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Expression of Preadipocyte Factor-1 (Pref-1) and Vitamin D3 Up-regulated Protein 1 (VDUP1) Genes in Rat Adrenal Gland following Chronic Immobilization Stress.

You Kyung LEE ; Jin Woon PARK ; Su Sung SONG ; Young YANG ; Keon Su LEE ; Young Ho LEE

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):491-498.

Preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) is expressed in the neuroendocrine organs such as the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, the pancreas, the testis, etc. Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1(VDUP1) gene is known to be a novel member of early response genes as an oxidative stress mediator. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Pref-1 and VDUP1 is involved in stress response in the adrenal gland following chronic immobilization stress. In situ hybridization for Pref-1 and VDUP1 genes (Pref-1 and VDUP1) was performed in the rat adrenal glands following immobilization stress, 2 hr once daily for 7 days. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that Pref-1 expression was up-regulated in rat adrenal medulla following chronic immobilization stress. However, Pref-1 was down-regulated in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex following chronic immobilization stress. VDUP1 expression was up-regulated in the zona glomerulosa and the adrenal medulla following chronic immobilization stress. These results show that Pref-1 and VDUP1 may be novel genes responding to chronic immobilization stress in adrenal gland.
Adrenal Cortex ; Adrenal Glands* ; Adrenal Medulla ; Animals ; Cholecalciferol* ; Immobilization* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Oxidative Stress ; Pancreas ; Pituitary Gland ; Rats* ; Testis ; Vitamins* ; Zona Glomerulosa

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p53 mRNA Expression after Hypoxia and Reoxygenation in Hippocampal CA1 and CA3 Regions.

Yong Wook JUNG ; Hong Tae KIM ; Dong Hoon SHIN ; Jae Hong AHN ; Sang Sin JEON ; Il Gi LEE ; Bok Hyun KO

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2000;33(1):55-64.

In the present study, we examined the p53 mRNA expression in neuronal cell injury using a hypoxia and reoxygenation model of neuronal toxicity in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Reoxygenation for 6 hours to 3 days, after an exposure to hypoxic condition for 2 hours, produced a significant increase in p53 mRNA expression both in CA1 and CA3 regions compared to those in the control. In order to determine whether these changes in p53 mRNA expression in CA1 and CA3 have an effect on hypoxia-induced apoptotic or necrotic changes, TUNEL and H & E staining were applied to the hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, the CA1 region only showed most of strong TUNEL positive reaction whereas TUNEL positive reaction was weak in the CA3 region at reoxygenation time points. In addition, one of the particular morphological changes in CA1 neurons is the shrinkage of some neurons although most of neurons showed normal. However, the prominent neuronal changes in the CA3 region was that there were extensive red neurons containing eosinophilic cytoplasm and several dark neurons showing pyknotic nuclei, expanded perineuronal spaces, and cork-screw processes which are considered to typical necrotic degeneration. These results suggest that increased p53 expression might play important roles in hippocampal cell injury and their molecular mechanisms underlying cell injury may strongly depends upon the different properties of each hippocampal regions.
Anoxia* ; Apoptosis ; Cytoplasm ; Eosinophils ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Necrosis ; Neurons ; RNA, Messenger*

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Synthetic Bile Acid Derivative HS-1200-induced Apoptosis of Human Osteosarcoma Cells.

Gyoo Cheon KIM ; Young Soo HER ; Jae Hyun PARK ; Yong Suk MOON ; Young Hyun YOO ; Sang Hun SHIN ; Bong Soo PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):449-457.

Bile acids and synthetic its derivatives induced apoptosis in various kinds of cancer cells and had anticancer effects. However, it wasn`t discovered those materials have apoptosis induced effects on osteosarcoma cells. The present study was done to examine the synthetic bile acid derivatives induced apoptosis on osteosarcoma cells and such these apoptosis events. The synthetic bile acid derivatives, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) induced the cell death on human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells contrary to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). HS-1200, a synthetic derivative of CDCAs, was chosen to experiment apoptosis events in HOS cells. HOS cells treated with HS-1200 showed nucleus condensation, cytochrom c release, Bax/Bcl-xL alteration, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD), and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Though this study needs more investigations, these in vitro data suggest that treatment of the synthetic bile acid derivatives can give medical therapy on HOS cells.
Apoptosis* ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Bile* ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid ; Humans* ; Osteosarcoma* ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid

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Roles of Stem Cell Factor and c-kit Receptor in the Development of Cerebellar GABAergic Neurons.

You Jin WON ; Jong Hwan LEE ; Jin Ok IM ; Seung Yong YUN ; Seung Jun HWANG ; Donghou KIM ; Hea Nam HONG

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):481-490.

