as the scores were the highest at ten minutes after training,the second highest at 48 hours after training and the lowest before training.The visual imaginary scores increased significantly after the training,but had no significant difference 48 hours after the training compared to that before the training.After the training the kinesthetic imagery scores increased significantly and then declined slowly,and there were significant differences in the score before and 48 hours after the training (P=0.009).The experimental group and the control group had the same change trend in the visual and kinesthetic imagery scores.The average scores of the former group were higher than the latter at the same time points but without significant differences.The visual and kinesthetic imagery scores had no main effect of group factor,and there was no interaction effect of time factor and group factor.Conclusion Motor imagery training could increase the ability of visual and kinesthetic imagery of people never participating in motor imagery training and the short-term effect was more obvious.The long term effect of motor imagery training was more significant on kinesthetic imagery than visual imagery.

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Extension Force Deficiency of the Lower Extremity in Squat Contributing to Increased Fall Risk in the Female Elderly

Zongtao LI ; Qin LAI ; Jinhai SUN ; Xinfa GE

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):700-705,679. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.007

Objectives To explore the relationship between the extension force deficiency of the lower extremity and fall risks among the senior female,so as to reveal the potential factors contributing to fall.Methods Forty community-dwelling senior females aged 65 and older were assigned to the group of fallers or non-fallers according to their reported fall history and measured fall risk index (FRI).Extension force of the lower extremity was measured through 3-consecutive fast squats on a force platform.The time for 3m-time up and going (TUG),as well as static and dynamic balance were also measured.Results Compared to the non-fallers,the fallers showed lower peak extension force per body weight (PEF/BW) of the left leg and larger asymmetry of the peak extension force per body weight between the two legs in squats.Correlation analysis showed that FRI had a strong negative relation with PEF/BW of the left leg and a strong positive relation with extension force asymmetry/body weight.Also time for 3m-TUG was positively related to all the force variables standardized by the body weight,especially for the left leg.However,the analysis failed to find a relationship between the velocity of the center of pressure (COP) sway on static balance and any force variables.In addition,PEF/BW of the left leg decreased and force asymmetry/body weight between the two legs increased with aging.Conclusion Extension force measurement in squat is an effective way to assess the muscle strength deficiency related to the increased fall risk.The extension force of the lower extremity to support the body weight in squat had a strong relation to the function decline in the dynamic balance,which contributes greatly to fall risk.The extensive force asymmetry in squat between the two legs is another important fall risk factor for the senior females.

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The Validity of Predicting the Maximum Heart Rate of College Students in China from Age

Junli WANG ; Bing ZHANG

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):693-699. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.006

Objective To explore the formula of predicting the maximum heart rate (HRmax) of college students in China from age,and examine its validity.Methods One hundred and one students (aged 20.9 ± 1.52 years) were recruited to undergo the VO2max test,and the HRmax was acquired after they finished the graded exercise test (GXT).The predicted value was also obtained according to the formulae of the age-predicted Hrmax:205.8-0.685 × age,206.9-0.67 × age and 210-0.66 × age.Results According to the paired t-test and one-way analysis of the variance,it was found that significant differences were observed between the measured HRmax and all the predicted values except the one got according to the formula of 210-0.66×Age.Through the method of Bland-Aitman plot,the predicted value of 210-0.66×age was more consistent with the measured value.Conclusion The 210-0.66×age equation owns the acceptable level of prediction error,and is the most suitable one of the four equations to predict the HRmax of college students in China.

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Effects of Exercise Intervention on Risk Indicators of ECG during Exercise in Males in Their Forties

Jianya HUANG ; Jianmin CAO ; Hao SU ; Jiashi LIN ; Minhao XIE

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):687-692. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.005

