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Neural Substrates of Motor Imagery: Event-related Functional MRI Study.

Seung Schik YOO ; Byung Gil CHOI ; Kyu In CHUNG ; Chang Uk LEE

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1247-1250.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: We report event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) methodology to investigate human brain activity during motor imagery. METHODS: A 1.5 Tesla clinical MR scanner was used in the acquisition of a series of T2* weighted MR images covering the whole brain. Blood oxygenation level-dependent(BOLD) signal changes associated with the imagery event were subsequently detected while healthy right-handed subjects imagined clenching of a right hand cued by auditory stimulus. RESULTS: Group analysis across nine right-handed subjects revealed activations in the medial and superior frontal gyri, cuneus, insula, middle/superior temporal gyri, and anterior cingulate gyri. Bilateral primary motor, premotor and supplementary motor areas exhibited event-related MR signal changes. Although unilateral hand clenching was imagined, bilateral activation of eloquent motor areas was observed. The proposed method also allowed for the visualization of subcortical areas, such as putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus, responsive to the event of motor imagery. CONCLUSION: The major cortical and subcortical areas in the motor pathways were identified and visualized during motor imagery event. Our results suggest that motor imagery and actual movement share common neural substrates.
Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Efferent Pathways ; Globus Pallidus ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Oxygen ; Putamen ; Thalamus

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Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Plasma Leptin, Insulin and Fasting Glucose Level in Schizophrenic Patients Receiving Olanzapine.

Yang Rae KIM ; Young Joon KWON ; In Joon PARK ; Hee Yeon JUNG ; Kee Min WOO ; Man Hee CHO

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1240-1246.

OBJECTIVE: The aim this study was to investigate possible mechanisms behind olanzapine-associated weight gain. METHOD: Thirteen psychiatric inpatients (all meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder) receiving olanzapine in Soonchunhyang university Chun-an hospital were studied. Body weight, plasma leptin, insulin and fasting glucose levels were measured five-times over 6 weeks. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULT: At the end of sixth week, body weight, BMI, plasma leptin, insulin and fasting glucose levels were significantly increased from baseline. Both insulin and leptin plasma levels were significantly increased from baseline at the end of the sixth week of treatment. Both body weight and BMI were significantly increased from baseline at the end of the first week, the fourth week and sixth week, respectively. Fasting glucose was significantly increased from baseline at the end of the fourth week and sixth week, respectively. Between baseline and sixth week, the body weight, BMI, plasma leptin and fasting glucose levels were significantly correlated to insulin level. There was a tendency toward a correlation between BMI and leptin level, whereas no correlation was found between body weight and leptin. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine treatment was associated with weight gain and elevated level of leptin, insulin and fasting glucose. Elevated insulin levels and hyperleptinemia may be mechanisms behind olanzapine-induced weight gain.
Body Mass Index* ; Body Weight* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Fasting* ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Insulin* ; Leptin* ; Plasma* ; Schizophrenia ; Weight Gain

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Effect of Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene Polymorphism for Smoking in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Hong Seock LEE ; Seung Hyun KIM ; Heon Jeong LEE ; Tae Woo KIM ; Duck Jung HAN ; Yong Ku KIM ; Leen KIM ; Min Soo LEE ; Bong Gi SON

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1231-1239.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the genetic effect of DRD2 Taq I polymorphism to the smoking in the Korean schizophrenics. Also this study examined molecular heterosis and gender difference in the genetic effect to smoking in schizophrenics. METHODS: The study subjects were composed of 167 schizophrenic patients, 96 smokers and 71 non-smokers. DRD2 Taq I RFLP genotyping was carried out with DNA extracted from subjects' blood samples. RESULTS: Among the total schizophrenics, the smokers were not significantly different from the non-smokers in respect to the frequency and prevalence of A1 allele, the genotype distribution, or frequency of heterozygotes. In male schizophrenics, genotype distribution of smoking patients differed significantly from non-smoking patients(p=0.010), with a higher prevalence of A1 allele (p=0.020) and frequency of heterozygotes(p=0.005). In male schizophrenics, A1A2 heterozygotes showed significantly higher smoking rate than A1A1 or A2A2 homozygotes and non-smokers were deficient in heterozygotes. The deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations was observed in male and female non-smokers with opposite directions. Moreover, highly significant differences were seen between male and female non-smokers in A1 prevalence(p=0.001), genotype distribution(p<0.00011), and frequency of heterozygotes(p<0.00003). CONCLUSION: No significant difference between smokers and non-smokers in the genotype distributions of the total sample could be explained by the gender difference in the genetic effect of DRD2 A1 allele to the smoking with opposite directions. Our findings support molecular heterosis at the DRD2 gene.
Alleles ; DNA ; Dopamine* ; Female ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hybrid Vigor ; Male ; Nicotine ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Prevalence ; Receptors, Dopamine D2* ; Schizophrenia* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

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Polymorphism of CYP2D6*10B of Patients with Schizophrenia in Korean Population.

