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Anatomical variants of the superficial temporal artery in patients with microtia: a pilot descriptive study.

Farrah Hani IMRAN ; Chong Kong YONG ; Srijit DAS ; Yap Lok HUEI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(4):273-280. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.273

Superficial temporal artery (STA) based pedicled fascial flap plays a pivotal role in ear reconstruction for microtia patients. There is paucity of literature on the anatomy of the STA in microtia patients. The present study aimed to describe any possible anatomical variations seen in the STA of patients afflicted with microtia. Pre-operative carotid computer tomographic angiography images of patients under the microtia database of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit at a tertiary medical centre were selected and 3-dimensionally reconstructed. Measurements were made on the 3D reconstructed computed tomographic angiography images of the STA on both the sides of the microtic ear and the non-microtic ear to assess its various anatomical parameters. We managed to obtain a total of 39 computed tomographic angiography images of STAs for analysis. There was a significant difference in the number of main branches of STA between the two groups (P=0.006). The proportion of ears with 2 main branches was higher in the non-microtia group (89.5%) compared to the microtia group (45.0%). A significant difference was found in the STA diameter between the two groups (P=0.012). The mean diameter of STA in the non-microtia group was larger by 0.4 mm. Furthermore, the median angle of STA was larger on the side of the non-microtic ears compared to that of microtic ears by 24.5°, with a P-value of 0.011. The results of the study may be of clinical importance while planning and performing ear reconstructive surgeries using STA based pedicled fascial flaps.
Angiography ; Congenital Microtia* ; Ear ; Humans ; Plastics ; Temporal Arteries*

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Hippocampal serotonin-2A receptor-immunoreactive neurons density increases after testosterone therapy in the gonadectomized male mice.

Emsehgol NIKMAHZAR ; Mehrdad JAHANSHAHI ; Amir GHAEMI ; Gholam Reza NASERI ; Ali Reza MOHARRERI ; Ahmad Ali LOTFINIA

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(4):259-272. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.259

The change of steroid levels may also exert different modulatory effects on the number and class of serotonin receptors present in the plasma membrane. The effects of chronic treatment of testosterone for anxiety were examined and expression of 5-HT(2A) serotonergic receptor, neuron, astrocyte, and dark neuron density in the hippocampus of gonadectomized male mice was determined. Thirty-six adult male NMRI mice were randomly divided into six groups: intact-no testosterone treatment (No T), gonadectomy (GDX)-No T, GDX-Vehicle, GDX-6.25 mg/kg testosterone (T), GDX-12.5 mg/kg T, and GDX-25 mg/kg T. Anxiety-related behavior was evaluated using elevated plus maze apparatus. The animals were anesthetized after 48 hours after behavioral testing, and decapitated and micron slices were prepared for immunohistochemical as well as histopathological assessment. Subcutaneous injection of testosterone (25 mg/kg) may induce anxiogenic-like behavior in male mice. In addition, immunohistochemical data reveal reduced expression of 5-HT(2A) serotonergic receptor after gonadectomy in all areas of the hippocampus. However, treatment with testosterone could increase the mean number of dark neurons as well as immunoreactive neurons in CA1 and CA3 area, dose dependently. The density of 5-HT(2A) receptor-immunoreactive neurons may play a crucial role in the induction of anxiety like behavior. As reduction in such receptor expression have shown to significantly enhance anxiety behaviors. However, replacement of testosterone dose dependently enhances the number of 5-HT(2A) receptor-immunoreactive neurons and interestingly also reduced anxiety like behaviors.
Adult ; Animals ; Anxiety ; Astrocytes ; Behavior Rating Scale ; Cell Membrane ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male* ; Mice* ; Neurons* ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Testosterone*

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Variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery.

Deepa DEVADAS ; Minnie PILLAY ; Tintu Thottiyil SUKUMARAN

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(4):254-258. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.254

The superior laryngeal artery is the principal artery supplying the laryngeal mucosa, musculature, and glands. Knowledge of variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery could prove to be very useful during reconstructive surgeries of the larynx, partial laryngectomy, laryngeal transplantation, and also during procedures like super-selective intra-arterial chemotherapy for laryngeal and hypolaryngeal cancers. However, relatively few studies have been done on the superior laryngeal artery in comparison to its clinical importance. The present study was aimed at documenting the prevalence of variable origin of the superior laryngeal artery within the carotid triangle. Sixty hemi-necks obtained from 30 South Indian cadavers were dissected and studied for variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery. It was observed that the superior laryngeal artery took origin from superior thyroid in 91.7% cases. Variable origin from the external carotid artery was noted in 5% cases. The superior laryngeal artery was found to arise from the lingual artery in one case alone (1.7%). In addition to the above findings, a very rare variation of superior laryngeal artery arising from the ascending pharyngeal (1.7%) was also observed in the hemi-neck of one cadaver. All the variations that were observed were unilateral and on the left side. These findings may help provide further insight to the anatomists, radiologists and surgeons and can help improve performances during surgical manipulations of the larynx.
Anatomists ; Arteries* ; Cadaver ; Carotid Artery, External ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Laryngeal Mucosa ; Laryngectomy ; Larynx ; Prevalence ; Surgeons ; Thyroid Gland

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Descent of mesonephric duct to the final position of the vas deferens in human embryo and fetus.

