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Locations of Slow-Cycling Cells, Adult Stem Cells, in the Organs of Adult Mouse.

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):347-357.

Adult stem cells possess the characteristics of self-renewal, multipotent, plasticity as well as slow cycling rate. We investigated a location of slow-cycling cells, that is, adult stem-like cells, in various organs in the 8 week-old mice which administered bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at neonatal phase. BrdU-retaining cells (slow-cycling cells) were observed in speramtogonia at the edge of seminiferous tubules in testes, hair root cells surrounding hair follicles, the cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina, the myocytes in the hearts, the cells in the parenchyma and the Glisson's capsule of liver, the cells in the epithelial layer of bronchioles, and the tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys. In conclusion, various organs of adult mouse expressed slow-cycling cells, indicating that the cells may associate with normal cell turnover and repair after damages.
Adult Stem Cells* ; Adult* ; Animals ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Bronchioles ; Epithelial Cells ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Heart ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Mice* ; Muscle Cells ; Plastics ; Retina ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Testis

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Adaptive Response and Apoptosis Induced by UV Irradiation in Human Keratinocytes and Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Yong Suk MOON

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):335-345.

The present study was investigated that the effects of suitable ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to the cell viability, apoptosis and expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in HaCaT and KUMA3 cell lines that are skin keratinocyte and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The cell viability of UV irradiation dose appeared high in HaCaT cell line, and the percentage of apoptotic cells appeared higher in KUMA3 cell line. The cell viability in HaCaT cell line pretreated with 5 J/m(2) UV and subsequently treated with 50 J/m(2) UV was higher than that only treated with 50 J/m(2) UV. On the other hand, the percentage of apoptotic cells in KUMA3 cell line only treated with 50 J/m(2) UV was higher than that pretreated with 5 J/m(2) UV and subsequently treated with 50 J/m(2) UV. Immunocytochemical stain using PARP antibody, the most cells show positive reaction of UV irradiation in HaCaT cell line, but some negative reaction cells observe from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV in KUMA3 cell line. The expression level of PARP by western blot analysis, concomitant with generation of the 85 kDa fragment in HaCaT cell line from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV though the 116 kDa band was still retained. On the other hand, the 85 kDa fragment appeared in KUMA3 cell line from treated with 50 J/m(2) UV but the intact PARP of 116 kDa disappears in more doses. These results present that suitable UV irradiation can be effective to apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma.
Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Hand ; Humans* ; Keratinocytes* ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases ; Skin

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In vitro Role of AKT in the Cell Growth of SV-HUC-1 Cell Line.

Min Kyu KIM ; Byung Lan LEE

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):329-334.

Although protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) has been investigated extensively for its roles in oncogenic transformation and apoptotic prevention, controversial results are also reported. Here we assessed the role of AKT in the cell growth and expression of a key set of cell cycle regulators in the human normal uroepithelial cell line, SVHUC-1. AKT activity was suppressed by permanent transfection of dominent negative (DN)-AKT with Lipofectamine Plus. Cell viability was measured by the crystal violet assay. DNA contents stained by propidium iodide were measured by flow-cytometry for cell cycle analysis. Cell growth curve showed that overexpression of DN-AKT which suppressed the AKT activity decreased the cell growth. In the cell cycle analysis, overexpression of DN-AKT resulted in a 6% increase in the proportion of cells in G1 phase. Furthermore, DN-AKT overexpression increased the p27(Kip1) protein expression and the activation of a transcription factor FKHR, which induces p27(Kip1) transcription. Our results suggest that, in normal uroepithelial cells, AKT activation increases the cell growth through the influence on p27(Kip1) expression and FKHR activation. Thus, AKT may be used as a biomarker for tumor transformation of bladder uroepithelial cells.
Cell Cycle ; Cell Line* ; Cell Survival ; DNA ; G1 Phase ; Gentian Violet ; Humans ; Propidium ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Transcription Factors ; Transfection ; Urinary Bladder

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Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel (VDCC) alpha(1A) Subunit Expression in the Ataxic Mutant, Pogo Mice Cerebellum.

Nam Seob LEE ; Chul Tae KIM ; Seung Yun HAN ; Jin Seong KIM ; Jae Min KIM ; Jin A SON ; Young Gil JEONG

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):319-328.

