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Eight prehilar branches of the right renal artery.

Satheesha B NAYAK ; Surekha D SHETTY ; Swamy RAVINDRA ; Srinivasa Rao SIRASANAGANDLA ; Ashwini P AITHAL ; Jyothsna PATIL ; Naveen KUMAR

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):214-216. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.214

Imaging technology with its advancement in the field of urology is the boon for the patients who require minimally invasive approaches for various kidney disorders. These approaches require a precise knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of vessels at the hilum of the kidney. During routine dissections, a variation in the branching pattern of the right renal artery was noted in an adult male cadaver. The right renal artery divided into upper and lower divisions 6cm away from the hilum of the kidney. The upper division gave 4 branches, and the lower division gave two branches. These two branches further bifurcated and gave 2 branches each. Thus, there were 8 prehilar branches of renal artery. The multiple prehilar branches led to a congested atmosphere at the hilum of the kidney. This arterial congestion might result in hindering the blood flow at the renal hilum. Apart from this, it might cause difficulties in diagnostic and therapeutic invasive procedures. Knowledge of this variation is of importance to radiologists and urologists in particular.
Adult ; Atmosphere ; Cadaver ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Pelvis ; Male ; Renal Artery* ; Urology

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Absent portal vein bifurcation: a rare variant and its clinical significance.

Ranjan Kumar SAHOO ; Sitansu KUMAR PANDA ; Pravakar BAHINIPATI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):210-213. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.210

Portal vein branching anomaly occurs due to aberration of normal anastomotic patterns and involution of vitelline veins during development of portal vein. Anatomical knowledge of portal vein and its branching pattern is important for hepatobiliary surgeon and gastrointestinal intervention radiologist. We are reporting a case of absence of portal vein bifurcation showing single main intrahepatic portal vein with gradual decreasing caliber distally, in a young female patient on contrast-enhanced computed tomography study of abdomen. Few cases of absence of portal bifurcation have been reported in literature so far.
Abdomen ; Anatomic Variation ; Female ; Humans ; Portal Vein* ; Veins ; Vitellins

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Semimembranosus ganglion cyst.

Suba ANANTHI KUMARASAMY ; Bijun Sai KANNADATH ; Sandosh SOUNDAMOURTHY ; Aruna SUBRAMANIAN ; Sankappa P SINHASAN ; Ramachandra V BHAT

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):207-209. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.207

Ganglion cysts are tumor-like lesions in the soft tissues, generated by mucoid degeneration of the joint capsule, tendon or tendon sheaths on the dorsum of hand, wrist and foot. However, an intratendinous origin for a ganglion cyst is extremely rare. During dissection of the popliteal fossa, a cyst of 2.5 cmx2 cmx0.5 cm was observed in the tendon of right semimembranosus, 3.5 cm above the insertion of the muscle. Contrast X-ray revealed the cyst as not communicating with the knee joint or any adjacent bursae. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ganglion cyst.
Diagnosis ; Foot ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Hand ; Joint Capsule ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Tendons ; Wrist

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Sex determination using upper limb bones in Korean populations.

Je Hun LEE ; Yi Suk KIM ; U Young LEE ; Dae Kyoon PARK ; Young Gil JEONG ; Nam Seob LEE ; Seung Yun HAN ; Kyung Yong KIM ; Seung Ho HAN

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):196-201. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.196

The purpose of this research is to establish metric standards for the determination of sex from the upper limb bones of Korean. We took a set of eleven measurements on each of 175 right sides of adult skeletons chosen at Korean sample. Classification accuracy dropped only one or two individuals when only vertical head diameter of humerus is used. Variables in relation with maximal length were less accurate than head diameter of humerus. Two variables were selected by the stepwise procedure: maximal length of humerus, vertical head diameter of humerus. The combined accuracy was 87%. This study of modern Korean skeletons underscores the need for population-specific techniques, not only for medicolegal investigations, but also for the study of population affinities and factors affecting bone configurations.
Adult ; Classification ; Head ; Humans ; Humerus ; Skeleton ; Upper Extremity*

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Variations in the origin of middle hepatic artery: a cadaveric study and implications for living donor liver transplantation.