Evidence that Stem cell factor (SCF) and c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase are expressed in the cerebellum during postnatal development, suggests a possible contribution of the SCF/Kit signaling pathway in the cerebellar development. In the present study, we prepared cerebellar cultures from C57Bl/6J mouse at postnatal day 1and 7 to investigate the role of c-kit receptor and SCF in regulation of growth and differentiation in the postnatal cerebellar GABAergic cells. SCF increased the number of survival cerebellar cells and density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67) and calbindin D-28K expression in the immunoblot analysis. SCF also improved the neurite extension of the interneuron neuritis and dendritogenesis of Purkinje cells. Treatment with c-Kit antibody accelerated cellular loss in serum-free media and decreased the growth ability and dendritogenesis of Purkinje cells and cerebellar inhibitory interneurons. Our data suggest that SCF and c-kit receptor are required for the normal growth of postnatal cerebellum and a possible involvement of functional regulation through the SCF/c-kit receptor pathways in the postnatal cerebellar development.
Animals ; Calbindins ; Cerebellum ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; GABAergic Neurons* ; Glutamate Decarboxylase ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Neurites ; Neuritis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit* ; Purkinje Cells ; Stem Cell Factor* ; Stem Cells*

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The Effect of Transient Global Ischemia on the Rat Dentate Gyrus: Apoptosis in the Granular Zone and Neurogenesis in the Subgranular Zone.

Yongwook JUNG ; Sungwon HONG

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):467-479.

It has been known that granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are born in adulthood as well as during development. Apoptotic cell death also occurs normally throughout the life of the rat brain. The present study was designed to determine the effect of transient global ischemia on the apoptosis and/or neurogenesis of granule cells in the dentate gyrus. TUNEL study revealed that the ischemia produced an significant increase in apoptosis mainly in the granular zone (GZ) of the DG. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in the DG was maximal (37.3+/-2.5%) 8 hr after ischemia and declined thereafter. However, immunocytochemical studies showed that there was an increase in neurogenesis mainly in the subgranular zone (SGZ) although the induction of neurogenesis took longer than the apoptosis. As a neurogenesis marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, possibly progenitor cells, were significantly increased by 34.1+/-2.2%(n=3, p<0.05) mainly in the dentate SGZ 4 days after ischemia. In addition, the gradual increase in Bcl-2 expression was only paralleled with the neurogenesis in the SGZ, but not with the apoptosis in the GZ of the DG. The expression level of Bcl-2 in the SGZ was increased significantly (optical density 43.7+/-3.4; n = 3, p<0.05) 4 days after the ischemic insult. Furthermore, the ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the SGZ was also indirectly supported by the observation that the expression of synapsin-alpha was significantly increased (176%; n=3 p<0.05) in the CA3 region 4 days after the ischemia. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the transient global ischemia induces the apoptosis in the GZ, whereas the cell proliferation in the SCZ of the DG. In situ hybridization using the antisense probes to the NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors revealed that the ischemia produced a more profound effect on the mRNA expression of NR2A (61.9% reduction) than NR2B (20.5% reduction). Thus, we also suggest a possibility that ischemia could induce the neurogenesis in the SGZ of the DG through downregulation of the number of functional NMDA receptors.
Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics) ; Apoptosis* ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Dentate Gyrus* ; Down-Regulation ; In Situ Hybridization ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Ischemia* ; Neurogenesis* ; Neurons ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Rats* ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; RNA, Messenger ; Stem Cells

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CoPPIX Protects against TNBS Induced Colitis Through HO-1 Induction.

JaeMin OH ; JinOh KIM ; Young Mi KWON ; MinWook RHEU ; YuRim KIM ; KyoungSuk KIM ; SeungTaeck PARK ; JeongJoong KIM ; MinKyu CHOI ; YeunTai CHUNG

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):459-466.

Crohn`s disease is a severe chronic inflammation that is treated mainly by immunosuppression, which often has serious side effects. There is a need to develop new drugs for treating this disease that have few side effects. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has immunosuppressive properties, but the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory actions is unclear. We investigated the protective effects of HO-1 on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice. An HO-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX), dramatically improved the clinical and histopathological symptoms in TNBS-induced colitis. CoPPIX suppressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta expression and down-regulated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B activity caused by TNBS. The vehicle copper protoporphyrin IX (CuPPIX) failed to duplicate the protective effects seen with CoPPIX. Moreover, an inhibitor of HO-1 activity-zinc protoporphyrin IX-reversed the protective effects of CoPPIX on TNBS-induced colitis. In conclusion CoPPIX protects against TNBS-induced colonic damage by inducing HO-1, which might be an important target in the treatment of Crohn`s disease.
Animals ; Cobalt ; Colitis* ; Colon ; Copper ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; Immunosuppression ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1beta ; Mice ; Transcription Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

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Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Tumor Endothelial Marker 7 in the Rat Forebrain.

