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Comparison of somatotypes on 29 ethnic groups in China

Lianbin ZHENG ; Shunhua LU ; Bo DING ; Xinghua ZHANG

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2012;43(1):130-134. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.01.024

Objective To analyze the characteristics of somatotypes of South Asian type, North Asian type and East Asian type, and to compare the main differences among them. Methods The characteristics of somatotypes among South Asian type, North Asian type and East Asian type in 29 Chinese Mongolian ethnic groups were compared by using the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype. The reasons for differences of South Asian type were that North Asian type were analyzed by using principal component analysis. Results The male groups of North Asian type were endomorphic mesomorph and the South Asian types were balanced mesomorph, while the East Asian types differed greatly from each other.The female groups of North Asian types and the East Asian types were mesomorphic endomorph and the South Asian types were endomorphic mesomorph. The somatotypes of East Asian types were similar to North Asian types but were greatly different from South Asian types.Principal components analysis showed that the main differences between South and North of male groups lied first in ectomorphy and then in endomorphy.The differences between female groups of South and North were mainly on endomorphy. Conclusion The ethnic group of North Asian type is higher than South Asian type in endomorphy but lower in ectomorphy.

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Histochemical staining techniques applied in ultrathin sheet plastination slice

Baoying ZHANG ; Liang LIANG ; Mingliang QIAO ; Mengnan ZHANG ; Yan WU ; Ming ZHANG

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):416-420. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.022

Objective To investigate whether and what staining techniques are applied to the ultrathin sheet plastination slice and whether the stained specimen is of autofluorescences .Methods A cadaveric hand block was plastinated and then sectioned as a series of 300-400μm thick transverse sections .A total of 56 slices in total .Alternative sections were stained with hematoxylin -eosin staining ( HE) , Verhoeff -Van Gieson staining ( VVG) or methylene blue and azureⅡstaining(MA).The stained slices were examined under a light microscope and a confocal microscope .Results The plastinated slices were stained with the three staining methods .HE staining revealed the muscle and connective tissues were red or violet , bone was violet or blue;VVG staining showed the elastic fibers was black , the collagen was red , and other tissues were yellow .MA staining showed the tendon was violet , the bone was pink , cartilage was violet , and other tissues were purple.However, the intracellular structures appeared not very well stained .The collagen, elastin and muscular structures in the stained slices were observed under a confocal microscope .Conclusion The commonly used histology staining methods can be used to stain the ultrathin sheet plastination slices .The staining provides a better observation of various tissues in the slice than the unstained slice .After staining, those autofluorescent structures in the plastinated slice are detectable under a confocal microscope .

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Effects of ephedrine on ovarian histological structure

Xiaoyuan LIU ; Chongyang LI ; Shiyuan YU ; Min WANG ; Lifan CAO

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):398-404. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.019

Objective To explore effects of ephedrine on epinephrine (EPI) and estradiol( E2)concentration in blood, histological structures and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) content in the ovary of female mice.Methods Pregnant female mice in the experimental group were treated with ephedrine (2g/L,4g/L, 6g/L), and the mice in the control group were treated with saline by intraperitoneal injection .Using ELISA method to detect concentration changes of EPI and E 2 in plasma, the changes in the enzymatic activity of SOD and MDA content were analyzed by colorimetry .The ovarian weight was measured , histological structures in ovary were observed by microscopy and the number of ovarian follicles were counted .Results EPI concentration in plasma of female mice increased , and the E2 concentration decreased dose-dependently in the experimental group .The activities of SOD were lower , and MDA content significantly increased compared to the control .The ovary weight of experimental groups was lower than the control group.The numbers of primary follicle , secondary follicle and atretic follicle increased and corpus luteum decreased in the experimental groups .There were pyknotic ovarian tissues , including oocyte ateophy , degradation granulose cells , and karyopyknotic granulose lutein cells in the experimental groups .Conclusion Ephedrine has a great effect on the ovarian histological structure and ovarian function of female mice , which may be correlated with the low activities of SOD .

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Role of phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392 in cancer therapy

Jingli LIU ; Xinli SHI ; Cheng CUI ; Laifeng REN ; Wenguang ZHENG ; Mingyuan LI

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):437-440. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.026

Phosphorylation is the most common way of p 53 post-translational modifications .However , gaps still exist in our knowledge regarding the role and mechanism of phosphorylation of p 53 at Ser392 in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention.In the present study, we summarized the effect of phos-p53-Ser392 to wild-type and mutant p53, the regulation by DNA damage agents and protein kinase , and the significance of phosphorylation of p 53-Ser392 in cancer treatment .

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Role of HOX genes in tumor genesis and development

Miaomiao NIU ; Jun ZHAN ; Hongquan ZHANG

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):430-436. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.025

HOX gene belongs to a highly conserved subgroup of the homeobox superfamily .The HOX genes constitute a family of transcription factors that play key roles in embryonic development , regulating numerous processes , such us cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, motility and angiogenesis.The present review shows that there is a close relationship between aberrant expression of HOX genes and malignancy .This article summarizes briofly the advances in the research on HOX genes and their roles in tumor genesis .

