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Cytotoxic Effect of 5, 7-DHT on the Serotonergic Neurons in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus of the Rat.

Je Myung CHAE ; Seung Mook JO ; Seong Ahn NAM ; Sang Seon YOON ; Byung Moon KO ; Chang Do CHOI ; Wol Bong CHOI

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):151-166.

This study was designed to clarify the cytotoxic effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (5, 7-DHT) on the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and to investigate the glial reaction during the neurodegenerative changes by light and electron microscopy. Adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighing from 250 g to 350 g each were used as experimental animal. 5, 7-DHT (200 microgram dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) was injected into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain with the Hamiton syringe fixed on stereotaxic apparatus. The control rats were given with the similar volume of 0.9% NaCl. The rats were sacrified on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th and 20th day after the injection of 5, 7-DHT. The results were as follows : The cytotoxicity of 5, 7-DHT resulted in severe neurodegenerations of the serotonergic neurons. Most degenerated cells mainly showed necrotic findings, but a few of them exhibited apoptotic features. That is, in early stage of this experiment, the degenerated cells showed edematic changes of cytoplasm, but their nuclei were relatively seen intact. In late stage, the cells showed dark degenerative changes both in their cytoplasm and nuclei. Thereafter the cells were autolysed or phagocytosed by neighboring glial cells. Based on the results, author thought that 5, 7-DHT act as a specific neurotoxin to serotonergic neurons in DRN, and induces severe neurodegenerative changes. The glial reactions in DRN are activated during the neurodegerative changes, and show characteristic patterns of glial reactions.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Cytoplasm ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neuroglia ; Raphe Nuclei* ; Rats* ; Serotonergic Neurons* ; Syringes

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Cytotoxic Effect of 5, 7-DHT on the Endogenous Glial Cells in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus of the Rat.

Je Myung CHAE ; Seung Mook JO ; Seong Ahn NAM ; Sang Seon YOON ; Byung Moon KO ; Chang Do CHOI ; Wol Bong CHOI

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):167-179.

This study was designed to clarify the cytotoxic effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (5, 7-DHT) on the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and to investigate the glial reaction during the neurodegenerative changes by light and electron microscopy. Adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighing from 250 g to 350 g each were used as experimental animal. 5, 7-DHT (200 mg dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) was injected into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain with the Hamiton syringe fixed on stereotaxic apparatus. The control rats were given with the similar volume of 0.9% NaCl. The rats were sacrified on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th and 20th day after the injection of 5, 7-DHT. The results were as follows : Glial reactions induced by 5, 7-DHT were also observed in DRN. In early experimental stage, microglial reactions prevailed, whereas astroglial reactions were prevailing in later stage. In addition, microglial cells phagocytosed and removed the degenerated cells. However, astrocytes in DRN did not show phagocytotic activities such as microglial cells. Based on the results, author thought that 5, 7-DHT act as a specific neurotoxin to serotonergic neurons in DRN, and induces severe neurodegenerative changes. The glial reactions in DRN are activated during the neurodegerative changes, and show characteristic patterns of glial reactions.
Adult ; Animals ; Astrocytes ; Brain ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles ; Male ; Microglia ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neuroglia* ; Raphe Nuclei* ; Rats* ; Serotonergic Neurons ; Syringes

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Distribution Pattern and Synaptic Circuitry of Cholinergic Neurons in the Rat Retina.

In Beom KIM ; Su Ja OH ; Wha Kyoon NA ; Mun Yong LEE ; Myung Hoon CHUN

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):137-150.

