Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of brucellosis in Nangang District of Harbin City,and to provide a scientific basis for making strategies in prevention and control of the disease.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used,epidemic characteristics (time distribution,regional distribution and population distribution) of the disease in Nangang District of Harbin City in 2006-2015 were studied,and brucellosis cases were reported online through the national epidemic network.Results A total of 105 cases of brucellosis were reported,the average annual incidence rate was 7.84/100 thousand and no death case.The number of cases was the highest in 2014,it was 21 cases,the incidence rate was 1.57/100 thousand;the number of cases was the least in 2010,it was 3 cases,the incidence rate was 0.22/100 thousand;in 2006,the number of cases was 9,the incidence rate was 0.67/100 thousand;in 2015,the number of cases was 17,the incidence rate was 1.27/100 thousand.The incidence of the disease was mainly concentrated in summer and autumn,accounting for 65.71％ (69/105),the number of summer onset was 38,accounting for 36.19％ (38/105);the incidence of the autumn was 31,accounting for 29.52％ (31/105).In 2006-2012,the incidence of the disease was mainly concentrated in Wanggang and Hongqi townships,accounting for 60.00％ (30/50);after 2013,the cases in urban areas were on the rise,Wanggang and Hongqi townships accounted for 34.55％ (19/55).Incidence of male youth was the highest,male and female incidence ratio was 2.18:1.00 (72:33);incidence peak was 30-60 years old,accounting for 60.95％ (64/105);after analyzing the incidence of occupational groups,farmer was the highest,accounting for 43.81％ (46/105).Transmission route was contact with cattle and sheep and lived in the environment cattle and sheep were breed,the number of cases was 34.Conclusions The incidence of brucellosis in Nangang District of Harbin City is rising after 2013.Disease season focus in summer and autumn,occupation focus in farmers,and the scope of the outbreak has been expanded.We should further strengthen publicity and education in disease focus season,improve the awareness of protection,in order to effectively control the epidemic of brucellosis.

Objective To explore the effects and the possible mechanism of Gingko biloba on liver injury due to arsenic poisoning in rats,and to provide experimental evidence for prevention and treatment of arsenic poisoning.Methods The corn powder baked by high arsenic coal was served as the main raw material to make feed containing arsenic.Forty healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups according to their body weights,including control group A,arsenic poisoning group,control group B,natural recovery group and Ginkgo biloba treatment group,eight rats in each group,half male and half female.The control group A rats were fed with normal diet ad libitum for 3.0 months;the arsenic poisoning group rats were freely given feed containing arsenic (100 mg/kg) for 3.0 months;the control group B rats were fed with normal diet ad libitum for 4.5 months;the natural recovery group rats were freely given arsenic (100 mg/kg) feed for 3.0 months,and then given a normal diet for 1.5 months;Ginkgo biloba treatment rats ingested arsenic feed for 3.0 months,and then give Ginkgo biloba solution (25 mg/kg) orally,6 d/week for 1.5 months,then back to normal diet.The content of arsenic in urine,liver,as well as the liver function indices [alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),total bile acids (TBA),gamma glutamyl aminopeptidase (GGT),glutathione S-transferase (GSTs)] and the oxidative stress indexes [superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPx),thiol (-SH),malondialdehyde （MDA)] of liver homogenate,were measured.Results The arsenic content of urine and liver (geometric mean) of the rats in arsenic poisoning group (2 991.24 μg/g Cr,4.29 μg/g) were significantly higher than those in control group A (91.59 μg/g Cr,1.00 μg/g).Urinary arsenic and liver arsenic levels of rats in natural recovery and Ginkgo biloba treatment groups (467.39,334.48 μg/g Cr;,3.15,1.88 μg/g) were higher than those in control group B (99.54 μg/g Cr,0.85 μg/g).The arsenic contents of urine of the rats in natural recovery group,the arsenic contents of urine and liver of rats of Ginkgo biloba treatment group were all lower than those in arsenic poisoning group.The differences were significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The activity/contents of AST,TBA,GGT,GSTs of rats in arsenic poisoning group [(212.88 ± 29.76) U/L,(19.19 ± 4.33) μmol/L,(1.73 ± 0.50) U/L,(196.21 ± 47.38) U/L] were all significantly higher than those in control group A [(142.63 ± 24.20) U/L,(6.23 ± 2.95) μmol/L,(0.77 ± 0.32) U/L,(142.86 ± 28.58) U/L].The activity/contents of TBA,GGT,GSTs in natural recovery group were (17.07 ± 3.92) μ,mol/L,(1.47 ± 0.57) U/L and (178.06 ± 27.37) U/L;and the contents of TBA in Ginkgo biloba treatment group were (13.60 ± 3.00) μmol/L;which were all higher than those in control group B [(7.55 ± 2.45) μmol/L,(0.74 ± 0.51) U/L,(145.17 ± 28.59) U/L].The activity of AST in natural recovery group [(137.44 ± 23.20) U/L],the activity/contents of AST,TBA,GGT and GSTs in Ginkgo biloba treatment group[(129.63 ± 31.25) U/L,(13.60 ± 3.00) μmol/L,(1.15 ± 0.48) U/L,(155.64 ± 20.79) U/L,respectively] were all lower than those in arsenic poisoning group.The content of TBA in Ginkgo biloba treatment group was lower than that of natural recovery group.The differences of those indexes were all significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The activity/contents of SOD,GPx and-SH in arsenic poisoning group [(46.34 ± 11.39),(275.16 ± 92.00) U/mg prot and (0.08 ± 0.02) μmol/mg prot] were all significantly lower than those in control group A [(75.52 ± 8.72),(1 351.01 ± 395.96) U/mg prot,(0.13 ± 0.01) μmol/mg prot].The activity of SOD and GPx in natural recovery group [(42.44 ± 9.58),(694.87 ± 187.01) U/mg prot] were all lower than those in control group B [(68.17 ± 11.11),(1 342.80 ± 185.04) U/mg prot].The activity of GPx in natural recovery group,the activity/contents of SOD,GPx,-SH in Ginkgo biloba treatment group [(63.90 ± 10.44),(1 283.28 ± 373.87) U/mg prot,(0.12-± 0.02) μmol/mg prot] were all higher than those in arsenic poisoning group.The contents of SOD,GPx,-SH in Ginkgo biloba treatment group were higher than those of natural recovery group.The content of MDA in arsenic poisoning group [(3.05 ± 0.94) nmol/mg prot] was higher than that in control group A [(1.67 ± 0.55) nmol/mg prot].The content of MDA of rats in natural recovery and Ginkgo biloba treatment groups were (2.22 ± 0.93),(1.77 ± 0.37) nmol/mg prot,which were lower than those in the arsenic poisoning group.The differences of the above indexes were all significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ginkgo biloba can reduce the accumulation of arsenic in the liver and ameliorate lipid peroxidation,relieve liver injury effectively in rats caused by coal-burning arsenic.

