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Differences in reproductive endocrinology between Asian men and Caucasian men--a literature review.

Asian Journal of Andrology.2000;2(1):13-20.

This review provides an overview of the literature on aspects of reproductive endocrinology wherein Asian men may differ from Caucasian, notably, prostatic neoplasm and the sensivity to pharmacological regimens of male contraception. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as nutrition, might be relevant. Asian men residing in Asia seem to be relatively protected from clinical prostatic neoplasm while the prevalence of preclinical prostatic neoplasm is not different. Migration to an area with a higher prevalence reduces this difference but does not undo it. With regard to prostatic neoplasm the following factors have been considered as relevant in Asian men: 1) a reduction in 5 alpha-reductase level, 2) decreased levels of androgenic ketosteroid precursors of 5 alpha-reduced androgen metabolites, 3) the decreased presence of a P53 mutation, 4) a higher CAG-repeat length of the androgen receptor, 5) a possible higher level of physical activity, 6) differences in sexual activity. Furthermore, Asian men respond to a higher degree with azoospermia in response to contraceptive steroids. Possible explanations offered for the more pronounced response to contraceptive steroids are: 1) differences in testicular structure and decreased spermatogenic potential, 2) an earlier and more marked suppression in LH secretion by exogenous androgens. The differences may be due to genetical and/or environmental factors influencing the peripheral testosterone metabolism. Dietary factors such as the higher intake of phytoestrogens in Asians might exert effects on 5 alpha-reductase activity and/or on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels, thus having an impact on the biological efficacy of circulating androgens.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Environment ; Ethnic Groups ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Male ; Reproduction ; genetics ; physiology

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Re: Unwarranted demand for body parts of endangered animal species for treatment of male infertility (Asian J Andorl 2000; 2:158).

S Chye NG ; G ADAIKAN

Asian Journal of Andrology.2000;2(3):237-237.

Animal Rights ; Animals ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; therapy ; Male

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Effect of adrenalectomy on rat epididymidis.

Neena NAIR ; R S BEDWAL ; R S MATHUR

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):273-279.

AIMTo investigate the effect of adrenalectomy (ADX) on the epididymidis of Sprague-Dawley rats.

METHODSThe histological, biochemical (cholesterol protein, zinc, copper, alkaline and acid phosphatase aryl sulphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and leucine amino peptidase) and hormonal (FSH, LH and testosterone) changes of caput and cauda epididymis in ADX rats were observed.

RESULTSOrgan wet weight, histological studies and morphometric measurements indicated a cellular degeneration in caput and cauda epididymis of ADX rats. Serum testosterone level was significantly lower in ADX than in sham-operated rats, while the serum FSH and LH were below the detection limit of 1 mIU/mL. The enzymatic activity was higher in ADX than in sham-operated rats. Epididymal zinc level increased whereas copper level decreased in ADX rats compared to the sham-operated.

CONCLUSIONAdrenalectomy leads to degeneration of caput and cauda epididymidis epithelial cells as a result of decreased supply of testosterone.

Acid Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Adrenalectomy ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Arylsulfatases ; metabolism ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Copper ; metabolism ; Epididymis ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Leucyl Aminopeptidase ; metabolism ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Male ; Organ Size ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reference Values ; Testosterone ; blood ; Time Factors ; Zinc ; metabolism

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Characteristic pattern of human prostatic growth with age.

Shu-Jie XIA ; Xiao-Xin XU ; Jian-Bao TENG ; Chun-Xiao XU ; Xiao-Da TANG

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):269-271.

AIMTo study the characteristic pattern of the age-related growth of the human prostate gland.

METHODSThe volume (weight) of the prostate in 1,601 males, aged from newborn to 92 years, was determined by B-ultrasonography.

RESULTSProstatic volume determination by B-ultrasonography in 1601 males (1301 normal subjects and 300 BPH patients) pointed out that the age-stratified growth of human prostate could be categorized into 4 life stages: (1) the first slow growing phase (from newborn to 9 years): the prostate grows slowly at a rate of 0.14 g per year; (2) the first rapid growing phase (from 10 to 30 years): the prostate grows at a rate of 0.84 g per year; (3) the second slow growing phase (from 30 to 50 years), the prostate grows at a rate of 0.21 g per year; (4) the second rapid growing phase (from 50 to 90 years): the prostate grows at one of the following rates: in one group the growth rate is of 0.50 g per year and in the other 1.20 g per year, leading to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

CONCLUSIONThe volumes of the prostate are different in different age groups and it grows with age at different rates in four life phases. The prostate growth in phases can be expressed by the following equation: Y=19.36+1.36X'-0.58X'(2+0.33X'3), where Y = prostate volume, X = age (up to 70 years), X'=(X-35.5)/10.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organ Size ; Prostate ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Ultrasonography

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PCR analysis of Yq microdeletions in infertile males, a study from South India.

