Willis' Circle of 162 Chinese brains was studied and the diameters of thecomponent arteries of this circle were measured in 51 brains for the purpose ofobtaining a pattern of this circle in Chinese and, in certain types, the possibleresult after the ligation of one side of the internal carotid artery. For compari-son, 12 dogs' brains were also studied. It was found that this circle may be divided into a fore part and a hind part,each of which may be again divided into a trunk trpe, a diffuse type and anintermediate type. In the fore part, the trunk type consists of 67.9%, the dif-fuse type 22.21%; the intermediate type 9.88% In the hind part, the followingtypes were observed: first subtype of the trunk type 83.3%; second subtype ofthe trunk type 6.17%; diffuse type 6.79%; intermediate type 1.735 and open type2.47%. The posterior communicating artery was found to be poorly developedor absent in 51.26%. In the dogs' brains there are two circles, one in front ofthe other. The front one is polygonal and the other one is rhomboid in shape,with a constant posterior communicating artery so that the circulation is morestablized as compared with that of the human brains.

The phrenic nerves of 80 cadavers were itwestigated. The presence of oneor more accessory phrenic nerves was found in 31 cases, of which 26 recordedthe appear once of such a nerves on one side only(12 left, 14 right)and 5 recor-ded its appearance on both sides. The percentage of such variation is 22.5%. The accessory phrenic nerves, as here investigated, may be originated from the5th cervical nerve (25.6%) or the 5th, 6th (33.3%) and less frequently from the3rd (18%) or the 4th, 5th (20.5%). Their relations to the main trunk are asfollows: 18.1% on the lateral side, 2.5% on the medial side and 1.9% on both sides.The accessory phrenic nerves, especially those at the lateral side, may reach thesize of the main trunk. The position where the accessory phrenic nerves join the main trunk showsmuch variation. It may occur above the first rib (15.3%), near the posterior orlower border of the subclavian vein (77.0%) or near the lateral side of the su-perior vena cava or the left anterior border of the aortic arch(7.7%).

Fifty-one male rats (body weights:200—350gm) were raised with laboratory diet, 39 of them were injected once a week with CCl_4 (0.015cc/100gm body weight) in li- quid paraffin through the mesenteric veins and 12 rats without treatment as controls. Rats with 1,2,3,and 4 injections were killed 7 days afterwards.Pieces of liver tissue were taken from the left anterior lobe of the rats from both experimental and control groups.Paraffin sections were prepared from materials fixed in:(1)Susa or Stieve's for Heidenhain's Azan staining;(2)Regaud's for Bensley's acid fuchsin-methyl green staining of mitochondria;(3)cold Carnoy's for methyl green-pyronin staining of ribo- nucleic acid (RNA),with control sections extracted with 20% perchloric acid or 0.17 M NaCl at 56℃ for 2 hrs.;(4)Carnoy's for Yakovlev's ((?)) and Barrnett- Seligman's methods for protein-bound SH-group,with control sections blocked with 0.1M monoiodoacetic acid;(5)Formol-alcohol for Hotchkiss's periodic acid-Schiff's (PAS) reaction of glycogen,with control sections treated with salivary digestion;(6)cold ace- tone for alkaline phosphatase (ALP);and (7) 10% neutral formalin for frozen sections and Sudan Ⅲ testing for fats. After CCl_4-intoxication,during the development of cirrhosis,most of the parenchymal cells degenerated and finally became necrotic.Free fat droplets and hyperplastic fibrous tissues accumulated in the necrotic regions.The liver lobules thus were destroyed and blood sinuses were engorged with blood cells.Surviving cells showed compensative hyperplasia and were isolated into nodules by the developing fibrous tissues.Cirrhosis developed in all the rats treated with CCl_4. The parenchymal cells showed a progressive changes during the development of cirrhosis.There was an increase of fat droplets and a decrease of the number of mito- chondria in the cytoplasm.The mitochondria fragmented into granules or fused in a mass.There was a progressive decline in the content of RNA and glycogen,but an increase of the ALP activity.Those cells showing compensative hyperplasia enlarged in size,and their number of mitochondria,RNA and glycogen content progressively in- creased. Small-sized cells appeared in the necrotic regions among the fat droplets,necrotic cells and fibrous tissues.They decreased in number as the fibrous tissue developed. These cells contained mitochondria and showed positive reactions of PAS,RNA and ALP.Their origin was discussed and their relation to the formation of collagen fibers needs further investigation.