Food-born trematodes which parasitize liver, lung and intestine cause various trematodes diseases. There are a few common trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola, Opisthorchis, Paragonimus, and Echinostoma. This review provides recent progress in techniques and methods for their immunodiagnosis. These methods are mainly used to diagnose with excretory-secretary antigen, recombinant antigen and antibodies of hosts, by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, immunefluorescence, immunehistochemistry, proteomics and a lateral flow detection system so on. It is beneficial to improve diagnostic and accuracy rates when all this methods are used synthetically.

Parasitosis is one of the most serious infectious diseases endangering human and animal health. Vaccination was an economic and effective measure in prevention and treatment of the disease. Bifidobacterium (Bb) is a kind of important probiotics in intestinal tract of human and other animals. In recent years, with the development of genetic engineering technology, Bb has been selected as a carrier delivery system to construct a series of recombinant Bb, such as in bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor and other fields. In this review, we reported the preparation and immune effect of several kinds of Bb-mediated genetic engineering vaccines against parasites.

Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is one type of zoonotic, parasitic diseases seriously endangering human health. Vaccine recently becomes the highlight in control of this parasite. ROPs antigen is an effective candidate molecule of vaccine. This review outlines the status in the research of ROPs vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii mediated by bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacteria smegmatis, Bacille calmette-Guerin, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pichia Pastoris, and viruses such as Canine adenovirus type 2, Adenovirus serotype 5, Feline herpesvirus type-1 and Vaccinia virus.

Objective The study was focused on the current situation of human resources of pharmaceutical enterprises in Heilongjiang Province, to solve the problems of workforce shortage in small- and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises, and put forward corresponding countermeasures. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to investigate the basic situation of 12 pharmaceutical enterprises in Heilongjiang Province in June - November 2016, and interviews and questionnaire survey were conducted with the employees of human resources departments. The basic situation of the survey included: the general situation, the demand for talent, the development of pharmaceutical enterprises and so on. Staff interviews included: the number of talents introduced and the number of outflows in the past 3 years, human resources needs, knowledge and ability of pharmaceutical enterprises. The staff survey included: employee job satisfaction, turnover tendency and career development prospects. Results The number of employees in the 12 pharmaceutical enterprises was 22065. Employees' age was in 34 - < 44 years old, with low education qualifications, 74.6% (16456/22065) of employees attended junior college or below . There were 6246 technical personnel , most of them (3678) received college education. In the interviews with 36 employees, it was found that the pharmaceutical enterprises were short of workforce. The unstable sources for the workforce and brain drain were the biggest problem in the development of pharmaceutical enterprises. In the 591 questionnaires, 24.6%(145/591) of employees had the idea of changing jobs in the past year. Conclusion Pharmaceutical enterprises should pay attention to the introduction and training of talented staff, and develop a series of preferential conditions to attract them, so as to achieve the goal of thriving enterprises by talented workforce.