Sanjib Kumar GHOSH

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):188-195. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.188

Living donor liver transplantation has been associated with severe vascular complications like hepatic artery thrombosis, which commonly involves the hepatic segment 4. Most authors have defined the artery to this segment as the middle hepatic artery. The present study was undertaken to characterize the origin of middle hepatic artery and classify the variations observed in cadaveric livers, and also to analyze the significance (if any) of the findings in relation to living donor liver transplantation. The study was conducted on 125 adult livers, without macroscopic abnormalities, retrieved from human cadavers (age, 55-78 years; male, 77; female, 48) obtained from clinical wards. The hepatic arterial system was exposed, the origin of the middle hepatic artery was identified in each liver specimen and the variations observed in its origin were noted across all the specimen. Six types of hepatic arterial configurations were observed based on variations in the origin of middle hepatic artery, taking into consideration the presence of accessory hepatic arteries. It was noted in 19 (15.2%) livers that in the presence of an accessory left hepatic artery, the middle hepatic artery arose as a sub-branch of the right hepatic artery. Presence of the above hepatic arterial configuration in the donor could possibly be associated with an increased risk of intra-operative injury to the middle hepatic artery during right/left lobe living donor liver transplantation and this may subsequently lead to serious post-operative vascular complications like hepatic artery thrombosis.
Adult ; Arteries ; Cadaver* ; Female ; Hepatic Artery* ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Transplantation* ; Living Donors* ; Male ; Thrombosis ; Tissue Donors

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Localization of S-100 proteins in the testis and epididymis of poultry and rabbits.

Ahmed ABD-ELMAKSOUD ; Mahmoud Badran SHOEIB ; Hany E S MAREI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):180-187. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.180

The present investigation was conducted to demonstrate S-100 protein in the testis and epididymis of adult chickens, Sudani ducks, pigeons, and rabbits. This study may represent the first indication for the presence of S-100 in the male reproductive organs of these species and might therefore serve as a milestone for further reports. In the testis of chickens, pigeons and rabbits, intense S-100 was seen in Sertoli cells. S-100 was also seen in the endothelial lining of blood vessels in rabbit testis. On the contrary, no S-100 reaction was detected in the Sertoli cells of Sudani ducks. In epididymis, the localization of S-100 had varied according to species studied; it was seen in the basal cells (BC) of epididymal duct in duck, non-ciliated cells of the distal efferent ductules in pigeons and ciliated cells of the efferent ductules and BC of rabbit epididymis. Conversely, S-100 specific staining was not detected in the epithelial lining of the rooster and pigeon epididymal duct as well as the principal cells of the rabbit epididymis. In conclusion, the distribution of the S-100 proteins in the testis and epididymis might point out to its roles in the male reproduction.
Adult ; Blood Vessels ; Chickens ; Columbidae ; Ducks ; Epididymis* ; Humans ; Male ; Poultry* ; Rabbits* ; Reproduction ; S100 Proteins* ; Sertoli Cells ; Testis*

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Effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on sodium valporate induced cytogenetic and testicular alterations in albino rats.

Saber A SAKR ; Mohamed E ZOWAIL ; Amera M MARZOUK

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):171-179. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.171

The present study investigated the cytogenetic and testicular damage induced by the antiepileptic drug, sodium valporate (SVP) in albino rats and the effect of saffron aqueous extracts. Treating rats with SVP caused a significant increase in the chromosomal aberrations either structural or numerical and decreased the mitotic index. Besides, animals administered SVP showed DNA damage appeared in the single strand breaks (comet assay). Testis of SVP-treated rats showed many histopathological changes. A significant decrease in seminiferous tubules and their epithelial heights diameters and inhibition of spermatogenesis was recorded. In addition, the number of sperm head abnormalities was increased. Biochemical results revealed an increase in malondialdhyde (MDA) which is lipid peroxidation marker and a significant decrease in the level of serum antioxidant enzyme, catalase (CAT) and reducing antioxidant power (RAP). Animals given SVP and saffron showed an improvement in chromosomal aberrations, mitotic index, DNA damage and testicular alterations caused by SVP. Moreover, MDA decreased and CAT and RAP increased. It is concluded from the present results that the ameliorative effects of saffron extract against SVP-induced cytogenetic and testicular damage in albino rats may be due to the presence of one or more antioxidant components of saffron.
Animals ; Catalase ; Cats ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Comet Assay ; Crocus* ; Cytogenetics* ; DNA Damage ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Mitotic Index ; Rats* ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sodium* ; Sperm Head ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis

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Effect of nicotine on the structure of cochlea of guinea pigs.