Dong Sik KANG ; Hyun Kyeng LEE ; Hye Kyung PARK ; In Ae SEO ; Kyu Yeol LEE ; Hwan Tae PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):441-448.

Tumor endothelial marker 7 (TEM7) is a putative transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in the tumor endothelium. In the present study, the expression profile of TEM7 in the rat forebrain was investigated using immunohistochemistry with a specific polyclonal antibody against the extracellular region of TEM7. The immunohistochemical research revealed that TEM7 expressions were localized to specific neuronal areas such as cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei. The TEM7 protein was mainly present in the dendrite and cell body of the projection neurons. However, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells and meningeal cells did not show the expression of TEM7, indicating the specific roles of TEM7 in the neuronal cells in the vertebrate nervous system.
Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; Dendrites ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nervous System ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Prosencephalon* ; Rats* ; Vertebrates

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Entry of Lymphocytes into the Brain and Expression of ICAM-1 on the Brain Endothelium.

Eun Young LEE ; Lian Jin JIN ; Geun Kook LEE

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):431-439.

To evaluate the entry of lymphocytes into the brain, we isolated lymphocytes from non-immunized Balb/C mice spleens and activated lymphocytes with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Activated lymphocytes were labeled with fluorescent CSFE in order to identify their entry into the brain. Nonactivated fresh lymphocytes from spleen were also labeled with CSFE as a control. Before injecting CSFE-labeled lymphocytes into the tail vein, some recipient animals were pretreated with LPS intraperitoneally. Both the resting and activated lymphocytes entered the normal brain although their migration occurred with a low frequency. When the recipient mice were pretreated with LPS intraperitoneally, the number of migration of lymphocytes to the brain was increased, and the ICAM-1 expression was also increased in the brain endothelium. There was no significant difference in the migration into the brain between activated and nonactivated lymphocytes. These results suggested that activation state of lymphocytes, especially, antigen-non specific activation by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 might not be a critical factor for the migration into the brain, and but the endothelial ICAM-1 expression faciliated the efficient transendothelial migration into the brain.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Brain* ; Endothelium* ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1* ; Lymphocytes* ; Mice ; Spleen ; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration ; Veins

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Expression of Nestin in the Developing Rat Kidney.

Jung Eun LEE ; Jin KIM ; Jung Ho CHA

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):419-429.

Nestin is abundantly expressed in stem cells of the developmental stage of both central nervous system and some non-neuronal organs. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of nestin in the developing rat kidney. Kidneys from 16-(F16), 18- and 20-day-old fetuses, 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups (P21) and adult were preserved and processed for immunohistochemistry. The nestin was already expressed at all areas of kidney from F16, especially strong in nephrogenic zone. Throughout the development, nestin immunoreactivity was exclusively localized in both glomerulus and interstitium, not in renal tubules. In the vesicle and the S-shaped body stages of the glomerulogenesis, nestin was negative. In the capillary loop stage, the immature podocytes became positive for nestin. Aggregated mesenchymal cells at the root of immature glomeruli were nestin-positive, and then lost the immunoreactivity progressively. In the maturing stage, nestin was expressed only in podocytes. In the renal interstitium except renal papilla, nestin was positive and colocalized with vimentin in almost all the interstitial cells at the prenatal age except both ED-1-positive macrophages and in MHC class II-positive dendritic cells. After birth, the number of nestin-positive cells in the interstitium was decreased, and at P21 pattern of nestin expression in the interstitium was similar with that of adult kidney. In the renal papilla, lipid-laden cells show nestin-negative but vimentin-positive.
Adult ; Animals ; Capillaries ; Central Nervous System ; Dendritic Cells ; Fetus ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney* ; Macrophages ; Nestin* ; Parturition ; Podocytes ; Rats* ; Stem Cells ; Vimentin

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Manufacture of the Serially Sectioned Images of the Whole Body (Second Report: Photographing and Processing of the Anatomical Images).

Jin Yong KIM ; Min Suk CHUNG ; Jin Seo PARK ; Chang Sik AN ; Dong Hwan HAR ; Hyung Seon PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2002;35(4):305-314.

Serially sectioned images (MR, CT, and anatomical images) of the whole body are helpful in anatomy education because three dimensional images can be reconstructed with the serially sectioned images, and then the three dimensional images can be sectioned and rotated. To make the most important anatomical images of serially sectioned images, sectioned surfaces should be inputted into the personal computer after serial sectioning of the cadaver's whole body. In this study, equipments (digital camera and strobes) and techniques for inputting the sectioned surfaces into the personal computer to make anatomical images and for processing the anatomical images have been developed. By using these equipments and techniques, the anatomical images with the actual feature of the sectioned surfaces, the right alignment, and the constant brightness could be made. These anatomical images will be the basis for making good three dimensional images which are helpful in anatomy education.
Education ; Microcomputers

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