S Ramesh BABU ; M SWARNA ; P PADMAVATHI ; P P REDDY

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):265-268.

AIMTo estimate the frequency of microdeletions in the long arm of Y-chromosome of 20 infertile males from South India.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using Y-specific STS of azoospermia factor (AZF) regions i.e., SY 84 for AZFa, SY 127 for AZFb and SY 254 for AZFc.

RESULTSOf the 20 infertile subjects 3 (15 %), one azoospermic and two oligozoospermic, showed microdeletions in the AZF region of Y-chromosome.

CONCLUSIONThe frequency of deletions involving AZF region of the Y-chromosome is 15 % in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic infertile men. PCR amplification of AZF locus is useful for the diagnosis of microdeletions in the Y-chromosome.

Base Sequence ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; DNA Primers ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci ; Humans ; India ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; Male ; Oligospermia ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Reference Values ; Seminal Plasma Proteins ; genetics

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AZF microdeletions associated with idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases with cryptorchidism and varicocele.

Rima DADA ; N P GUPTA ; K KUCHERIA

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):259-263.

AIMTo identify submicroscopic interstitial deletions in azoospermia factor (AZF) loci in idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases of male infertility in Indians.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty two infertile males with oligozoospermia or azoospermia were included in this study. Semen analysis was done to determine the sperm density, i.e., normospermia (>20 million/mL), oligozoospermia (<20 million/mL) or azoospermia. They were subjected to detailed clinical examination and endocrinological and cytogenetic study. Thirty G-banded metaphases were analyzed in the 122 cases and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microdeletion analysis was done in 70 cytogenetically normal subjects. For this genomic DNA was extracted using peripheral blood. The STS primers tested in each case were sY84, sY86 (AZFa); sY127, sY134 (AZFb); sY254, sY255 (AZFc). PCR amplifications found to be negative were repeated at least 3 times to confirm the deletion of a given marker. The PCR products were analyzed on a 1.8 % agarose gel.

RESULTSEight of the 70 cases (11.4 %) showed deletion of at least one of the STS markers. Deletions were detected in cases with known and unknown aetiology with bilateral severe testiculopathy and also in cryptorchid and varicocele subjects.

CONCLUSIONAZF microdeletions were seen in both idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases with cryptorchidism and varicocele. The finding of a genetic aetiology in infertile men with varicocele and cryptorchidism suggests the need for molecular screening in non-idiopathic cases.

Adult ; Biopsy, Needle ; Chromosome Banding ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; Cryptorchidism ; genetics ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Loci ; Humans ; Male ; Metaphase ; Oligospermia ; etiology ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reference Values ; Semen ; chemistry ; Seminal Plasma Proteins ; genetics ; Sperm Count ; Testis ; pathology ; Varicocele ; genetics

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Clinical significance of EGF and EGFR expression changes in cryptorchid boys.

Guo-Sheng YANG ; Ren-Kang LU ; Zhao-Dian CHEN

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):255-258.

AIMTo explore the changes of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressions in cryptorchid children and their clinical significance.

METHODSThe level of serum EGF was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the expression of EGFR by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS(1) The level of serum EGF was significantly lower in cryptorchid children than in normal subjects at age group of 5-9 years (P<0.01) and 10-14 years (P<0.01), (2) The level of EGF was significantly lower in boys with impalpable testis than in those with extracanalicular and intracanalicular testes (P<0.01), (3) The serum EGF level increased significantly 6 months after orchiopexy (P<0.05), (4) The EGFR expression in testicular Leydig's cells was lower in 2 approximately 4 year-old boys than in those over 5 years (P<0.05) and (5) the EGFR expression was less positive in the impalpable group and the intracanalicular group than that of the extracanalicular group (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe EGF and EGFR expressions may correlate with the age and the position of testes; orchiopexy improves the EGF and EGFR expressions in cryptorchid boys.