The pogo mouse is a new ataxic mutant derived from a Korean wild mouse. The pogo mutation is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait on chromosome 8. Mutations in gene coding for the alpha(1A)subunit of voltagegated P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel have been shown to cause phenotypes in humans and mice, i.e., tottering, leaner, rolling mouse mouse Nagoya. Using immunohistochemistry, the expression of the alpha(1A)subunit of voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel was examined in pogo mice cerebellum including deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). We observed alpha(1A)immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cell and granule cell) and DCN of ataxic pogo mice and heterozygote control mice. There was no difference in cerebellar cortical alpha(1A)immunoreactivity between ataxic pogo mice and heterozygous littermate controls (pogo/+). However, we observed alpha(1A)immunoreactivity in the Purkinje cells of control and ataxic pogo mice cerebellum and DCN. We found a significant difference between pogo and heterozygous controls in terms of alpha(1A)immunoreactivities in the DCN. alpha(1A)immunoreactivity in this nucleus in pogo was much higher than in heterozygous littermate controls. No significant differences were observed in the interposed nucleus between pogo and heterozygous controls, but we found that the alpha(1A)subunits were clearer and more abundant in the lateral and medial regions of pogo than in control mice in these regions, where only weak immunoreactivity was observed. This elevated expression of the alpha(1A)subunit in deep cerebellar neurons of pogo might be a compensation for the altered function of P/Q type calcium channel and be related with the induction of the ataxic phenotype in pogo mice.
Animals ; Ataxia ; Calcium Channels* ; Calcium* ; Cerebellar Cortex ; Cerebellar Nuclei ; Cerebellum* ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 ; Clinical Coding ; Compensation and Redress ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice* ; Neurons ; Phenotype ; Purkinje Cells

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Application of Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) Both to Biochip Platform and to the Immunoelectron Microscopy to Label Proteins within the Organelle.

Eun Kyoung HONG ; Song Eun LEE ; Chaeyong JUNG ; Kyu Youn AHN ; Choon Sang BAE ; Baik Yoon KIM ; Sung Sik PARK ; Seung Won LEE

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):267-275.

The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) technique, based on the ability of HRP to catalyze the deposition of tyramide onto the surrounding proteins, has been proved to detect scarce tissue antigens. In this study we applied this technique to a biochip platform and an immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level. First, in the optical fluorescence sensing, the signal was amplified by Dako Envision(TM) (goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins IgG conjugated to peroxidase labelled-dextran polymer) and tyramide-Cy3, which was then compared to the non-amplified control using goat antimouse IgG-Cy3 conjugate instead. The result showed that the tyramide method produced a more sensitive signal than the control method. Secondly, in the pre-embedding immunocytochemistry, we investigated to see whether it is possible to label proteins within a organelle in the cell using the TSA method. The signal was amplified by a primary antibody, a biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin-HRP, biotinyl-tyramide, and streptavidinnanogold followed by silver enhancement and gold toning. Then, this protocol was compared to the non-amplified or simple protocol that does not include the steps of streptavidin-HRP and biotinyl-tyramide. With the TSA protocol, the labeling for a membrane bound antigen (gp100) that is known to be exclusively localized to melanosomes in melanocyte, was tested in a melanoma cell line (G361) and found to be highly sensitive and more enhanced than with the simple protocol. Moreover, the gold particles were well localized to the subcellular structures or melanosomes both in the TSA and simple protocols, which indicates that resolution of the signals remains high. Control experiment with omission of the primary antibody demonstrated that background levels or nonspecific bindings are negligible. This result showed that the TSA method can be successfully applied to label the intra-organelle protein that is known to be labeled only in the specific fixation condition with the optimal permeability.
Cell Line ; Fluorescence ; Goats ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Melanocytes ; Melanoma ; Melanosomes ; Membranes ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron* ; Organelles* ; Permeability ; Peroxidase ; Protein Array Analysis ; Silver

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Gene Expression Changes of Drug-resistant Saos-2 Cells Induced by Anticancer Drug.

Min Jae BAE ; In Hwan SONG ; Seong Yong KIM

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):297-310.