Objective To explore the optimal exercise way of improving the risk indicators of electrocardiogram (ECG) during exercise.Methods Twenty-four healthy male subjects aged between 40 and 49 years old were divided randomly into a control group (n=9),a low amount exercise group of 1200 kcal/wk (n=7) and a high amount exercise group of 2000 kcal/wk (n=8).The intensity of the exercise groups was 65％～ 80％VO2max training in the standard 400 m track for 12 weeks.The accelerometer and polar watch were worn to monitor the exercise process.During the exercise,the exercise amount was controlled using the distance and duration while the intensity was controlled using target heart rate.The subjects took part in the graded exercise test before and after the exercise intervention.Twelve lead electrocardiograms were used to measure the indicators of ST segment depression and corrected QT interval dispersion (QTcd) during the exercise.Results The exercise intervention did not result in significant change in ST segment depression,while the QTcd indicator in both the exercise groups decreased significantly after the intervention (P＜0.05).Moreover,the decrease of QTcd indicator in the low amount exercise group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05),while the decrease of QTcd indicator in high volume group was higher than that of the control group (P＜0.01).No significant differences were found in the ST segment depression among the 3 different groups.Conclusion The Twelve-weeks exercise interventions with intensity of 65％～ 80％ VO2max and exercise amount of 1200 kcal/wk and 2000 kcal/wk have no effect on the ST segment depression during the exercise.However,they can result in significant decrease in the QTcd of ECG during exercise,reducing the risk of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia.

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Effects of Four-week Intermittent Fasting on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Autophagy in Rats

Zhen WANG ; Liang YU ; Xiaoyu SHI

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):680-686. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.004

Objective To observe the changes of body weight,fat mass and skeletal muscle mass of rats after 4 weeks of intermittent fasting,and explore relationship with autophagy in skeletal muscle,so as to provide theoretical basis for intermittent fasting.Method Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (Con) and an intermittent fasting group (IF),each of 10.The rats of IF group were forbidden to eat food every Wednesday and Friday,and the body weight of both groups was recorded weekly.After 4 weeks,Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorption (DEXA) was used to analyze the body fat mass,then the bilateral soleus was separated to record the wet weight and measure the cross-sectional area of the soleus fibers by testing laminin with immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope.The form of autophagic vacuole of soleus was observed using a transmission electron microscopy.The expression of autophagy-related protein LC3,p62 and regulating protein AMPK,pAMPK and ULK1 were measured using Western blotting.Result After 4 weeks of intermittent fasting,the weight and fat mass of IF were significantly lower than those of Con (P＜0.01),but there were no significant differences between them in wet weight and cross-sectional area of soleus (P＞0.05).The expressions of AMPK,p-AMPK,ULK1 in IF were significantly higher than those in Con (P＜0.01).Compared with Con,the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ of IF increased significantly,while the expression of p62 decreased significantly (P＜0.01).Conclusion Four weeks of intermittent fasting decreases the fat mass significantly,and control the weight efficiently.Intermittent fasting can maintain the skeletal muscle mass by promoting moderate autophagy through the AMPK-ULK1 pathway.It should be a potential lose weight method for further research.

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on the Expression of Hepatic Hepcidin, and the Level of Serum IL-6 and MCP-1 in ApoE-/-Mice

Weidong WU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):675-679. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.003

Objective To observe the preventive effects of the aerobic exercise on the expression of hepatic hepcidin,and the level of serum IL-6 and MCP-1 in ApoE-/-rats with atherosclerosis (AS) and to explore the mechanism.Methods Twenty 8-week male ApoE-/-mice were randomly divided into a control group and an exercise group,each of 10.The AS model was established in both groups through feeding high-fat diet.The control group was not given exercise intervention,while the exercise group underwent 14-week progressive intensity treadmill training,5 times a week,starting at 10 n/min for 30 min for the first 5 weeks and increasing to 13 m/min for 60 min at the end.At the end of the experiment,aortic samples were fixed and treated using the hematoxylin-eosin staining and Oil Red O.Then the pathological changes of the aorta were analyzed.The hepcidin expression of liver and serum hepcidin was assessed using Western blotting,and the level of the,interleukelin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were detected using ABC-ELISA.Results The pathological slice showed that the vascular fiber plate and internal membrane of the aorta in the exercise group were better than that of the control group,with less ruptured vascular fibreboards,foam cell infiltration and fiber plaques.The hepcidin expression of liver and the level of serum hepcidin,the level of the serum IL-6 and MCP-1 in the exercise group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P＜0.01 and P＜0.01).Conclusion The long-term aerobic exercise can prevent AS for ApoE /-mice through lowering the expression of the hepatic hepcidin and serum hepcidin,as well as the level of serum IL-6 and MCP-1.

