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Early cerebellar granule cell migration in the mouse embryonic development.

Seung Hyuk CHUNG ; Chul Tae KIM ; Young Ho JUNG ; Nam Seob LEE ; Young Gil JEONG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):86-95. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.86

Pax6, a paired homeobox DNA binding protein, has been found to be expressed in the cerebellum in both granule cells and their precursors in the external granular layer (EGL). In this study we have traced Pax6 expression through embryonic development in mice by using a polyclonal antibody against Pax6 and used it to study the cellular dispersal pattern of the EGL. During dispersal the EGL was thicker and Pax6 expression was more intense on the rostral side of the lateral corners of the cerebellum. Pax6 immunoreactive cells were found to be migrating from the EGL during the early stage of EGL dispersal, which suggested the early inward migration of granule cells. Double staining with various markers confirmed that the early-migrating cells are not Purkinje cells, interneurons or glia. Although the Pax6 immunoreactive cells within the cerebellum were not apparently proliferating, NeuN, a marker for postmitotic granule cells, was not expressed in these cells until E16. Furthermore, granule cells were observed migrating inwards from the EGL both during and after EGL dispersal. These early migrating granule cells populated the whole cerebellum. These findings offer novel views on specific stages of granule cell dispersal and migration.
Animals ; Cell Movement ; Cerebellum ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Genes, Homeobox ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Neuroglia ; Pregnancy ; Purkinje Cells

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Chromatin organization and transcriptional activation of Hox genes.

Ji Yeon LEE ; Hyehyun MIN ; Xinnan WANG ; Abdul Aziz KHAN ; Myoung Hee KIM

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):78-85. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.78

Spatially and temporally programmed expression of the Hox genes along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis is essential for correct pattern formation during embryonic development. An accumulating body of evidence indicates the pivotal role of spatial chromatin organization for the coordination of gene regulation. Recently, chromosome conformation capture (3C) technique has been developed and opened a new way to study chromosomal interactions in the nucleus. In this study, we describe 3C method we applied in F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma cells and demonstrate that the chromosomal interactions at Hox loci are successfully detected. Interestingly, at Hoxc loci, the abundance of intrachromosomal interactions with neighboring fragments was drastically decreased when the genes are expressed. These results indicate the possibility of the dynamic pattern of chromosomal interaction in association with the transcriptional regulation of Hox genes.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Chromatin ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Homeobox ; Pregnancy ; Teratocarcinoma ; Transcriptional Activation

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TBR2-immunopsitive unipolar brush cells are associated with ectopic zebrin II-immunoreactive Purkinje cell clusters in the cerebellum of scrambler mice.

Seung Hyuk CHUNG ; Chul Tae KIM ; Young Gil JEONG ; Nam Seob LEE

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):72-77. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.72

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory interneurons with their somata located in the granular layer. Recently, T-brain factor 2 (Tbr2) was shown to be expressed in a subset of UBCs in mouse cerebellum. Scrambler mice exhibit severe cerebellum abnormalities, including the failure of embryonic Purkinje cell dispersal and a complete absence of foliation due to a mutation in the disabled-1 adaptor protein. Since most UBC markers are expressed postnatally, it has proven difficult to identify the relationship between developing Purkinje cell clusters and migrating UBCs. Because scrambler mice closely mimic normal embryonic day 18 cerebellum, we examined whether Tbr2-positive UBCs are associated with Purkinje cell cluster markers such as zebrin II, which is the most studied compartmentation marker in the cerebellum. We investigated the distribution of Tbr2-positive UBCs in this mutant by using anti-Tbr2 immunocytochemistry. The data revealed that Tbr2 immunoreactivity was exclusively present in the nucleus of UBCs in scrambler cerebellum. Based on expression data, a Tbr2-positive UBC map was constructed. In addition, Tbr2-positive UBCs are found associated with ectopic zebrin II-immunoreactive Purkinje cell clusters in scrambler cerebellum. These data suggest that UBCs use Purkinje cell compartmentation to migrate into their final position through interactions with the embryonic array of specific Purkinje cell subtypes.
Animals ; Cell Compartmentation ; Cerebellum ; Hydrazines ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins

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Immunohistochemical study on the expression of calcium binding proteins (calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin) in the cerebellum of the nNOS knock-out(-/-) mice.

Jae Chul LEE ; Yoon Hee CHUNG ; Yu Jin CHO ; Jandi KIM ; Nahee KIM ; Choong Ik CHA ; Kyeung Min JOO

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):64-71. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.64

Nitric Oxide (NO) actively participates in the regulation of neuronal intracellular Ca2+ levels by modulating the activity of various channels and receptors. To test the possibility that modulation of Ca2+ buffer protein expression level by NO participates in this regulatory effect, we examined expression of calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the cerebellum of neuronal NO synthase knock-out (nNOS(-/-)) mice using immunohistochemistry. We observed that in the cerebellar cortex of the nNOS(-/-) mice, expression of calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin were significantly increased while expression of calretinin was significantly decreased. These results suggest another mechanism by which NO can participate in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis.
Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cerebellar Cortex ; Cerebellum ; Homeostasis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase

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Effects of repeated restraint stress on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 immunoreactivity and protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia.

