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Intra-Apophyseal Avulsion Fracture of Medial Epicondyle in a Adolescent Baseball Player.

Tae Kyun KIM ; Jong Tae PARK ; Hyung Lae CHO ; Hong Ki JIN

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):115-119. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.115

Overuse elbow injuries in young throwing athletes are generally defined as 'Little Leaguer's elbow'. Repetitive submaximal valgus forces on the medial epicondylar apophysis in such athletes can result in apophyseal separation or chronic apophyseal fragmentation, which would usually take over more than a year to heal. We report of a unique case of a 13-year-old male baseball pitcher who, due to the traction of the medial collateral ligament, presented with an acute intra-apophyseal avulsion fracture of the medial epicondyle. The fracture was successfully healed using a long arm cast, and correct union was confirmed by 3 dimensional computed tomography at 8 weeks post-trauma. This acute avulsion fracture is a variant of Little Leaguer's elbow and should be distinguished in terms of diagnosis and treatment from common lesion such as chronic fragmentation of the medial epicondylar apophysis.
Adolescent* ; Arm ; Athletes ; Baseball* ; Collateral Ligaments ; Diagnosis ; Elbow ; Humans ; Male ; Traction

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The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults.

Eun Sun YOON ; Soo Hyun PARK ; Yong Hee LEE ; Chong LEE ; Sae Young JAE

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):107-114. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.107

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to a temporary decrease in macrovascular function, but whether IRI causes microvascular dysfunction is not known. Resistance exercise involves muscular contractions that can make downstream tissues ischemic and may ischemic preconditioning the vasculature against endothelial IRI. We tested the hypothesis that an acute resistance exercise prior to IRI would prevent or attenuate IRI induced macro- and microvascular dysfunction in healthy young adults. Nineteen healthy young subjects (age 22+/-2 years) were randomly assigned to either a resistance exercise group (n=10) as a model to produce ischemic preconditioning or a control group (n=9). The resistance exercise was performed eight types of systemic resistance exercise. Ischemia was induced by inflating a cuff placed around the upper arm to 200 mm Hg for 20 minutes. carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) as index of macrovascular function and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using by fingertip arterial tonometry as index of microvascular function were measured at baselines and 15 and 30 minutes after ischemia reperfusion injury. cfPWV was increased in control group but decreased in resistance exercise group following IRI. There was a significant interaction effect between resistance exercise group and control group for cfPWV (p=0.022). The RHI was unaffected following IRI and also unchanged by a resistance exercise. These findings show that ischemia reperfusion caused macrovascular dysfunction but not microvascular dysfunction. However, this macrovascular dysfunction following IRI was not shown in the resistance exercise group. Thus, an acute bout of resistance exercise prior to ischemia may prevent against ischemia reperfusion injury induced macrovascular dysfunction.
Arm ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Manometry ; Muscle Contraction ; Pulse Wave Analysis ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Resistance Training ; Vascular Stiffness ; Young Adult*

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Attitudes and Dispositions toward Doping in Adolescent Elite Athletes.

Tae Gyu KIM ; Eun Kuk KIM

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):99-106. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.99

For effective prevention of doping, individual and situational factors that make an elite athlete more susceptible to doping than others should be investigated. The aim of this study was to quantitatively measure doping related attitudes and dispositions of adolescent competitive athletes at elite level. Data were collected by questionnaires among athletes (n=123) who were participating in the 2nd Asian Youth Games. Outcome measures included doping knowledge, behavior and attitude (performance enhancement attitude scale, PEAS). One athlete admitted the past use of doping and 2 athletes reported that they knew others who had doped. Athletes were mainly provided with anti-doping information from anti-doping agency (16.3%), coaches (11.4%) or medical staffs (10.6%). The average PEAS score was 38.39+/-11.36. High school (elder) athletes showed higher PEAS score (39.63+/-11.35) than middle school (younger) athletes (34.53+/-10.67) and team sport athletes showed lower PEAS score (35.11+/-9.80) than athletes in endurance (45.08+/-15.49) or motor skill sports (43.25+/-9.08). This study suggests that many factors play an important role in athlete's decisions regarding the use of doping. Further research should incorporate these factors to understand the complexity of doping and to identify points for effective anti-doping program.
Adolescent* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Athletes* ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Motor Skills ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Peas ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sports

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The Analysis of Physical Fitness and Performance Level Depending on Play Style in Female Table Tennis Players.

