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Stereological study of the effects of morphine consumption and abstinence on the number of the neurons and oligodendrocytes in medial prefrontal cortex of rats.

Ali RAFATI ; Ali NOORAFSHAN ; Nihad TORABI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):191-197. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.191

Quantitative studies to date on the effects of opioid consumption and abstinence on the nervous system using modern stereological methods have not received enough attention. In addition, they have yielded controversial results. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of morphine, with or without abstinence, on the neurons and oligodendrocytes of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in rats using quantitative stereological methods. The male rats were divided into four groups: the first (saline [SAL]) and second (morphine [MOR]) groups were treated with saline and an escalating dose of morphine (5-20 mg/kg) for 30 days, respectively; the third (SAL+abstinence [ABS]) and fourth (MOR+ABS) groups were treated in the same manner as the previous groups plus they had a 30-day abstinence period. The results showed that the volume of the MPFC and its subdivisions decreased by approximately 15% in the MOR group compared with that in the SAL group (P<0.05). In addition, the volume decreased by approximately 24% in the MOR+ABS group compared with that in the SAL+ABS group (P<0.05). The number of neurons in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 44% and 35%, respectively, compared with that in their corresponding control groups. Moreover, the number of the oligodendrocytes in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups decreased by approximately 41% and 37%, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the number of cells in the MOR and MOR+ABS groups. In conclusion, morphine consumption leads to a permanent reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and no additional neuron and oligodendrocyte loss occurs after abstinence.
Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Morphine ; Nervous System ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats

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Neuroprotective effects of tanshinone I from Danshen extract in a mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia.

Jae Chul LEE ; Joon Ha PARK ; Ok Kyu PARK ; In Hye KIM ; Bing Chun YAN ; Ji Hyeon AHN ; Seung Hae KWON ; Jung Hoon CHOI ; Jong Dai KIM ; Moo Ho WON

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):183-190. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.183

Hypoxia-ischemia leads to serious neuronal damage in some brain regions and is a strong risk factor for stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of tanshinone I (TsI) derived from Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract) against neuronal damage using a mouse model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Brain infarction and neuronal damage were examined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin histochemistry, and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Pre-treatment with TsI (10 mg/kg) was associated with a significant reduction in infarct volume 1 day after hypoxia-ischemia was induced. In addition, TsI protected against hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuronal death in the ipsilateral region. Our present findings suggest that TsI has strong potential for neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic damage. These results may be used in research into new anti-stroke medications.
Animals ; Brain ; Brain Infarction ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fluoresceins ; Hematoxylin ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Mice ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Risk Factors ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; Stroke ; Tetrazolium Salts

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The expression of IL-6Ralpha and Gp130 in fallopian tubes bearing an ectopic pregnancy.

Elham YOUSEFIAN ; Marefat Ghaffari NOVIN ; Fateme Fadaei FATHABADI ; Reza Mastery FARAHANI ; Emadeddin Yazdani KACHOUEI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):177-182. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.177

Women with tubal ectopic pregnancies have high levels of circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 treatment in vitro significantly reduces the ciliary activity of tubal epithelium. The effects of IL-6 on target cells occur via the formation of a high-affinity complex with its receptors IL-6Ralpha and glycoprotein 130 (Gp130). IL-6Ralpha is specifically expressed in the cilia of the epithelial cells. In this study, we performed a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the mRNA expression of IL-6Ralpha and Gp130 in the fallopian tubes obtained from 12 women with ectopic pregnancies, 12 women with normal pregnancies, and 12 healthy nonpregnant women in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Fallopian tubes were evaluated from specimens taken during tubal ligation in normal pregnancies and nonpregnant fertile women or during tubal surgery in ectopic pregnancies. We observed that IL-6Ralpha mRNA expression in fallopian tubes was increased in ectopic pregnancy compared with that in the midluteal phase. We also found that the Gp130 mRNA expression was significantly lower in fallopian tubes from ectopic pregnancies than in those from nonpregnant women during the midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle, although its expression was noticeably high in fallopian tubes in the midluteal phase, which suggests that high Gp130 levels may possibly contribute to embryo transport into the uterus.
Cilia ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Luteal Phase ; Menstrual Cycle ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Receptors, Interleukin-6 ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Sterilization, Tubal ; Ursidae ; Uterus

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Histological assessment of the palatal mucosa and greater palatine artery with reference to subepithelial connective tissue grafting.