Ok Kyu PARK ; Choong Hyun LEE ; In Koo HWANG ; Ki Yeon YOO ; Jung Hoon CHOI ; Moo Ho WON

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):54-63. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.54

Stress has long been known to be a causative factor of various disease states. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated restraint stress on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), a very important mediator in inflammation, immunoreactivity and protein levels as well as neuronal damage, in the gerbil hippocampus after 5 minutes of transient cerebral ischemia. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death was shown in CA1 pyramidal cells 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. However, repeated restraint stress protected neuronal death induced by ischemic damage. In the ischemia-group, PECAM-1 immunoreactivity and its protein levels were significantly increased in all the hippocampal subregions 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. However, PECAM-1 immunoreactivity and its protein levels did not change significantly in the hippocampus of the stress-ischemia-group compared to the sham-groups. These results indicate that repeated restraint stress protects neuronal damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia, and this may be associated with maintenance of PECAM-1levels.
Antigens, CD31 ; Blood Platelets ; Brain Ischemia ; Gerbillinae ; Hippocampus ; Inflammation ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; Neurons ; Pyramidal Cells

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Inhibitory effects of curcumin on passive cutaneous anaphylactoid response and compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation.

Yun Ho CHOI ; Guang Hai YAN ; Ok Hee CHAI ; Chang Ho SONG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):36-43. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.36

Mast cells participate in allergies and inflammation by secreting a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators. Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, is a polyphenolic phytochemical with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-allergic properties. The effects of curcumin on compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylactoid reactions are unknown. In this report, we investigated the influences of curcumin on the passive cutaneous anaphylactoid response in vivo and compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation in vitro. The mechanism of action was examined by calcium uptake measurements and cAMP assays in mast cells. Curcumin significantly attenuated the mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactoid reaction in an animal model. In agreement with this in vivo activity, curcumin suppressed compound 48/80-induced rat peritoneal mast cell (RPMC) degranulation and histamine release from RPMCs. Moreover, compound 48/80-elicited calcium uptake into RPMCs was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by curcumin. Furthermore, curcumin increased the level of intracellular cAMP and significantly inhibited the compound 48/80-induced reduction of cAMP in RPMCs. These results corroborate the finding that curcumin may have anti-allergic activity.
Animals ; Calcium ; Curcuma ; Curcumin ; Histamine ; Histamine Release ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Mast Cells ; Models, Animal ; Rats

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Vitamin C acts indirectly to modulate isotype switching in mouse B cells.

Ami WOO ; Jin Hee KIM ; Young Joo JEONG ; Hyung Gun MAENG ; Yong Taek LEE ; Jae Seung KANG ; Wang Jae LEE ; Young il HWANG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):25-35. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.25

Vitamin C, one of essential micronutrients, has been reported to modulate the humoral immune responses in some mammals. We investigated whether vitamin C might modulate this response in mice by directly affecting B cells. Splenic B cells were isolated and activated by CD40- and B cell receptor-ligation in vitro. The cells were cultured with a pretreatment of vitamin C from 0 to 1 mM of concentrations. Vitamin C slightly increased apoptosis of B cells dose-dependently and behaved as an antioxidant. We found that in vivo administration of vitamin C by intraperitoneal injection affected isotype switching as previously reported: the titer of antigen-specific IgG1 antibody was decreased, while that of IgG2a was unaffected. Somewhat different from those observed in vivo, in vitro exposure to vitamin C slightly decreased isotype switching to IgG1 and increased isotype switching to IgG2a. Pretreatment with vitamin C in the safe range did not affect either proliferation of cultured B cells or the expression of CD80 and CD86 in those cells. Taken together, in vivo results suggest that vitamin C acts to modulate isotype switching in the mouse. However, because of our in vitro results, we suggest that the modulation exerted by vitamin C in vivo is by indirectly affecting B cells, perhaps by directly influencing other immune cells such as dendritic cells.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Ascorbic Acid ; B-Lymphocytes ; Dendritic Cells ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin G ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mammals ; Mice ; Micronutrients ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Vitamins

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Surgical anatomy of the lower eyelid relating to lower blepharoplasty.