1.The ramification,distribution and collateral circulation of the intraorganic renal arteries have been studied in 130 kidneys from adults and children by means of dissection, injection of casting material or arteriography of fresh kidneys. 2.The intraorganic renal arteries were characterized by a segmented arrangement. The study of arterial casts and of individual segments injected with differently colored acetone-celluloid solution and of segmental arteriogram has shown that there is no col- lateral circulation between adjoining segments.According to the distribution of the ar- teries studied,the kidney is in most cases divisible into five segments—the apical,upper, middle,lower and posterior. 3.In 85.0?3.25% of cases the renal artery is single.Its primary divisions may be distinguished into certain types,among which the anterior-posterior(65.69?4.70%) and superior-inferior(23.53?4.20%)are of the most frequent occurrence.In the former, the anterior division usually gives rise to the apical,upper,middle and lower segmental arteries,while the posterior division continues as such into the posterior segment.In the latter,the superior division usually gives rise either to the apical,upper,middle and posterior or to the apical,upper and posterior,while the inferior division continues as the lower segmental artery or gives rise to middle and lower segmental arteries. Variations in the number,origin and distribution of the apical and lower segmental arteries have been described. 4.When two renal arteries are present instead of one,in 70.58?11.05% of cases, the accessory renal artery continues as the lower or apical segmental artery,while the main stem gives off the other segmental arteries. 5.The manner of branching of the primary division was classified into “main stem” and “dispersed”patterns.In the anterior half of kidney the “dispersed”pattern is most prevalent,whereas in the posterior half the “main stem”occurs more frequently.We have also found that the branching pattern is in close correlation with the external form of the kidney or the shape of the lips. 6.The sites at which the segmental arteries enter the renal parenchyma at the hilus are more or less regular.The location of the sites may be classified into three groups.

In order to analyse the origin and pathway of afferent connections to the ento-rhinal area(EA),the method of HRP have been used.Labeled neurons in the brainwere found in the contralateral EA,ipsilateral and contralateral parasubiculum andpresubiculum,claustrum,medial septal nucleus,diagonal band nucleus of Broca,reuniens of thalamus,superior central nucleus and locus ceruleus.Only the injectiondeposits which involved the lateral EA led to cell-labeling in the anterior pyriformcortex,dorsal raphe and ventral tegmental area.It is suggested that the EA canintegrate different kinds of information from very wide regions in the brain butthe neocortex.The presentstudy pays special attention to structures and someprobable functions of neuronal circuits between EA and other areas.

The ultrastruetural changes of the cells of adenohypophysis were observed in adult male rats following administration of gossypol at a daily dosage of 30 mg/kg for 5 weeks. The results indicated a remarkable increase in the secretory activity of gonadotrophs. In comparison with the control group, the number of the less actively functioning types Ⅰ and Ⅱ gonadotrophs of gossypol-treated rats decreased, while that of types Ⅲ and Ⅳ cells with developed Golgi complex and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum increased. Moreover, castration-like cells (type Ⅴ) and degranulation cells (type Ⅵ) appeared in the experimental animals. No significant changes in the other tropic cells of adenohypophysis could be found. The classification of gonadotrophs and the possible mechanism of gossypol-induced changes in them are discussed.

Objective To study the expression and localization of TGF?1 and its signal transducer Smad2 and Smad4 which play important roles during testicular development and spermatogenesis in alpaca testis. Methods The whole testes were obtained from alpacas aged 24 months(n=3) at the Scientific Research Base of Shanxi Agriculture University.The protein expressions of TGF-?1、smad2、smad4 in alpaca testes were examined by Western blotting and SABC. Results The distributions of(TGF-?1)、Smad2 and Smad4 in the testes of alpacas aged 24 months were demonstrated.Conclusion Our findings show that TGF-?1、Smad2 and Smad4 are involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis,and provide direct evidences for the moleculer mechnism of TGF-?1 action in the alpaca testis during spermatogenesis.