During the treatment of cancers, especially with anticancer drugs, the recurrence of cancer is the most important factor for survival rate. The most common cause of the recurrence is the resistance of cells to anticancer drugs. To explore and analyze the changes of gene expression during the induction of resistance by anticancer drugs in human osteogenic cancer cell line Saos-2. The drug resistance was induced with adriamycin, cisplatin or vincristine at 10(-7) M concentration of each and cDNA microarray was performed. Total RNA was purified from Saos-2, adriamycin-resistant (Saos-2AdR), cisplatin-resistant (Saos-2CpR) and vincristine-resistant (Saos-2VcR) and expressed genes were investigated with a Affymetrix Human HG-U133Plus2.0 GeneChip(TM). The genes of anticancer drug resistant cells that showed more than 2.5 fold expression change than Saos-2 were selected for differential expression. Four hundred seventeen genes were selected for Saos-2 vs Saos-2AdR. Two thousand five hundred thirty six genes were selected for Saos-2 vs Saos-2CpR. Two hundred twenty five genes were selected for Saos-2 vs Saos-2VcR. Eighty seven genes were selected for common differential expression. The results showed that many genes were changed in expression during the acquiring of resistance to anticancer drugs but most of genes were not in common among the three anticancer durg-resistant Saos-2. This means the different anticancer drug takes the different mechanism for acquiring resistance to anticancer drug even we use same cells.
Cell Line ; Cisplatin ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Resistance ; Gene Expression* ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Recurrence ; RNA ; Survival Rate ; Vincristine

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Roles of Sphingosine-1 Phosaphate During Pathogenesis of Bone Destruction and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice Model.

Han Bok KWAK ; Deok Su KWON ; Sung Jo JANG ; Eun Yong CHOI ; Eun Gyeong LEE ; Byoung Hyun PARK ; Hyun Dai KIM ; Phil Seung SEO ; Jeong Joong KIM ; Min Kyu CHOI ; Hae Joong CHO ; Jeong Woo KIM ; Hun Soo KIM ; Myeung Su LEE ; Churl Hong CHUN ; Jae Min OH

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):277-286.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that mediates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis in vivo. However, the roles of S1P on pathogenesis of arthritis have been not completely understood. This study was designed to determine the effects of S1P modulation on collageninduced arthritis (CIA) model. DBA/1J mice were injected with collagen into the tail for induction of CIA model. S1P was administered into the peritoneal cavity every other days from day 1 to day 42 after collagen injection. To determine the degree of damage in CIA, we examined macroscopic findings of CIA. The inflammation and bone destruction of CIA mice were evaluated by histo-patholigy and radiography (CT and microradiography). The expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and RANKL which have important roles in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and bone destruction were observed by immuno-histochemical staining. After injection with collagen in the DBA/1J mice, CIA was induced by swelling in the knee and ankle joint. Administration of S1P suppressed damages and incidence of arthritis elicited by collagen. In histologic and radiographic studies, S1P strongly suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the swelling of synovial membrane, erosion, and the destruction of bone on CIA mice. Injection of S1P resulted in down-regulation of the expression of the pro-inflammatory and bone destruction mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and RANKL on CIA mice. Furthermore, S1P suppressed the differentiation of bone marrow cells into osteoclasts by RANKL. In conclusion, this study suggest that S1P has protective effects on inflammation and bone destruction during pathogenesis of CIA, which indicates S1P can be a new possible therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis
Animals ; Ankle Joint ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Proliferation ; Collagen ; Down-Regulation ; Incidence ; Inflammation* ; Interleukin-6 ; Knee ; Mice* ; Osteoclasts ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Radiography ; Sphingosine ; Synovial Membrane ; Tail ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

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Involvement of VEGF in both Cell Apoptosis and Survival in the Retina of Type 2 Diabetic OLETF Rats.

Young Hee KIM ; Mee Young CHOI ; Yoon Sook KIM ; Gu Seob ROH ; Hyun Joon KIM ; Sang Soo KANG ; Wan Sung CHOI ; Gyeong Jae CHO

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2007;40(4):287-295.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is closely involved in early retinal pathology of diabetes, including blood-retinal barrier breakdown, pericyte loss, neuro-retinal apoptosis, and cell proliferation. This study examines the involvement of VEGF in cell apoptosis and survival in the retina of animals with type 2 diabetes. We used retinas from 28-week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats as controls. In parallel with evidence for pericyte loss, we found cell proliferation, apoptosis, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (an indicator of endothelial cell proliferation/survival) and VEGF overexpression in the OLETF-retina, compared to control LETO. Furthermore, apoptotic signals were partly co-localized to only VEGF-positive cells in the OLETF-retina, but no apoptotic signals were found in VEGF- and eNOS-double-positive cells. These results suggest that upregulated VEGF is involved in apoptosis and eNOS-dependent cell survival in the retinas of type 2 diabetic rats.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Blood-Retinal Barrier ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Endothelial Cells ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; Pathology ; Pericytes ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred OLETF* ; Retina* ; Retinaldehyde ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

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Morphometric Study of the Effects of Various Analgesic Compound in Experimental Arthritis Model.