Kwang Hee CHO ; Sun Kyoung YU ; Myoung Hwa LEE ; Dong Seol LEE ; Heung Joong KIM

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2013;46(3):171-176. doi:10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.171

This study aimed to measure the thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and to elucidate the location of the greater palatine artery to provide the anatomical basis for subepithelial connective tissue grafting. Thirty-two maxillary specimens, taken from the canine distal area to the first molar distal area, were embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria of the palatal mucosa was measured at three positions on these specimens, starting from 3 mm below the alveolar crest and in 3-mm intervals. The location of the greater palatine artery was evaluated by using image-processing software. The mean epithelial thickness decreased significantly in the posterior teeth; it was 0.41, 0.36, 0.32, and 0.30 mm in the canine, first premolar, second premolar, and first molar distal areas, respectively. The lamina propria was significantly thicker in the canine distal; it was 1.36, 1.08, 1.09, and 1.05 mm, respectively. The mean length from the alveolar crest to the greater palatine artery increased toward the posterior molar; it was 7.76, 9.21, 10.93, and 11.28 mm, respectively. The mean depth from the surface of the palatal mucosa to the greater palatine artery decreased from the canine distal to the first premolar distal but increased again toward the posterior molar; it was 3.97, 3.09, 3.58, and 5.50 mm, respectively. Detailed histological assessments of the lamina propria of the palatal mucosa and the greater palatine artery are expected to provide useful anatomical guidelines for subepithelial connective tissue grafting.
Arteries ; Bicuspid ; Connective Tissue ; Epithelium ; Molar ; Mucous Membrane ; Paraffin ; Transplants

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Absence of transverse colon, persistent descending mesocolon, displaced small and large bowels: a rare congenital anomaly with a high risk of volvulus formation.

Prakashchandra SHETTY ; Satheesha B NAYAK

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):279-281. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.279

Congenital anomalies such as positional anomalies of the right half of the colon are more common when compared to its left half. We report a rare case of congenital anomaly where the transverse colon was totally absent. Ascending colon continued as descending colon at the right colic flexure. Ascending and descending colons formed an inverted U shaped loop which was situated in the right half of the abdomen. The sigmoid colon began from the descending colon, on the right side of the midline and coursed to the left iliac fossa. The terminal part of ascending colon and entire descending colon had a persistent mesocolon. The jejunum and ileum were situated in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. This anomaly can cause volvulus of the colon at any stage of life. Furthermore, the knowledge of this anomaly is very useful for radiologists, gastroenterologists and surgeons.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Cavity ; Colon ; Colon, Ascending ; Colon, Descending ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Colon, Transverse* ; Ileum ; Intestinal Volvulus* ; Jejunum ; Mesocolon*

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Multiple absences of the branches of abdominal aorta with congenital absence of the portal vein, unilateral adrenal agenesis and persistent ductus arteriosus in a female cadaver.

Shahriar AHMADPOUR ; Khadijeh FOGHI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):274-278. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.274

We report on an extremely rare case of multiple absences of the branches of abdominal aorta with congenital absence of the portal vein, unilateral adrenal agenesis and persistent ductus arteriosus in an adult female cadaver. Specifically, instead of celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, solely a single arterial trunk aroused from the anterior aspect of abdominal aorta, inferior phrenic and ovarian arteries were absent in both sides. Left kidneys drained by two veins. There were not superior, splenic and mesenteric veins, while left renal vein received an additional vein, which run downward and drained primarily all parts of digestive tract and its associated glands (portal vein did not exist). Right adrenal gland was absent. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only reported case with such widespread anomalies. We think the importance of this case is beyond the surgical consideration and needs more profound developmental studies.
Adrenal Glands ; Adult ; Aorta, Abdominal* ; Arteries ; Cadaver* ; Ductus Arteriosus* ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Kidney ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior ; Mesenteric Veins ; Portal Vein* ; Renal Veins ; Veins

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Unusual morphology of the superior belly of omohyoid muscle.