Zhe Wu JIN ; Hiroshi ABE ; Nobuyuki HINATA ; Xiang Wu LI ; Gen MURAKAMI ; José Francisco RODRÍGUEZ-VÁZQUEZ

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(4):231-240. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.231

Because the ureter arises from the mesonephric or Wolffian duct (WD), the WD opening should migrate inferiorly along the urogenital sinus or future urethra. However, this process of descent has not been evaluated morphometrically in previous studies and we know little about intermediate morphologies for the descent. In the present work, serial sagittal sections of 15 specimens at gestational age 6–12 weeks and serial horizontal sections of 20 specimens at 6–10 weeks were analyzed. Monitoring of horizontal sections showed that, until 9 weeks, a heart-, lozenge- or oval-shape of the initial urogenital sinus remained in the bladder and urethra. Thus, the future bladder and urethra could not be distinguished by the transverse section or plane. The maximum width of the urogenital sinus or bladder at 6–10 weeks was 0.8 mm, although its supero-inferior length reached 5 mm at 10 weeks. During earlier stages, however, the medial shift of the WD was rather evident. Depending on the extent of upward growth of the bladder smooth muscle, the descent of the vas deferens became evident at 10–12 weeks. Development of the urethral rhabdosphincter likely resulted in the differentiation of urogenital sinus into the urethra and bladder before formation of the bladder neck with 3-layered smooth muscles. Development of the prostate followed these morphological changes, later accelerating the further descent of the WD opening. Because of their close topographical relationships, slight anomalies or accidents of the umbilical cord at 10–12 weeks may have a significant effect on normal anatomy.
Embryonic Structures* ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Human Development ; Humans* ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neck ; Prostate ; Umbilical Cord ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Vas Deferens* ; Wolffian Ducts*

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Galanin's implications for post-stroke improvement.

Juhyun SONG ; Oh Yoen KIM

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(4):223-230. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.223

Stroke leads to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic infarct, cerebral inflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive decline, and depression. Many endeavors have been tried to find the therapeutic solutions to attenuate severe neuropathogenesis after stroke. Several studies have reported that a decrease in the neuropeptide regulator ‘galanin’ is associated with neuronal loss, learning and memory dysfunctions, and depression following a stroke. The present review summarized recent evidences on the function and the therapeutic potential of galanin in post-ischemic stroke to provide a further understanding of galanin's role. Hence, we suggest that galanin needs to be considered as a therapeutic factor in the alleviation of post-stroke pathologies.
Depression ; Galanin ; Inflammation ; Learning ; Memory ; Neurons ; Neuropeptides ; Pathology ; Stroke

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Stereological study of the effects of morphine consumption and abstinence on the number of the neurons and oligodendrocytes in medial prefrontal cortex of rats.

Ali RAFATI ; Ali NOORAFSHAN ; Nihad TORABI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):191-197. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.191

Quantitative studies to date on the effects of opioid consumption and abstinence on the nervous system using modern stereological methods have not received enough attention. In addition, they have yielded controversial results. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of morphine, with or without abstinence, on the neurons and oligodendrocytes of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in rats using quantitative stereological methods. The male rats were divided into four groups: the first (saline [SAL]) and second (morphine [MOR]) groups were treated with saline and an escalating dose of morphine (5-20 mg/kg) for 30 days, respectively; the third (SAL+abstinence [ABS]) and fourth (MOR+ABS) groups were treated in the same manner as the previous groups plus they had a 30-day abstinence period. The results showed that the volume of the MPFC and its subdivisions decreased by approximately 15% in the MOR group compared with that in the SAL group (P<0.05). In addition, the volume decreased by approximately 24% in the MOR+ABS group compared with that in the SAL+ABS group (P<0.05). The number of neurons in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 44% and 35%, respectively, compared with that in their corresponding control groups. Moreover, the number of the oligodendrocytes in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 41% and 37%, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the number of cells in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups. In conclusion, morphine consumption leads to a permanent reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and no additional neuron and oligodendrocyte loss occurs after abstinence.
Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Morphine ; Nervous System ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats

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Neuroprotective effects of tanshinone I from Danshen extract in a mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia.