The role of acetylcholine as an excitatory neurotransmitter is well established, and cholinergic neurons appear to play an important role in the mammalian retinae. Though it has been reported that certain conventional and displaced amacrine cells are consistently labeled with anti-choline acetyltransferase antiserum in the mammalian retinae, little has been studied on the synaptic circuitry of cholinergic neurons to clarify mechanism of its action in the visual processing of the mammalian retinae. This study was conducted to localize cholinergic neurons and to define their synaptic circuitry in the rat retina by immunocytochemical method using anti-choline acetyltransferase antiserum. The results were as follows: 1. Cholinergic neurons of the rat retina were conventional amacrine cells located in the inner nuclear layer and displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer. 2. Cholinergic amacrine cells were branched in the middle of the sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer, and cholinergic displaced amacrine cells branched in the sublamina b, forming one prominent band, respectively. 3. Presynaptic processes to cholinergic amacrine cell processes were axon terminals of invaginating and flat cone bipolar cells, and unlabelled amacrine cell processes in the inner plexiform layer. Postsynaptic dyads at the ribbon synapses of axon terminals of cone bipolar cells were cholinergic amacrine cell process and dendrite of ganglion cell, cholinergic amacrine cell process and unlabelled amacrine cell process and cholinergic amacrine cell process and cholinergic amacrine cell process. In addition, cholinergic amacrine cell process formed postsynaptic monoad at the ribbon synapse. 4. Cholinergic amacrine cell processes made output conventional chemical synapses onto the dendrites of ganglion cells, unlabelled amacrine cell processes and cholinergic amacrine cell processes in the inner plexiform layer. These results demonstrate that (1) cholinergic neurons are conventional amacrine cells and displaced amacrine cells of which somata are located in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer, respectively, (2) cholinergic conventional amacrine cells are involved in OFF pathway, and cholinergic displaced amacrine cells play an important role in ON pathway in visual processing of lightness, and (3) acetylcholine released from cholinergic neurons by light excites directly ON and OFF ganglion cells or indirectly ON and OFF ganglion cells via non-cholinergic amacrine cells.
Acetylcholine ; Amacrine Cells ; Animals ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; Cholinergic Neurons* ; Dendrites ; Ganglion Cysts ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats* ; Retina* ; Synapses

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Histopathologic study on the Toxicity of Cytolysin Produced by Vibrio vulnificus.

Chang Ho SONG ; Jin Woo PARK ; Dong In KIM ; Seung Hoon CHA ; Hyoung Tae KIM ; Moo Sam LEE ; Hyung Rho KIM ; Seok Don PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):127-136.

Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium which causes septicemia and serious wound infection. But the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infection is unknown. Among the exotoxins secreted by Vibrio vulnificus, cytolysin has been incriminated as one of the potent virulence determinants. In order to clarify the toxicity of cytolysin in mice, the morphological changes of various organs after the intravenous injection of cytolysin were observed. The pathological changes of mouse due to a single intravenous injection of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (8 hemolytic units) were as follows : Blood volume was decreased, and pleural effusion, vascular permeability of lungs, wet weight and volume of lungs were increased. And cytolysin was lead to patchy hemorrhage of pulmonary surface. The microscopic findings of mouse lung in experimental group were characterized by (1) extensive perivascular edema; (2) accumulation of intraalveolar fluid with electron dense particles; (3) narrowing of alveolar space; (4) leukocyte infiltration in perivascular and intraalveolar space; (5) vasodilatation of capillary; (6) damaged capillary endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells; (7) interstitial edema of interalveolar septa; (8) disorganization of collagen bundles. These results indicate that the lung may be an important target organ of cytolysin in the pathologenesis and lethal activity of Vibrio vulnificus infections.
Animals ; Blood Volume ; Capillaries ; Capillary Permeability ; Collagen ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Epithelial Cells ; Exotoxins ; Hemorrhage ; Injections, Intravenous ; Leukocytes ; Lung ; Mice ; Perforin* ; Pleural Effusion ; Pulmonary Edema ; Sepsis ; Vasodilation ; Vibrio vulnificus* ; Vibrio* ; Virulence ; Wound Infection

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Coexistence of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Diaphorase in Hypothalamic Neurons of the Rat.

Young Buhm HUH ; Jung Sik CHO ; Chang Sub SONG ; Hee Kyung AHN

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):119-126.

The presence and coexistence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was investigated by combining NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry with TH immunohistochemistry in hypothalamic nuclei of the rat. TH-immunoreactive and NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons were found in the medial preoptic area and medial preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic area, respectively. TH and NADPH-diaphorase did not coexist in the anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, medial preoptic area and posterior hypothalamic area. A considerable portion (30~50%) of the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in the supraoptic nucleus colocalized TH. In the medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus, some (5~15%) of TH-immunoreactive neurons also contained NADPH-diaphorase activity. NADPH-diaphorase is known to be an indicator of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase; these results therefore suggest that nitric oxide may play an important role in the regulation of the activity of the hypothalamic dopaminergic system of the rat.
Animals ; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; NAD* ; Neurons* ; Niacinamide* ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Preoptic Area ; Rats* ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase* ; Tyrosine*

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Endothelial cells from the rat aorta in culture.