Objective To explore the expression and distribution of cyclin dependent kinase 11(CDK11) after transected spinal cord injury(tSCI). Methods tSCI was performed at T9 in adult Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats.The rats were sacrificed 1day,3days,5days,7days,14days after operation respectively.Western blotting was used to detect the changes of CDK11 protein expression after tSCI,and the distribution and localization of CDK11 in spinal cord were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence double staining. Results Western blotting analysis showed the expressions of CDK11~(p58) and CDK11~(p110),which were the two major isoforms of CDK11,increased at first and then had a decrease tendency in both broken ends of the transected spinal cord.CDK11~(p58) was enhanced on the 3rd day and remained high level until the 7th day; while CDK11~(p110) was also increased,on the 3rd day but went down rapidly after the 5th day.Immunohistochemistry staining was indicated that CDK11 was distributed evenly in the normal spinal cord.On the 3rd day,the staining was elevated obviously in both white and grey matter.Immunofluorescence double staining suggested that CDK11 was colocalized with neuronal neclei(NeuN),cyclic nucleotide 3′phosphohydrolase(CNPase) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP).Conclusion The expression of CDK11 undergoes spatiotemporal changes after tSCI.These alterations may be involved in secondary spinal cord lesion such as neuronal apoptosis and proliferation of glial cells.

Objective To investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns and the relationship of α-sarcomeric actin(α-SCA) ,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and intermediate filament protein desmin with the maturation of the prenatal and the neonatal mouse hearts. Methods Serial sections of the embryo mouse and the neonatal mouse hearts were immunostained with antibodies against α-SCA, α-SMA and desmin. Results Ventricle and outflow tract of embryonic day(ED) 9 heart showed stronger expression of α-SCA and α-SMA, but desmin expression was lower. In the atrium, the expressions of α-SCA and α-SMA were restricted to the dorsal and ventral walls. In the sinus venosus, only a few weakly stained α-SCA positive cells were detected. No desmin expression was found in the atrium and sinus venosus. The expressions of α-SCA, α-SMA and desmin were increased to their highest level at ED 12. The higher expression of α-SCA remained to the postnatal stages. After ED 12, the expressions of α-SMA and desmin gradually decreased in different parts of the heart, but their expressions in the right ventricle persisted longer. After birth,desmin expression was mainly concentrated in the Z lines of I bands and intercalated disks. Conclusion The presence of spatiotemporal differences in the expression of α-SMA and desmin reveals regional differences in cardiomyocyte maturation in various parts of the embryonic mouse heart. The right ventricle shows a relatively slow pace of maturation. The α-SMA may contribute to a peristaltoid contraction pattern of the embryonic myocardium with a slow shortening speed, and a relatively higher level of desmin is required for the maturation of the sarcomere.

Objective To investigate the changes of neurotransmitters and the relationship between neurotransmitters and nerve regeneration during the optic regeneration in zebrafish. Methods Using the classical retinotectal regeneration model and electromicroscopy, we observed the ultrastructural changes of synapses of the superficial fiber and gray stratum(SFGS) in the tectum. Results The morphological changes of synapses can be divided into 4 stages: 1. Synaptic degeneration at the early stage after lesion. 2. Regenerating optic nerve fibers entered the SFGS laminar of the tectum, the densities of large granule vesicles (LGV) and small granule vesicles(SGV) were increased. 3. Lots of synapses were formed, the densities of small round clear vesicles (SCV) and small flat clear vesicles(FCV)were increased dramatically .4. Morphological recovery and refinement of the retinotopic innervation. Conclusion Neurotransmitters might play an important role during the regeneration of optic nerve, and they exhibited their effects in a chronological way.