Yong Youn KIM ; Sang Hoon KIM

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):92-98. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.92

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical fitness and performance level depending on play style in female table tennis players. Thirty-one female players participated in this study. The measurement factors for physical fitness were body composition, cardiopulmonary function and fitness, balance, power, flexibility, agility, isotonic and isokinetic strength, muscle endurance and anaerobic. Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the data. The results were as follows; in cardiopulmonary function and fitness, FEV1/FVC was significantly higher in defensive style than drive style. Also, Harvard step test was significantly higher in drive style than attack style. In agility, cross run was significantly slower in attack style than the other styles. In isokinetic strength, left flexion strength of knee was significantly higher in driver style than defensive style. Also, in correlations, performance level had association with Harvard step test in defensive and attack style, 20 m run in attack style, cross run in defensive and drive style, push-ups in drive style. As different physical fitness factors were correlated on performance and scientific training program should be applied according to the play styles.
Body Composition ; Education ; Exercise Test ; Female* ; Humans ; Knee ; Muscle Strength ; Physical Fitness* ; Pliability ; Racquet Sports ; Sports ; Tennis*

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Valgus Laxity of Elbow Joint in High School Weight Lifters: Ultrasonographic Assessment.

Chang Hyuk CHOI ; Se Sik KIM ; Chang Min PARK ; Seung Bum CHAE ; Ho Jin CHANG

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):85-91. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.85

We evaluated abnormalities in medial portion of elbow in high-school weightlifter compared with the non weightlifter using a stress radiography and ultrsonography. The experimental group(G1) was 26 high school weightlifters with an average age of 17 years old (range, 16.18 years). The control group (G2) were comprised of 25 age matched general students. Both groups received physical examination, simple and valgus stress radiography and ultrasonography on both side of elbow. Physical examination showed 26.9% (14/52 elbows) tenderness and 19.2% (10/52 elbows) valgus laxity in G1, no tenderness and laxity in G2. There were no differences in medial joint gaps on simple radiography (G1, 3.3 mm, G2, 2.7 mm; p>0.05), but the valgus stress view showed 5.6+/-0.8 mm medial joint gap in G1 and 3.8+/-0.8 mm in G2 (p<0.001). Ultrasonography in G1, angular deformity was found in 67.3% (36/52) and G2 all in normal (p<0.01). The horizontal distance was an average 4.9+/-1.23 mm for the G1 and 3.1+/-0.78 mm for the G2 (p<0.001). Vertical distance of the proximal portion of the ulna was average 0.58+/-0.94 mm for the G1 and 1.59+/-0.49 mm for the G2 (p<0.001). In G1, angular deformity of male was 50% (15/30 elbows) and female was 95% (21/22 elbows) (p<0.001). Change of horizontal and vertical distance were larger in female (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were increased incidence of medial elbow joint laxity in high school weightlifter, especially in female, regardless of career. Sustained valgus laxity could be prone to ulnar collateral ligament injury and should be evaluated with ultrasonography-assisted dynamic study.
Collateral Ligaments ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Elbow Joint* ; Elbow* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joints ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Radiography ; Ulna ; Ultrasonography

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Outcomes of Operative Management of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee in Athletes.

Woo Jong KUK ; Hyoung Won JANG ; Jae Young KIM ; Jeong Ku HA ; Jin Goo KIM

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):78-84. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.78

The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and radiological outcomes of multiple drilling in case of failed conservative treatment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans in athletes. We treated 37 lesions from 30 athletic patients who failed conservative treatment for juvenile osteochondritis dissecans. Multiple drillings were done for 32 lesions and multiple drilling and bioabsorbable pin fixations were done for 5 lesions. Lysholm score, Hughston clinical scale were used for clinical evaluation before and last follow up of treatment. For radiologic evaluation we used magnetic resonance imaging at 3 months and 12 months after operation. Of all 37 lesions, 11 lesions were located on medial femoral condyle, 2 lesions on lateral femoral condyle and 24 lesions on trochlear groove. There were clinical and radiological improvement from Hughston scale after operative treatment. Twenty-five patients among 30 returned to the sports activity. There were no specific complications after operation. Multiple drilling and bio-absorbable pin fixation of juvenile athletic osteochondritis dissecans patients after failure of conservative treatment showed good clinical and radiologic results. So it would be helpful for juvenile athletic patients to return to sports activities.
Arthroplasty, Subchondral ; Athletes* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Osteochondritis Dissecans* ; Osteochondritis* ; Sports

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Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting.

Seok Hee KIM

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):69-77. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.69

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement depending on putting distance and accuracy in golf putting. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers. Golfers had performed golf putting on 2 m and 15 m distances. Visual search had used in order to examine the eye movement in success and failure of putting by eye tracker (Dikablis 2.0). During golf putting, eye movement analysis had analyzed on the ball and the hole of putting distance and accuracy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS ver. 15.0 program. Visual search to distance and accuracy on ball were as followed. Duration was significant differences in putting distance. Number of glances was significant differences in accuracy. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance. Glance frequency was significant differences in putting distance. Visual search to distance and accuracy on hole were followed. Total glance time and number of glances were significant differences in putting distance. Mean glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance and between interaction. Maximal glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Minimal glance duration was significant differences in accuracy, and between interaction. Glance frequency was significant differences in between interaction. This study will be expected to be utilized for putting performance improvement as a basis for developing an exercise program.
Eye Movements ; Golf*

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Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Endurance among Positions in Middle School Soccer Players and Their Sports Injuries.