Amel M M ABDEL-HAFEZ ; Sanaa A M ELGAYAR ; Ola A HUSAIN ; Huda S A THABET

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):162-170. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.162

Smoking has been positively associated with hearing loss in human. However, its effect on the cochlea has not been previously evaluated. Aim of work is to investigate the effect of nicotine, which is the primary pharmacological component of tobacco, on the structure of the cochlea of adult male guinea pigs. Fifteen male guinea pigs were classified into two groups: group I (control) and group II (nicotine treated group). Group II was further subdivided into two subgroups; IIA and IIB according to the dose of nicotine (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively). The cochlea was harvested and processed for light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Nicotine administration induced damage of outer hair cells which were distorted in shape with vacuolated cytoplasm and heterochromatic nuclei. Topography revealed damage of the stereocilia which included disorganization, bent and limp or complete loss and expansion of the surrounding supporting cells. These changes were more pronounced in the basal turn of the cochlea and mainly involved the outer hair cells. High dose induced more damage and resulted in protrusion of the apical poles of hair cells (blebing), particularly the outer two rows. Nicotine is proved to be harmful to the cells of the cochlea, particularly the outer hair cells of the basal turn. High doses induce blebing of hair cells.
Adult ; Animals ; Cochlea* ; Cytoplasm ; Guinea Pigs* ; Hair ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nicotine* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stereocilia ; Tobacco

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Distribution and length of osteophytes in the lumbar vertebrae and risk of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a study of dry bones from Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Patcharin CHANAPA ; Tohno YOSHIYUKI ; Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):157-161. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.157

Vertebral osteophytes are a characteristic feature of intervertebral disc degeneration. In the lumbar spinal region, the two major structures in close proximity anterior to the spine are the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta, both of which have been reported to be affected by osteophytes. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution, classification and lengths of osteophytes in the lumbar vertebrae. One hundred and eighty lumbar columns of 90 males and 90 females from Chiang Mai, Thailand, in the age range 15 to 96 years (mean age, 63 years) were collected. The measuring length of osteophytes was assessed on vertebral body and articular facet. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive analysis, chi-square and Pearson Correlation. Lumbar osteophytes were presented in 175 specimens (97.2%), 88 males and 87 females. The highest frequency was at L4, most were on the superior, inferior surface of body and articular facet (39.7%, 38.4%, and 22%), respectively. The greatest mean length was 3.47+/-2.21 mm at L5, and the longest length of anterior superior surface of body was 28.56 mm. The osteophyte length was significantly correlated directly with age (P<0.01), and males were significantly greater than females (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of osteophytes was on the anterior side of superior surface of body (30.4%), and the classification was traction. It can be proposed that the abdominal aorta could be damaged, especially a risk of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Aorta, Abdominal ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal* ; Classification ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Lumbar Vertebrae* ; Male ; Osteophyte* ; Prevalence ; Rupture* ; Spine ; Thailand* ; Traction ; Vena Cava, Inferior

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Neuroprotection of antioxidant enzymes against transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils.

Jae Chul LEE ; Moo Ho WON

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(3):149-156. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.3.149

Experimentally transient global cerebral ischemia using animal models have been thoroughly studied and numerous reports suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neuronal death in ischemic lesions. In animal models, during the reperfusion period after ischemia, increased oxygen supply results in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are involved in the process of cell death. ROS, such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl free radicals, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide are produced as a consequence of metabolic reactions and central nervous system activity. These reactive species are directly involved in the oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins in ischemic tissues, which can lead to cell death. Antioxidant enzymes are believed to be among the major mechanisms by which cells counteract the deleterious effect of ROS after cerebral ischemia. Consequently, antioxidant strategies have been long suggested as a therapy for experimental ischemic stroke; however, clinical trials have not yet been able to promote the translation of this concept into patient treatment regimens. This article focuses on the contribution of oxidative stress or antioxidants to the post-ischemic neuronal death following transient global cerebral ischemia by using a gerbil model.
Antioxidants ; Brain Ischemia* ; Cell Death ; Central Nervous System ; Free Radicals ; Gerbillinae* ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Ischemia ; Models, Animal ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide ; Nucleic Acids ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Reperfusion ; Stroke ; Superoxides

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