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The Role of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Exercise-attenuating Sarcopenia

Xiaolei CHU ; Wei WANG ; Lingjian XIE ; Sujuan LIU ; Shanyun LIU ; Li FU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(8):659-666. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.08.001

Objectives To observe the changes of apoptosis-related proteins during the development of sarcopenia and to explore the effect and mechanism of long-term aerobic exercises and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) on those changes for the natural aging C57BL/6 mice.Methods After 1 week of acclimatization,50 27-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a young sedentary control (YS) group,an old sedentary control (OS) group and an old exercises (OE) group.After the gripstrength was measured the mice from group YS were sacrificed at the age of 28 weeks.The mice from group OE exercised on a fiat treadmill at 12rn/minute for 50 min 3 or 4 times a week for 30 weeks with the intensity of 75％ VO2max.At the age of 60 weeks,the mice of group OS and OE were killed after their grip-strength was measured.The gastrocnemius muscle of each group were isolated and weighted,and the sarcopenia index (SI) was measured.Then the total protein of the gastrocnemius muscle was extracted.HSP70 and cleaved caspase-9 expression were examined.The binding rate of HSP70 and Apaf-1 was measured using Co-Immunoprecipitation.TUNEL staining was performed to detect the apoptosis of the gastrocnemius muscle.Results (1) Compared with group YS,SI of group OS decreased significantly by 23.09％,but significant increase was observed in group OE compared to group OS by 30.48％.(2) The grip strength per gram of body weight of group OS decreased significantly by 42.74％ compared to group YS,while that of group OE increased significantly by 21.51％ compared to group OS.(3) The apoptosis index increases by 475.28％ with age.However,the index decreased by 46.41％ in group OE over group OS.(4) Western blotting showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-9 increased significantly by 45.4％ in group OS compared to group YS,while that of group OE decreased significantly by 33.4％ compared to group OS.(5) The binding rate of HSP 70 with Apaf-1 of group OS decreased significantly by 67.11％ compared to group YS,while that of group OE increased significanlty by 306.31％ compared to group OS.Conclusions (1) Gastrocnemius atrophy occurring to mice of 60 weeks can be significanlty delayed through 30-week exercises training.(2) The increasing apoptosis may be involved in the development of age-related sarcopenia and 30-week exercises can significantly attenuate such apoptosis in rodent skeletal muscle.(3) Aerobic exercises increases HSP70/Apaf-1 interaction,which might play an important role in reducing age-related cellular damage and cell death in the skeletal muscle of rats.

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Study for the Doping Control of 19-Norandrosterone and 19-Noretiocholanolone with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

Jingzhu WANG ; Rui YANG ; Xin LIU

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(9):793-796. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.09.008

Objective The 19-Norandrosterone (19NA) and 19-Noretiocholanolone (19NE) are endogenous steroids abused as dope.The aim of this study was to investigate the detection of 19NA and 19NE using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.Methods Two male volunteers were recruited.Each volunteer was orally administered a single dose of 20 mg of nandrolone,and their urine samples were collected after administration.The analyses of urinary concentrations and isotope ratios of 19NA and 19NE were performed.Results Concentrations of 19NA and 19NE increased rapidly after administration,and their isotope ratios decreased to the value of the drug ingested.Conclusion The intake of nandrolone has no effect on the isotope ratios of pregnanediol,androsterone and etiocholanolone.The urine samples were positive within 27 hours after administration.

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Bioinformatics Analysis of Gene Arrays in an Early Osteoarthritis Model Induced by Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Partial Medial Meniscectomy

Jiangyu CAI ; Dandan SHENG ; Jia JIANG ; Shiyi CHEN

Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine.2017;36(9):788-792,787. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2017.09.007

Objective To explore the changes in gene expression and biological process of the osteoarthritis (OA) induced by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection and partial medial meniscectomy,so as to provide bioinformatic basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of OA.Methods The gene chip datasets of a rat model of early 0A induced by ACL transection and partial medial meniscectomy were downloaded from GEO databases (submitted by Appleton,et al.).The differential expression genes (DEGs)were identified,and the Gene ontology(GO) as well as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were conducted using bioinformatic methods.Results A total of 170 DEGs including 97 up-regulated genes and 73 down-regulated genes were identified.The up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and were closely related to the ECM-receptor interaction,while the down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in the biological function of muscle contraction and were linked with the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway.Conclusion The changes of ECM and muscle contraction play a key role in the occurrence and development of OA.The ECM-receptor interaction and PPAR signaling pathway are strongly associated with OA and worthy of further study.

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