Kun HWANG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):15-24. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.15

The aim of this review is to familiarize the reader with the critical lower eyelid anatomy as is related to lower blepharoplasty or a midface lift. The contents include 1) the lacrimal canaliculus in the lower eyelid: the depth and width (diameter) of the vertical portion were 2.58+/-0.24 mm and 0.44+/-0.07 mm, respectively. A vertical portion of the canaliculus was about 1 mm (1.11+/-0.16 mm) deep, and the horizontal portion was about 2~3 mm (2.08+/-2.74 mm) long 2 mm below the mucocutaneous junction, which is where an incision may be made when performing epicanthoplasty. 2) Motor innervation to the lower orbiculis oculi muscle: the pretarsal and preseptal OOMs were innervated by five to seven terminal twigs of the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve that approached the muscle at a right angle. The mean horizontal distance between the lateral canthus and the zygomatic branch was 2.31+/-0.29 cm (range: 1.7~2.7 cm) and the vertical distance was 1.20+/-0.20 cm (range: 0.8~1.5 cm). 3) Sensory innervation of the lower eyelid skin: the majority of the terminal branches (93.8%) of the ION were distributed to the medial to the lateral canthus. Most (99.4%) of the terminal branches of the ZFN were distributed to lateral to the lateral canthus. 4) Retractor of the lower eyelid; capsulopalpebral fascia (CPF): the orbital septum blended with the CPF most closely at 3.7~5.4 mm beneath the lower tarsal border and differently at 3.7+/-0.7 mm on the medial limbus line, 4.3+/-0.8 mm on the midpupillary line and 5.4+/-1.0 mm on the lateral limbus line. 5) Arcuate expansion (AE): The AE was a fibrous band expanding from the inferolateral orbital rim to the medial canthal ligament. A sector (fan-shaped) of the AE originated in the angle of 5 to 80 degrees at the circumference of the inferolateral orbital rim circle, falling within the range of 3 to 5.5 o'clock, and then it tapered and attached to the inferior border of the medial canthal ligament. 6) Suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) in the lower eyelid: the SOOF was located in the inferolateral side of the orbit within a range between medial +15 and lateral -89 degrees to a vertical midpupillary line. Histologically, the SOOF was situated deep to the Orbicularis oculi muscle and superficial to the orbital septum and periosteum. The SOOF consisted more of fibrofatty tissue rather than being the pure fatty nature like orbital fat. I hope surgeons can achieve desirable outcomes with the knowledge reviewed in this article.
Anatomy, Regional ; Blepharoplasty ; Eyelids ; Facial Nerve ; Fascia ; Ligaments ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Periosteum

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Genomics and proteomics in stem cell research: the road ahead.

Sung Min AHN ; Richard SIMPSON ; Bonghee LEE

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2010;43(1):1-14. doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.1

Stem cell research has been widely studied over the last few years and has attracted increasing attention from researchers in all fields of medicine due to its potential to treat many previously incurable diseases by replacing damaged cells or tissues. As illustrated by hematopoietic stem research, understanding stem cell differentiation at molecular levels is essential for both basic research and for clinical applications of stem cells. Although multiple integrative analyses, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, are required to understand stem cell biology, proteomics has a unique position in stem cell research. For example, several major breakthroughs in HSC research were due to the identification of proteins such as colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and cell-surface CD molecules. In 2007, the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) launched the joint Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative. A systematic proteomics approach to understanding stem cell differentiation will shed new light on stem cell biology and accelerate clinical applications of stem cells.
Biology ; Colony-Stimulating Factors ; Epigenomics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Joints ; Light ; Proteins ; Proteome ; Proteomics ; Stem Cell Research ; Stem Cells

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Histological and biochemical study of the superficial abdominal fascia and its implication in obesity.

Arvind Kumar PANDEY ; Pramod KUMAR ; Srinivas Kodavoor AITHAL ; Sushma R KOTIAN ; Honnegowda THITTAMARANAHALLI ; Hemalatha BANGERA ; Keerthana PRASAD ; Anne D SOUZA

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2016;49(3):184-188. doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.3.184

The advancement of liposculpturing and fascial flaps in reconstructive surgery has renewed interest in the superficial fascia of abdomen. Its histological and biochemical composition may play a vital role in maintaining strength and elasticity of the fascia. Hence, study of abdominal fascia for the elastic, collagen, and hydroxyproline contents is desirable to understand asymmetrical bulges and skin folds and in improving surgical treatment of obesity. Samples of superficial fascia were collected from of upper and lower abdomen from 21 fresh cadavers (15 males and 6 females). Samples were stained using Verhoeff–Van Gieson stain. Digital images of superficial fascia were analyzed using TissueQuant software. The samples were also subjected to hydroxyproline estimation. The superficial fascia was formed by loosely packed collagen fibers mixed with abundant elastic fibers and adipose tissue. Elastic contents and collagen contents of superficial fascia were significantly more in the upper abdomen than that in the lower abdomen in males. Hydroxyproline content of superficial fascia of upper abdomen was significantly more than that of lower abdomen in both males and females. The elastic, collagen and hydroxyproline contents of superficial fascia of upper abdomen were higher compared to the lower abdomen. This may be a reason for asymmetric bulging over abdomen and more sagging fold of skin in the lower abdomen than in the upper abdomen. This study may therefore be helpful in finding new ways to manage obesity and other body contour deformities.
Abdomen ; Adipose Tissue ; Cadaver ; Collagen ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Elastic Tissue ; Elasticity ; Fascia* ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxyproline ; Male ; Obesity* ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

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