Joo Young KIM

Korean Journal of Anatomy.1998;31(1):105-116.

Endothelial cells were isolated from the intima of Sprague-Dawley rat aorta with 0.2% collagenase solution and cultured in MCDB 131 medium. All endothelial cells regardless of passages and the freezing-thawing were cultured in M-199, alpha-MEM, and MCDB 131 media. Thereafter, the morphological findings of the cells were observed under light and electron microscopes. The activities of nitric oxide synthetase of endothelial cells were investigated with NADPH-diphorase staining. Production of von Willebrand factor, cytoskeletal proteins, and extracellular matrix proteins in endothelial cells was identified with PAP. By treating with 0.2% collagenase solution for 30 minutes, and then incubating the cells in MCDB 131 medium for 3 days, only endothelial cells could be separated. Endothelial cells formed a monolayer with typical cobblestone pattern (polygonal-shaped morphology) 7-10 days after seeding. The growth patterns of endothelial cells were similar regardless of their cultured states (primary cultured cells, subcultured or thawed). The existence of nitric oxide synthetase, von Willebrand factor, beta-actin, fibronectin, and laminin in endothelial cells was confirmed. However, above-mentioned materials were quantitatively less in cells grown with MCDB 131 medium compared to those cultured with M-199 and alpha-MEM. Weibel-Palade bodies were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cultured cells in MCDB 131 medium compared to those cultured with M-199 and alpha-MEM were relatively fewer in number of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, free ribosome, vesicle, and liposome and especially showed the absence of basement membrane. Taken together, the cultivation of endothelial cells from the intima of rat aorta was possible. Endothelial cells in vitro synthesized various materials such as von Willebrand factor etc. and had characteristic organelles (Weibel-Palade body etc.). It suggested that it would be more advantageous to culture the endothelial cells in M-199 with 20% fetal bovine serum and alpha-MEM with 10% bovine calf serum rather than in MCDB 131 endothelial cell culture medium only with 0.7% dialyzed serum to maintain characteristics of endothelial cells in vivo
Actins ; Animals ; Aorta* ; Basement Membrane ; Cells, Cultured ; Collagenases ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Endothelial Cells* ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Fibronectins ; Laminin ; Liposomes ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mitochondria ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Organelles ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ribosomes ; von Willebrand Factor ; Weibel-Palade Bodies

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Partial Outlet Obstruction Induced Alterations of Rat Urinary Bladder Muscle.

Hyung Soo HAN ; In Kyeom KIM ; Duk Yoon KIM

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2004;37(5):403-410.

Partial outlet obstruction induced by benign prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture are common urologic conditions showing voiding dysfunction. This study was performed to compare the effects of short-term partial outlet obstruction on the contractile responses to different stimuli and to elucidate the mechanism of altered contractile response during the development of significant voiding dysfunction. Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 week old, were subjected to partial outlet obstruction for 7 days. Contractile responses of the urinary bladder detrusor muscle strips to electrical field stimulation (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Hz), KCl (50 and 100 mM) and carbachol (10(-9 to 5) M) were measured. Total protein and DNA contents of the bladder were measured. Connexin 43 mRNA expression was measured using RT-PCR and connexin 43 protein was observed in the fixed bladder tissue using immunohistochemistry. The electrical field stimulation-induced contractile response and KCl-induced contraction was not changed after partial outlet obstruction. Contraction induced by carbachol was enhanced by the partial outlet obstruction. Total protein and DNA contents were increased in the partial outlet obstruction group. Connexin 43 mRNA and protein expression were detectable in the normal bladders and increased after 7 days of obstruction. These results suggest that the altered contractile responses during the early stage of the partial outlet obstruction are the result of the changes of the contraction mechanisms or structure of bladder muscle. Connexin 43 may play an important role in those alterations.
Animals ; Carbachol ; Connexin 43 ; DNA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Urethral Stricture ; Urinary Bladder*

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Anatomy Cartoon for Common People.

