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Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast caused by the proliferation of glandular breast tissue. Determining the various causes of gynecomastia such as physiological causes, drugs, systemic diseases, and endocrine disorders is important. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare endocrine disorder presenting with gynecomastia and is a disorder of male sexual differentiation caused by mutations within the androgen receptor gene. All individuals with AIS have the 46 XY karyotype, although AIS phenotypes can be classified as mild, partial or complete and can differ among both males and females including ambiguous genitalia or infertility in males. We experienced a case of partial AIS presenting with gynecomastia and identified the androgen receptor gene mutation.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Breast ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; Gynecomastia* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Karyotype ; Male ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sex Differentiation

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A Calcitonin-Negative Neuroendocrine Tumor Derived from Follicular Lesions of the Thyroid.

Ga Young KIM ; Chul Yun PARK ; Chang Ho CHO ; June Sik PARK ; Eui Dal JUNG ; Eon Ju JEON

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015;30(2):221-225. doi:10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.221

Neuroendocrine lesions of the thyroid are rare. The most common types are medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) and C-cell hyperplasia. MTCs originate from thyroid parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin which serves as a serum marker of MTCs. Here, the rare case of a calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor (NET) derived from follicular lesions of the thyroid is described. A 34-year-old man presented at our hospital for the surgical management of an incidental thyroid nodule that was observed on an ultrasound sonography (USG) of the neck. Initially, USG-guided aspiration cytology was performed, and a MTC was suspected. The expressions of thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor-1, which are thyroid follicular cell markers, and synaptophysin and chromogranin A, which are neuroendocrine markers, was confirmed following surgical pathology. However, the staining of calcitonin, a marker of MTCs, was not observed. A nonmedullary NET of the thyroid is uncommon, and the distinction between calcitonin-negative NETs and MTCs of the thyroid may be important due to differences in their clinical courses and management.
Adult ; Calcitonin ; Carcinoma, Medullary ; Chromogranin A ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Neck ; Neuroendocrine Tumors* ; Pathology, Surgical ; Synaptophysin ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography ; Biomarkers

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Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in INS-1 Rat Insulinoma Cells.

Mi Yeon KANG ; Tae Jung OH ; Young Min CHO

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015;30(2):216-220. doi:10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.216

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut-derived incretin hormone that increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Since mitochondrial function is crucial to insulin secretion, we hypothesized that GLP-1 may increase mitochondrial biogenesis in pancreatic beta-cells. We treated INS-1 rat insulinoma cells with GLP-1 or exendin-4 for 48 hours and measured mitochondrial mass and function. Both GLP-1 and exendin-4 increased mitochondrial mass by approximately 20%. The mitochondria/cytosol ratio was increased from 7.60+/-3.12% to 10.53+/-2.70% by exendin-4. In addition, GLP-1 increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption. Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha expression was increased approximately 2-fold by GLP-1 treatment. In conclusion, the present study presents evidence for a new mechanism of action by which GLP-1 improves pancreatic beta-cell function via enhanced mitochondrial mass and performance.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Insulinoma* ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; Organelle Biogenesis* ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rats*

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Corrigendum: Correction of Acknowledgments: Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea.

Kyoung Hwa HA ; Dae Jung KIM

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017;32(1):144-144. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.144

In our recently published article, there were some missing contents in the Acknowledgments section, which should be properly added as follows.

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Response: Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:416-23, Bong-Ki Lee et al.).

Eun Hee CHO

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017;32(1):142-143. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.142

No abstract available.
Age of Onset* ; Aged* ; Diabetes Complications* ; Humans

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Letter: Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:416-23, Bong-Ki Lee et al.).

Mee Kyoung KIM

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017;32(1):140-141. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.140

No abstract available.
Age of Onset* ; Aged* ; Diabetes Complications* ; Humans

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The Effects of Altered Membrane Cholesterol Levels on Sodium Pump Activity in Subclinical Hypothyroidism.

Suparna ROY ; Anindya DASGUPTA

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017;32(1):129-139. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.129

BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunctions characteristic of overt hypothyroidism (OH) start at the early stage of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (the sodium pump) is a transmembrane enzyme that plays a vital role in cellular activities in combination with membrane lipids. We evaluated the effects of early changes in thyroid hormone and membrane cholesterol on sodium pump activity in SCH and OH patients. METHODS: In 32 SCH patients, 35 OH patients, and 34 euthyroid patients, sodium pump activity and cholesterol levels in red blood cell membranes were measured. Serum thyroxine (T₄) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Differences in their mean values were analysed using post hoc analysis of variance. We assessed the dependence of the sodium pump on other metabolites by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Sodium pump activity and membrane cholesterol were lower in both hypothyroid groups than in control group, OH group exhibiting lower values than SCH group. In SCH group, sodium pump activity showed a significant direct dependence on membrane cholesterol with an inverse relationship with serum TSH levels. In OH group, sodium pump activity depended directly on membrane cholesterol and serum T4 levels. No dependence on serum cholesterol was observed in either case. CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of elevated serum cholesterol in hypothyroidism, membrane cholesterol contributed significantly to maintain sodium pump activity in the cells. A critical reduction in membrane cholesterol levels heralds compromised enzyme activity, even in the early stage of hypothyroidism, and this can be predicted by elevated TSH levels alone, without any evident clinical manifestations.
Cholesterol* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Erythrocytes ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism* ; Membrane Lipids ; Membranes* ; Sodium* ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase* ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine

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Serum Preadipocyte Factor 1 Levels Are Not Associated with Bone Mineral Density among Healthy Postmenopausal Korean Women.

Hoon Sung CHOI ; Sang Wook KIM ; Eun Hee CHO

Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017;32(1):124-128. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.124

BACKGROUND: Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts through closely regulated lineage-control processes. However, adipocyte precursor cells release preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1), which inhibits the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into mature adipocytes and osteoblasts. Previous studies have also reported an inverse association between Pref-1 levels and bone mineral density (BMD) among patients with anorexia nervosa. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we examined the correlations between Pref-1 levels and BMD among 124 healthy postmenopausal women (>50 years old). The patients had provided information regarding their clinical characteristics, and underwent blood testing and serum Pref-1 testing. RESULTS: The subjects' mean age was 59.9±7.1 years and the median time since menopause onset was 9.1 years. A history of osteoporotic fracture was identified in 23 subjects (19%). Serum Pref-1 levels were not significantly correlated with BMD values at the lumbar spine (R²=0.038, P=0.109), femur neck (R²=0.017, P=0.869), and total hip (R²=0.041, P=0.09), and multivariate analyses with adjustment for age and body mass index also did not detect any significant correlations. Subgroup analyses according to a history of fracture also did not detect significant associations between Pref-1 levels and BMD values. CONCLUSION: In our study population, it does not appear that serum Pref-1 levels are significantly associated with BMD values and osteoporosis.
Adipocytes ; Anorexia Nervosa ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density* ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Hematologic Tests ; Hip ; Humans ; Menopause ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Multivariate Analysis ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine

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