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AngiotensinⅡpromotes fibroblasts phenotypic transformation through down-regulating adventitial catalase expression

Kai SHEN ; Zhuoming LIN ; Shiliang CHEN ; Guoyu YUAN ; Xiaoguang LIU

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):411-415. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.021

Objective To investigate the relationship between angiotensin Ⅱ ( AngⅡ) and transformation of vascular fibroblasts phenotype .Methods Eighteen rats were randomly assigned into the untreated group , mini-pump infusion of saline group and mini-pump infusion of AngⅡgroup which was used as the hypertension model .Their systolic pressure and vascular morphology were examined .The expression of catalase ( CAT ) and 4HNE was examined by immunohistochemistry .Western blotting was used to examine the expression of CAT of adventitial fibroblasts which were cultured by different incubation times and concentrations of Ang Ⅱ.Results Compared with untreated and mini-pump infusion of saline groups , the systolic pressure and carotid media thickness stained by HE of mini-pump infusion of AngⅡgroup were significantly higher (P<0.01).The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CAT ofAngⅡgroup was significantly lower than that of untreated group , however the expression of 4HNE of AngⅡgroupwas higher than that of untreated group (P<0.05).Furthermore, the results of Western blotting indicated that the effect of Ang Ⅱ on down-regulation of CAT function was in a dose and incubation time dependent manner .Conclusion AngⅡdown-regulates adventitial CAT expression and promotes fibroblasts phenotypic transformation which leads to pathological arterial vascular remodeling .

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Actions of neurosteroids in neurons and the treatment of neurodegenerative disease

Qianqian YANG ; Peng ZHANG ; Kanchun DAI ; Jiating WANG ; Chenyou SUN

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):424-429. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.024

Neurons and glia in the central nervous system can express the key enzymes for the synthesis of neurosteroids .Once the concentration of neurosteroids is high enough , they will exert paracrine effects .Synthesis of neurosteroids declines with age in brain .So does it under stressful circumstances .Recent research reports indicate that the decrease of neurosteroids is associated with the neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in the brain .This paper reviews recent research on the most studied neurosteroids ( for example , dehydroepiandrosterone , pregnenolone and their sulphate esters, progesterone and allopregnanolone ) in affecting neuronal survival , neurite outgrowth and neurogenesis , and the potential roles of these neurosteroids in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease as well .

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Making stretched specimens by using aldehyde fuchsin staining on subcutaneous loose connective tissue in rabbits

Shiming YANG

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):421-423. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.023

Objective To explore a simple and suitable method for stretch preparation of subcutaneous loose connective tissue in rabbits . Methods Three rabbits were continuously performed with 10-12ml of trypan blue saline solution(10g /L) by intraperitoneal injection once a day .The subcutaneous loose connective tissue was collected for stretch prepararation on the fourth day and fixed with a formalin-alcohol salution for 6 hours.The tissue was put into aldehyde fuchsin, nuclear fast red and eosin for staining .Washing with tap water was taken after every step .Finally, conventional dehydration , clearing and mounting were applied .Results Macrophages were irregular in sharp and distributed among fibers.Many engulfed blue granules were observed within the cytoplasms .The nuclei were stained in red .The color of elastic fibers showed purple or blue-violet at the time point of aldehyde fuchsin staining between 30-40 minutes.The color of collagen fibers was light red .Conclusion The present method is simple , stable and reliable for stretch preparation of subcutaneous loose connective tissue in rabbits .

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Morphological observation of the fascial sheath of the sciatic nerve

Yanhong REN ; Zhaoyang XU ; Lili TU ; Shengchun XU ; Liang LIANG ; Ming ZHANG

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):369-374. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.014

Objective To identify the configuration of the fascial sheath of the sciatic nerve in the adult pelvis . Methods A total of 14 cadaveric pelvic specimens and 20 living subjects were used for cadaveric examination and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) observation , respectively .The cadaveric specimens were investigated by the local latex injection method ( n =10 ) sectional anatomy ( n=2 ) or histological staining methods ( n =2 ) .The MR images were collected and analyzed from twenty patients without pelvic disorders .Results The injected latex did not diffuse along the pelvic segment of the sciatic nerve .Sectional anatomical and histological data showed that the architecture of the fascial sheath of the sciatic nerve varied at different levels .An intact circular sheath around the nerve was rarely observed .There was no fascia barrier between the obturator and sciatic nerves .Appearance on MRI was consistent with the cadaveric observation.Conclusion No intact fascial sheath exists along the pelvic segment of the sciatic nerve , thus sciatic anesthesia may block the obturator nerve .

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Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of cervical cord in healthy children

Donghui SHEN ; Song ZOU

Acta Anatomica Sinica.2014;(3):364-368. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2014.03.013

Objective To investigate the development of the cervical cord in children by using diffusion tensor imaging.Methods Ninety healthy children were undergone with diffusion tensor imaging of the cervical cord by using single-shot spin-echo echo planar image sequence.The values of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), average length(Ltract) and volume of tracts(Vtract) were measured in the cervical regions.Results The measurements of each group were as follow:ADC value:0.9747 ±0.2777,0.8493 ±0.2236,0.8210 ±0.1432,0.9198 ± 0.1444,0.9048 ±0.1676;FA value:0.4117 ±0.0391,0.4712 ±0.0199,0.4944 ±0.0439,0.5608 ±0.0443,0.6169 ± 0.0551;Ltract:25.61 ±8.63,24.66 ±7.14,27.03 ±7.23,34.93 ±10.99,37.63 ±10.22;Vtract:3.07 ±1.49,3.00 ± 1.52,3.81 ±1.33,5.41 ±2.35,6.64 ±2.84.FA value, Ltract and Vtract showed significance in different age groups , while ADC value was found no difference ( P<0.001) .Post-Hoc test revealed that FA value was significantly different between age group I and Ⅱ.FA value, Ltractand Vtract presented significantly different between group ⅢandⅣ.FA value difference was also found between group Ⅳand V.FA value, Ltract and Vtract were all positively corelative with age (F=1.758, P=0.145 ) .Conclusion Development of the cervical cord shows periodicity with periodic features .Diffusion Tensor Imaging can be used as a tool to observe and evaluate development of the cervical cord in children .

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