Kil Byung LIM ; Jung Wha MOON ; Ji Heoung LEE

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):63-68. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.63

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in cardiopulmonary endurance among positions in middle school soccer, and to identify the incidence of sports injuries in association with soccer matches and training. Ninety-six (32 forwards, 27 defenders, 29 midfielders, and eight goalkeeper [GK]) middle school soccer players (12.77+/-0.53 years) participated in this study. They had no medical problems. Their height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and they also went through tests for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). We interviewed middle school soccer players about their soccer careers and their history of sports-related injuries. Physical fitness was compared among players in different playing positions. VO2max was significantly higher in forward and defender groups than GK group. There was no significant relationship in cardiopulmonary endurance among outfield players. GK were taller and heavier than outfield players. BMI was significantly higher in GK group than midfielder group. They had played soccer for 39.08+/-20.28 months on average. During matches and training, forwards suffered 13 injuries (36.1%); defenders suffered 10 injuries (27.8%); midfielders suffered 12 injuries (33.3%); and only one GK came down with an injury (2.8%). The most common types of injuries were to knees (36.1%) and ankles (33.3%).
Ankle ; Athletic Injuries* ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Fitness ; Soccer* ; Sports*

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Preoperative Prediction for Length of Patellar Tendon in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft.

Young Joon CHOI ; Ki Won LEE ; Hyun Il LEE ; Do Yon HWANG ; Hyung Kwon CHO ; Jeong Ho KANG

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):55-62. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.55

Preoperative prediction of patellar tendon length is important during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft. Three methods of imaging analysis to predict patellar tendon length were compared in this study. One hundred and twenty-three patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using BPTB autograft by single surgeon during October 2002 through April 2011 were included. We measured the patellar tendon length from true and oblique lateral simple radiographs (classified according to degree of rotation) and magnetic resonance image (MRI). These values were compared with actual length measured during operation and assessed accuracy by calculating the coefficient of determination. The mean length of patellar tendon measured during operation and by true lateral and oblique lateral radiographs and MRI were 42.4+/-0.45 mm (range, 32.0-54.0 mm), 41.7+/-0.61 mm (range, 24.2-55.3 mm), 40.7+/-0.57 mm (range, 24.8-51.5 mm), and 41.7+/-0.52 mm (range, 28.7-56.0 mm), respectively. The correlation of patellar tendon length was the most strong between actual length and value from true lateral radiograph (coefficient of determination, r2=0.660) according to simple linear regression analysis. R2 values were 0.361 and 0.332 for oblique lateral radiograph and MRI compared to actual value, respectively. In conclusion, Patellar tendon length measured on true lateral radiograph was the best method to coincide with actual patellar tendon length among various preoperative prediction methods.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods ; Patellar Ligament*

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Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Flexor Hallucis Longus Tenosynovitis in Sports Players.

Kyung Tai LEE ; Jun Beom KIM ; Young Uk PARK ; Hyuk JEGAL ; Je Gyun CHON ; Jong Geun LEE

The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2013;31(2):51-54. doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.51

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrasonographic features of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tenosynovitis in sports players. High-resoluted ultrasound was used to measure the thickness and echogenicity of the flexor hallucis longus at the posteromedial ankle, especially the fibro-osseous tunnel, for 60 sports players (120 feet). They were compared with their asymptomatic feet. There were two group; group 1 was symptomatic feet, 2 was asymptomatic. The 36 males (72 feet) and 24 females (48 feet) had an average age of 21.3 years (range, 18.23 years). Thickness, echogenicity of the tendon on each group were evaluated by the ultrasonography and the results were statistically analyzed. The mean thickness of the FHL on group 1 was 3.4+/-1.2 mm, 2.1+/-1.3 mm on group 2. There was significant difference between two groups (p=0.002). The thickness of FHL based on gender and location was not significant different (p>0.05). For group 1, increased thickness of the FHL and reduced echogenicity, peritendious fluid collection were observed in ultrasonographic findings.Increased thickness (>3 mm) and hypoechoic lesion, peritendinous fluid collection of the tendon were sonographic findings at the posteromedial ankle in the FHL tenosynovitis. The authors suggested that Ultrasonography is a valuable and alternative tool for the evaluation of FHL tenosynovitis.
Ankle ; Athletes ; Female ; Foot ; Foot Diseases ; Humans ; Male ; Sports* ; Tendons ; Tenosynovitis* ; Ultrasonography

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