Soo Kyung AHN ; Jong Eun LEE ; Jong Sam BAIK ; Ho Joung KIM ; Won Taek LEE ; Kyung Ah PARK

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2001;34(6):653-666.

Arthritis is the most common disease of joint in old age and almost all the old human are suffering from arthritis. Arthritis gives so severe pain hard to endure that it can devastate human. But we still do not know where the arthritic pain comes from and the generation mechanism of it. For the study of effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the c-fos immunoreactive neurons, substance P-and CGRPimmunoreactive neurons in dorsal horn and DRG, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors indomethacin (0.5 mg/kg), piroxicam (0.5 mg/kg), NMDA receptor antagonist MK 801 (2 mg/kg), and capsaicin (50 mg/kg) were administered to the experimental arthritis model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Arthritis was induced by injection of 4% kaolin followed by 2% carrageenan into the articular capsule of left knee. Two hours, 24 hours and 7 days after injection, animals were sacrificed and processed for imunohistochemical staining for c-fos in spinal dorsal horn, for substance P (SP) and CGRP in DRG. The results were as follows; 1. The number of c-fos immunoreactive neurons were significantly decreased at 2 h after piroxicam and MK-801 administration and 1 week after indomethacin, MK-801 and capsaicin treatment in the inflamed side of dorsal horn. 2. There were the significant decrease of SP-and CGRP-immunoreactive area 2 h after indomethacin administration and 1week after capsaicin treatment in the inflamed side of dorsal horn. 3. The number of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive neurons in DRG were decreased after drugs administration and no difference is in the degree of effectiveness between drugs. Indomethacin and piroxicam which is an inhibitors of COX, significantly reduced the expression of c-fos proteins and desensitized nociceptive primary afferents at the early time, and capsaicin, a pungent algesic substance, decreased the level of c-fos protein, SP and CGRP over a wider time in dorsal horn and DRG.
Animals ; Arthritis* ; Capsaicin ; Carrageenan ; Diagnosis-Related Groups ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; Ganglia, Spinal ; Horns ; Humans ; Indomethacin ; Joint Capsule ; Joints ; Kaolin ; Knee ; Male ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons ; Piroxicam ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substance P

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Skin Pigmentation and its Regulation: Role of Keratinocyte and Ovarian Hormones on Human Melanocytes in Vitro.

Yong Hyun YOON ; Yin LIU ; Hoon Ki SUNG ; Tae Eun JUNG ; Jeong Hyun PARK ; Joo Young KIM ; In Hwan SONG ; Yung Chang LEE ; Eon Gi SUNG

Korean Journal of Anatomy.2001;34(6):635-644.

Estrogen and progesterone are thought to be responsible for the pigmentary changes in pregnancy and also melasma. To investigate the action mechanism of estrogen and progesterone on the facultative skin pigmentation, Human melanocytes and keratinocytes were cultivated in the forms of pure melanocyte culture, co-culture (melanocytes and keratinocytes were cultivated together in a vessel but they were separated with membrane) or mixed culture (melanocytes and keratinocytes were cultivated together in a vessel in mixed form). After 2 days of cultivation in the presence of hormones (estrogen, progesterone and melanocyte stimulating hormone), the author studied the cell proliferation, the cellular features (the number of dendrites, perimeter and area), and the tyrosinase activity of melanocytes. Progesterone or melanocyte stimulating hormone increased in both the cell growth and the tyrosinase activity in pure melanocyte culture but estrogen did not. However, mixed culture treated with estrogen lead to increases in the tyrosinase activity. Pure melanocyte culture treated with estrogen or progesterone increased in the cell perimeter and the area but not in the number of dendrites. Co-cultured melanocytes without hormones revealed more increases in the perimeter (p.0.01) and the area (p.0.01) even in the number of dendrites (p.0.01) compared to the pure cultured melanocytes treated with the hormones. It was postulated with these results that estrogen, progesterone and keratinocyte possibly induced hyperpigmentation of the skin via the keratinocytes stimulated by estrogen, via the proliferation of melanocytes induced by progesterone, and via the cellular features altered by keratinocytes.
Cell Proliferation ; Coculture Techniques ; Dendrites ; Estrogens ; Humans* ; Hyperpigmentation ; Keratinocytes* ; Melanocytes* ; Melanosis ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone ; Skin Pigmentation* ; Skin*

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