Adolescent ; Aging ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cryptorchidism ; blood ; metabolism ; pathology ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; blood ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leydig Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; blood ; metabolism

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Effects of extra-corporeal shock waves on penile hemodynamics and histopathology in rats.

Ahmet TEFEKLI ; Abdullah ARMAGAN ; Bulent EROL ; Murat CELTIK ; Isi KILICASLAN ; Asiye NURTEN ; Ates KADIOGLU

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(4):249-253.

AIMTo study the effect of extra-corporeal shock wave (ESW) on the penile hemodynamics and histopathology in rats.

METHODSAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided at random into 3 groups. ESW application was performed with a Siemens Lithostar with the rats under anesthesia lying prone on the balloon probe. Rats in Group I received a total of 1000 shocks at 18 kV and immediately underwent hemodynamic evaluation performed by direct electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve and measurement of intracavernous pressure (ICP). Rats in Group II received 3 times 1000 shocks at 18 kV at weekly intervals and hemodynamic evaluation was performed 1 month after the last ESW application. Group III served as the control. Histopathological examinations of penile tissues were done on Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin stained sections.

RESULTSPenile hemodynamic evaluation showed a trend toward a diminished mean maximal ICP, duration of erection, ICP during the plateau phase and maximal ICP/ blood pressure ratio in Group I, although there was no significant significance. The mean latency period in Groups I and II was prolonged. Petechial bleeding within tunical layers and small foci of hemorrhage within the corpora cavernosa were observed in Group I. However, histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant differences between the groups in terms of smooth muscle content, tunical thickness, organization of collagen bundles and elastic fiber-lattice framework.

CONCLUSIONESW has certain damaging effects on the penis.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; radiation effects ; Electric Stimulation ; Hemodynamics ; High-Energy Shock Waves ; Male ; Penile Erection ; physiology ; radiation effects ; Penis ; blood supply ; innervation ; pathology ; radiation effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

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Sperm membrane modulation by Sapindus mukorossi during sperm maturation.

Manish NIVSARKAR ; Neeta SHRIVASTAVA ; Manoj PATEL ; Harish PADH ; Cherian BAPU

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(3):233-235.

AIMTo observe the alterations in the biochemical and biophysical changes in the sperm membrane during sperm maturation in male rats treated with the water extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi.

METHODSAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged the aqueous extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi at a dose of 50 mg/kg/d for 45 days. On day 46, the sperm parameters were observed in different sections of the epididymis and the sperm superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation was determined and compared with the controls. The testis and epididymis were routinely prepared for histological examination under the light microscope.

RESULTSNo significant differences in the sperm number and morphology were observed between the control and treated groups. However, a significant inhibition (P<0.05-0.01) of sperm motility in the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis was seen in the treated group. No significant histopathological changes were found in the testis and epididymis. The important finding was that in the treated animals, the spermatozoa showed an abnormal distribution of the superoxide dismutase activity, being minimum in the caput and maximum in the corpus, which was just opposite to that of the controls.

CONCLUSIONThe study provides a unique observation where the plant extract alters the sperm membrane physiology without change the testicular and epididymal morphology.

Animals ; Cell Membrane ; drug effects ; Epididymis ; cytology ; drug effects ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sapindus ; Sperm Maturation ; drug effects ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

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Animal models for studying penile hemodynamics.

Hiroya MIZUSAWA ; Osamu ISHIZUKA ; Osamu NISHIZAWA

Asian Journal of Andrology.2002;4(3):225-228.

Animal models for the study of erectile function monitoring the changes in intracavernous pressure (ICP) during penile erection was reviewed. The development of new models using small commercially-available experimental animals, rats and mice, in the last decade facilitated in vivo investigation of erectile physiology. The technique enabled to evaluate even subtle erectile responses by analyzing ICP and systemic blood pressure. Moreover, the method has been well improved and studies using conscious animal models without the influence of any drug or anesthesia are more appropriate in exploring the precise physiological and pharmacological mechanisms in erection. Also, more natural and physiological sexual arousal instead of electrical or pharmacological stimulation is desirable in most of the studies. This article reviewed the development of ICP studies in rats and mice.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Erectile Dysfunction ; physiopathology ; Male ; Penile Erection ; physiology ; Penis ; blood supply ; physiopathology ; Regional Blood Flow ; physiology

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