Sung Bae HWANG ; Min Suk CHUNG ; Jin Seo PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2005;38(5):433-441.

Anatomy must be known not only by medical students but also by health science students. Furthermore, common people had better know anatomy because anatomy helps them keep their own health and dig up their own curiosity of body. It is desirable that common people learn morphology and function of the human body using easy, familiar, and interesting anatomy cartoon. But we could not find such a Korean anatomy cartoon, so that we tried to make anatomy cartoon for common people as follows. For anatomy cartoon, anatomist decided anatomy contents to write sentences. Based on the sententces, raw illustrations of anatomy cartoon were drawn on the paper with a pencil. Final illustrations of anatomy cartoon (931 cuts) were drawn on Adobe Illustrator of the personal computer. In addition, anatomy comic cartoon composed of four cuts (100 episodes) were drawn. Anatomy term explanations, anatomy photographs, and anatomy movies were created and hyperlinked with the anatomy cartoon, all of which were distributed through homepage (anatomy.co.kr), CD title, and book. The anatomy cartoon will be helpful not only to anatomy study of the common people and health science students but also to preliminary anatomy study of the medical students.
Anatomists ; Exploratory Behavior ; Human Body ; Humans ; Microcomputers ; Students, Medical

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Anatomical and Radiological Study of the Vascular Distribution and Skin Territory for the Tensor Fasciae Latae Free Flap.

Chae Soo SHIN ; Doo Jin PAIK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2005;38(5):477-486.

The authors studied the pattern of vascularization of the tensor fasciae latae muscle in 110 Korean cadavers using macroscopic dissection and radiographic methods. The location of the points in this study were expressed as XY coordination in reference to the line between ASIS (A) and lateral margin of the patella (B). The deep femoral artery was arised from XY coordination value X: 8.1 cm, Y: 5.5 cm. The length and external diameter of the deep femoral artery were 30.0 mm, and 5.6 mm, respectively. The most common pattern of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was from the deep femoral artery 81.4% (n: 176) and femoral artery 18.6% (n: 42). The lateral circumflex femoral artery was arised from XY coordination value X: 10.3+/-1.3 cm, Y: 4.6+/-0.8 cm and ended XY coordination value X: 10.5+/-2.3 cm, Y: 3.7+/-9.6 cm. Lateral circumflex femoral artery branched into ascending, transverse and descending branch. The length and external diameter of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was 21.2+/-12.9 mm, and 5.1+/-2.3 mm, respectively. The average number of branches, length and external diameter of pedicles to the tensor fasciae latae muscle were 3.9+/-3.5, 30.9+/-12.1 mm and 2.6+/-0.7 mm, respectively. The pedicle of the tensor fasciae latae muscle arised from XYcoordination X: 8.8+/-2.0cm, 1.8+/-0.9 cm and skin territory was 5x13 cm2 at 13 cm on the line AB. The pattern of distribution, arterial supply and territories of the tensor fasciae latae muscle obtained in this study will provide useful anatomical backgrounds for the free flap surgery.
Cadaver ; Fascia* ; Femoral Artery ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Patella ; Skin*

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Increased Expression of Tenascin on Photodamaged Vitiligo Skin.

Yeon Mo YANG ; Won Kyu LEE ; Kyung Sil JIN ; Young Il LEE ; Dae Sung KIM ; Han Dong YOO ; Hee Kyung AHN

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2002;35(1):91-97.

Tenascin is suggested the one of cause of vitiligo by interfering melanocyte adhesion and migration. The distribution and expression levels of tenascin were examined by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry on skin biopsies from vitiligo patients with varying area of photodamage. The level of tenascin on adult skin is severely restricted but we had observed the increase on vitiligo skin lesions. Although it is uncertain that the increased tenascin expression is the cause or the result of disease, vitiligo and increased tenascin expression is thought to be related each other. This study has shown that tenascin increased on photodamaged vitiligo skin lesions. So we shoud consider choosing phototherapy to vitiligo.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Melanocytes ; Phototherapy ; Skin* ; Tenascin* ; Vitiligo*

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