Rajesh THANGARAJAN ; Prakashchandra SHETTY ; Srinivasa Rao SIRASANAGNADLA ; Melanie Rose D'SOUZA

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):271-273. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.271

Though anomalies of the superior belly of the omohyoid have been described in medical literature, absence of superior belly of omohyoid is rarely reported. Herein, we report a rare case of unilateral absence of muscular part of superior belly of omohyoid. During laboratory dissections for medical undergraduate students, unusual morphology of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle has been observed in formalin embalmed male cadaver of South Indian origin. The muscular part of the superior belly of the omohyoid was completely absent. The inferior belly originated normally from the upper border of scapula, and continued with a fibrous tendon which ran vertically lateral to sternohyoid muscle and finally attached to the lower border of the body of hyoid bone. The fibrous tendon was about 1 mm thick and received a nerve supply form the superior root of the ansa cervicalis. As omohyoid mucle is used to achieve the reconstruction of the laryngeal muscles and bowed vocal folds, the knowledge of the possible anomalies of the omohyoid muscle is important during neck surgeries.
Cadaver ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Laryngeal Muscles ; Male ; Neck ; Scapula ; Tendons ; Vocal Cords

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Unilateral ureteric stone associated with gross hydronephrosis and kidney shrinkage: a cadaveric report.

Omid IRAVANI ; Ern Wei TAY ; Boon Huat BAY ; Yee Kong NG

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):267-270. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.267

Ureteric stones are a common cause of obstruction of the urinary tract, usually presenting with characteristic signs and symptoms, such as acute ureteric colic and hematuria. Occasionally, stones may present with non-specific symptoms such as low back pain and remain unidentified, leading to stone growth, chronic ureteric obstruction and complications such as hydronephrosis and renal damage. Here, we report a large ureteric stone in a cadaver with complete obstruction at the left ureterovesical junction, resulting in severe dilatation of the left ureter and renal pelvis.
Cadaver* ; Colic ; Dilatation ; Hematuria ; Hydronephrosis* ; Kidney Pelvis ; Kidney* ; Low Back Pain ; Ureter* ; Urinary Tract

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Outcome-based self-assessment on a team-teaching subject in the medical school.

Sang Pil YOON ; Sa Sun CHO

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):259-266. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.259

We attempted to investigate the reason why the students got a worse grade in gross anatomy and the way how we can improve upon the teaching method since there were gaps between teaching and learning under recently changed integration curriculum. General characteristics of students and exploratory factors to testify the validity were compared between year 2011 and 2012. Students were asked to complete a short survey with a Likert scale. The results were as follows: although the percentage of acceptable items was similar between professors, professor C preferred questions with adequate item discrimination and inappropriate item difficulty whereas professor Y preferred adequate item discrimination and appropriate item difficulty with statistical significance (P<0.01). The survey revealed that 26.5% of total students gave up the exam on gross anatomy of professor Y irrespective of years. These results suggested that students were affected by the corrected item difficulty rather than item discrimination in order to obtain academic achievement. Therefore, professors in a team-teaching subject should reach a consensus on an item difficulty with proper teaching methods.
Consensus ; Curriculum ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Learning ; Schools, Medical* ; Self-Assessment* ; Teaching

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Morphological variations of the lungs: a study conducted on Indian cadavers.

Bincy M GEORGE ; Satheesha B NAYAK ; Sapna MARPALLI

Anatomy & Cell Biology.2014;47(4):253-258. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.253

Awareness of anatomical variations in lungs is essential during segmental or lobar resections of lungs. We studied the variations of fissures, lobes and hilar structures in 65 right and 73 left isolated lungs from the dissection hall. Horizontal fissure was absent in 3.07% and incomplete in 35.38% of right lungs. Four point six one percentage of right lungs had 3 fissures and 4 lobes. Three point zero seven percentage of right lungs had 3 arteries, 67.69% had 2 arteries, and 29.23% had only one artery in the hilum. Sixty-three point zero seven percentage of right lungs had two veins in the hilum; 32.30% had 3 veins in the hilum; and 4.61% had more than 3 veins in the hilum. Ninety-eight point four six percentage of right lungs showed 2 bronchi in the hilum, and 1.53% of them showed 3 bronchi in the hilum. Two of the right lungs (3.07%) had an artery passing across the oblique fissure. Fifteen point zero six percentage of left lungs showed incomplete oblique fissure and 2.73% showed 2 fissures and 3 lobes. Five point four seven percentage of left lungs showed 2 arteries and 94.52% had only one artery in the hilum. Eighty point eight two percentage of left lungs had two veins in the hilum and 19.17% had 3 veins in the hilum. Twenty-one point nine one percent of left lungs had 2 bronchi and 78.08% had only one bronchus in the hilum. The knowledge of variations in the lobar and hilar anatomy of the lung presented in this study is clinically important while interpreting the radiological images and performing surgical procedures.
Arteries ; Bronchi ; Cadaver* ; Lung* ; Veins

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