Jae Chul LEE ; Joon Ha PARK ; Ok Kyu PARK ; In Hye KIM ; Bing Chun YAN ; Ji Hyeon AHN ; Seung Hae KWON ; Jung Hoon CHOI ; Jong Dai KIM ; Moo Ho WON

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):183-190. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.183

Hypoxia-ischemia leads to serious neuronal damage in some brain regions and is a strong risk factor for stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of tanshinone I (TsI) derived from Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract) against neuronal damage using a mouse model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Brain infarction and neuronal damage were examined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin histochemistry, and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Pre-treatment with TsI (10 mg/kg) was associated with a significant reduction in infarct volume 1 day after hypoxia-ischemia was induced. In addition, TsI protected against hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuronal death in the ipsilateral region. Our present findings suggest that TsI has strong potential for neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic damage. These results may be used in research into new anti-stroke medications.
Animals ; Brain ; Brain Infarction ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fluoresceins ; Hematoxylin ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Mice ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Risk Factors ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; Stroke ; Tetrazolium Salts

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The expression of IL-6Ralpha and Gp130 in fallopian tubes bearing an ectopic pregnancy.

Elham YOUSEFIAN ; Marefat Ghaffari NOVIN ; Fateme Fadaei FATHABADI ; Reza Mastery FARAHANI ; Emadeddin Yazdani KACHOUEI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):177-182. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.177

Women with tubal ectopic pregnancies have high levels of circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 treatment in vitro significantly reduces the ciliary activity of tubal epithelium. The effects of IL-6 on target cells occur via the formation of a high-affinity complex with its receptors IL-6Ralpha and glycoprotein 130 (Gp130). IL-6Ralpha is specifically expressed in the cilia of the epithelial cells. In this study, we performed a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the mRNA expression of IL-6Ralpha and Gp130 in the fallopian tubes obtained from 12 women with ectopic pregnancies, 12 women with normal pregnancies, and 12 healthy nonpregnant women in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Fallopian tubes were evaluated from specimens taken during tubal ligation in normal pregnancies and nonpregnant fertile women or during tubal surgery in ectopic pregnancies. We observed that IL-6Ralpha mRNA expression in fallopian tubes was increased in ectopic pregnancy compared with that in the midluteal phase. We also found that the Gp130 mRNA expression was significantly lower in fallopian tubes from ectopic pregnancies than in those from nonpregnant women during the midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle, although its expression was noticeably high in fallopian tubes in the midluteal phase, which suggests that high Gp130 levels may possibly contribute to embryo transport into the uterus.
Cilia ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Luteal Phase ; Menstrual Cycle ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Receptors, Interleukin-6 ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Sterilization, Tubal ; Ursidae ; Uterus

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Histological assessment of the palatal mucosa and greater palatine artery with reference to subepithelial connective tissue grafting.

Kwang Hee CHO ; Sun Kyoung YU ; Myoung Hwa LEE ; Dong Seol LEE ; Heung Joong KIM

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):171-176. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.171

This study aimed to measure the thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and to elucidate the location of the greater palatine artery to provide the anatomical basis for subepithelial connective tissue grafting. Thirty-two maxillary specimens, taken from the canine distal area to the first molar distal area, were embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa was measured at three positions on these specimens, starting from 3 mm below the alveolar crest and in 3-mm intervals. The location of the greater palatine artery was evaluated by using image-processing software. The mean epithelial thickness decreased significantly in the posterior teeth; it was 0.41, 0.36, 0.32, and 0.30 mm in the canine, first premolar, second premolar, and first molar distal areas, respectively. The lamina propria was significantly thicker in the canine distal; it was 1.36, 1.08, 1.09, and 1.05 mm, respectively. The mean length from the alveolar crest to the greater palatine artery increased toward the posterior molar; it was 7.76, 9.21, 10.93, and 11.28 mm, respectively. The mean depth from the surface of the palatal mucosa to the greater palatine artery decreased from the canine distal to the first premolar distal but increased again toward the posterior molar; it was 3.97, 3.09, 3.58, and 5.50 mm, respectively. Detailed histological assessments of the lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and the greater palatine artery are expected to provide useful anatomical guidelines for subepithelial connective tissue grafting.
Arteries ; Bicuspid ; Connective Tissue ; Epithelium ; Molar ; Mucous Membrane ; Paraffin ; Transplants

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Right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the fourth branch.

Ok Hee CHAI ; Eui Hyeog HAN ; Hyoung Tae KIM ; Chang Ho SONG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(2):167-170. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.2.167

We present a rare variation of the right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the forth branch found in a cadaver of an 89-year-old Korean woman during a routine dissection. In this case, the first branch that arose from the ascending aorta was the left common carotid artery, which crossed ventral to the trachea in a left cephalic direction, followed by the right common carotid artery and then the right subclavian artery. Distal to these branches the aortic arch ran dorsally, passing between the esophagus and the vertebra. The left subclavian artery arose from the descending portion of the aortic arch, crossing over to the left upper extremity behind the esophagus. This anomaly was not accompanied by congenital heart disease. Accurate information regarding this variation is of great importance to surgeons for its early identification and preservation during interventions and to radiologists for precise interpretation of angiograms.
Aorta ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Cadaver ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; Esophagus ; Female ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Spine ; Subclavian Artery ; Trachea ; Upper Extremity

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