Objective To determine the hair selenium level by material microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Methods The selenium in hair was determined by hydride atomic fluorescence spectrometry after microwave digestion, and the method was improved by exploring the test conditions. The linear relationship and linear range of the standard curve, the detection limit, the precision and the accuracy of the sample determination were implemented under the optimized conditions. The selenium value of standard material of human hair was tested by material microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Results The selenium detection limit of material microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was 0.095 μg/g, the correlation coefficient of standard curve was 0.9997, the relative standard deviation was 1.32% - 2.48%, the average recovery rate was 93.4% - 98.2%, and the selenium value of standard material of human hair was in the standard value range of uncertainty, which met the requirements. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate and precise, and it is an accurate and reliable method for determination of selenium in hair.

Objective To establish a method for automatic determination of iodine content in drinking water by flow injection analysis (FIA) without arsenic. Methods In the dilute nitric acid solution, iodide ion in appropriate amount of nitrous acid solution could catalyze the orange red iron thiocyanate complex fade, and the use of this method combined with flow injection analysis technology formulated a flow injection method, and experimental conditions of the method were optimized. The linear relationship and linear range of the standard curve, the detection limit, the precision and the accuracy of the sample determination were implemented under the optimized conditions. Results The optimum concentration of potassium thiocyanate solution (0.15 mol/L) and sodium nitrite was 27.30 ml and 8.00 g/L, respectively, by series of experimental studies. Under the condition, the linear range of the standard curve was 0-500μg/L, the standard curve linear relationship coefficient≥0.9990;method detection limit was 5.94μg/L; in precision experiment of low, medium and high concentrations of iodine, the coefficients of variation were 1.19%, 1.92%and 2.06%;in accuracy test, recovery rates were 100.49%-107.84%, and the total recovery rate was 103.15%. Conclusions The flow injection analysis method can be used to replace arsenic cerium catalyzed spectrophotometric detection of iodide in water; when the method is used in detection of the sample water iodide content of 0 - 500 μg/L, it has good precision and accuracy, automatic injection, automatic filling reagents and automatic detection system to reduce the burden on the staff, with arsenic-free reagents and reduced environmental pollution and the health hazards of the inspectors, which is suitable for iodine screening in high iodine areas.

Objective To analyze clinical and laboratory results of 38 children with brucellosis for providing theoretical basis for its clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods The epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory characteristics and therapeutic effect of pediatric patients at HulunBuir People's Hospital from January 2011 to December 2015, were retrospectively evaluated. Results Totally there were 38 child patients with brucellosis, 24 males and 14 females, 36 children had directly contacted with animals, and onset seasons were mainly in Summer and Autumn. The dominant manifestations were fever in 33 (86.8%), anorexia in 21 (55.3%), arthralgiaand myalgia in 17 (44.7%), hepatomegaly in 5 (13.2%), splenomegaly in 11 (28.9%), and lymph nodes enlargement in 10 (26.3%). Abnormal laboratory findings included elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level in 27 (71.1%) and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) in 24 (63.2%). Both the Rose Bengal test and serum agglutination test (SAT) were positive in 37 patients, only one patient was negative but the blood culture was positive. After at least 12 weeks of combined, adequate and standardized treatment, there were 30 pediatric brucellosis patients cured, improved in 8 cases, the total effective rate was 100.0%. Conclusions In endemic regions, the presence of persistent fever, joint pain and hepatosplenomegaly should alert clinicians the possibility of brucellosis. Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce the incidence of complications.

Objective To investigate the content and changes of fluoride in corn and pepper, to evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures, and to provide a basis for adjusting the prevention and control strategy. Methods In 2013, according to the different directions of east, west, south, north and center, 5 townships were selected from each coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas in all 23 counties (cities, districts), and 3 villages was randomly selected from each township. Household samples of corn and dried pepper in 10 households were collected to detect fluorine content. The results of 14 counties were compared with the 2007 survey data. Results A total of 884 and 3379 samples of corn and pepper were collected, and the median fluorine content was 1.26 and 9.15 mg/kg, the range was 0.50~254.59 mg/kg and 0.50~3701.88 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the survey data of 2007, the median fluoride content of corn of 14 counties decreased by nearly 50%, and the median amount of pepper was reduced by more than 80%. The differences were statistically significant (mg/kg:corn 1.36 vs 2.63, dried pepper 9.70 vs 55.31, Z = 3.28, 9.13, P<0.05). Conclusion The fluoride content of corn and pepper in Guizhou Province is significantly lower, but it is still relatively high in some coal-burning-borne fluorosis counties (cities, districts).