Chul Eung KIM ; Hyung Keun ROH ; Hey Won MOON ; Jae Kwang KOH ; Chang Shin PARK

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1223-1230.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to compare the proportion of the CYP2D6*10 allele between previously reported data of normal Korean subjects and schizophrenic patients. And we investigated the relationship between the CYP2D6*10 allele and the clinical variables such as age of onset, duration of illness and psychopathology. METHODS: Total 82 DSM-IV Korean schizophrenic patients in monotherapy with risperidone participated in this study. The CYP2D6*10 allele which contains C188T mutation in exon 1 was identified by allele specific PCR amplification. We investigated the clinical variables such as age of onset and duration of illness through chart review. The baseline psychopathology with brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) before blood collection were done in clinically stable patients. RESULTS: Seventeen (20.7%) out of 82 patients were homozygous for CYP2D6*1, 22 (26.8%) for *10, while the remaining 43 patients (52.4%) were heterozygous for these alleles. These distributions were very similar with previously reported data of Korean normal subjects. There was no significant relationship between the CYP2D6*10 allele and the clinical variables such as age of onset, duration of illness and psychopathology. CONCLUSION: In Korean schizophrenic patients, there was no significant difference in CYP2D6*10 allele compared to normal Korean subjects.
Age of Onset ; Alleles ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Exons ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Psychopathology ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia*

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A Pilot Study for Genetic Polymorphism of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) in Panic Disorder.

Yong Lee JANG ; Kyoung Sik YUN ; Jong Min WOO ; Young Sik LEE ; Chul NA ; Bum Hee YU

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1214-1222.

OBJECTIVES: Catecholamine metabolism has been thought to be related to the pathophysiology of panic disorder. There are two human COMT alleles, coding for a low activity enzyme, COMT L(L), and a high activity enzyme, COMT H(H), respectively. We examined the distribution of COMT genotypes and the relationship between COMT genetic polymorphism and some clinical characteristics in patients with panic disorder. METHOD: We recruited 51 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder, and 45 normal control subjects who had neither medical nor psychiatric illnesses. Genetic polymorphism of COMT was identified in all subjects using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) analysis. We assessed some clinical variables including treatment responses in panic patients and measured anxiety and depression levels in normal control subjects using Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULT: The frequency of the homozygous LL genotype was higher in panic patients than that in control subjects (19.6% vs. 2.2%). We found that panic disorder was significantly associated with L allele (x2=8.66, p=0.003) and LL genotype(x2=8.45, p=0.015). Panic patients with LL genotype showed poorer treatment response than those with other genotypes (F=4.98, p=0.011). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LL genotype of the COMT gene may be related to the pathophysiology and clinical courses in some patients with panic disorder.
Alleles ; Anxiety ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase* ; Clinical Coding ; Depression ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Genotype ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic* ; Pilot Projects* ; Polymorphism, Genetic*

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Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Tic Symptom Exacerbation in Tourette's Disorder: Comparision of Treatment Modalities.

Yoosook JOUNG ; Yoonsun YANG ; Moonhyang LEE ; Hyo Jung KO ; Youngki CHUNG ; Hoyoung LEE

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1204-1213.

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to investigate that infection with group A[beta] hemolytic streptococcus may associate the mechanisms that cause or exacerbate some cases of Tourette's disorder and to evaluate the treatment effect of IG therapy, comparing between IG therapy and drug therapy. METHOD: The subjects were divided into three groups composing of the groups with increasing level of ASO titer and the group with normal level of ASO titer, treating with antipsychotics. Children with infection-triggered exacerbation of Tourette's disorder were assigned treatment with IVIG (400mg/kg/daily on 5 consecutive days) or antipsychotic drugs. Symptom severity was rated at baseline, and at 4weeks, at at 8weeks after treatment by use of standard assessment scale of tics. RESULTS: 1) The motor tic score, global severity scores and overall TS impairment rating scores of YGTSS in the group with incresing level of ASO titer were related with ASO titer. 2) Immune therapy was more effective in the group with incresing level of ASO titer than antipsychotic drug therapy. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increasing level of ASO titer, resulting from group A[beta] hemolytic streptococcal infection has affected worsening the tic symptoms in Touette's disorder and in group with increasing level of ASO titer, IVIG therapy is more effective than drug therapy.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Child ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Streptococcal Infections ; Streptococcus ; Tics* ; Tourette Syndrome*

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The Characteristics of Adolescent Substance Abuse by the Age of the First Exposure to Substances.

Hyun Jung LEE ; Sungdo HONG ; Yoosook JOUNG ; Hyun Ju PARK ; Sang Sub CHOI

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1194-1203.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the age of the first exposure to substances influences the characteristics of substance abuse. METHOD: Ninety seven adolescent boys in a substance abuse treatment facility were evaluated by using questionnaires, individual diagnostic interviews, and psychology tests. They were classified into 3 groups, preadolescence group(PA), early adolescence group(EA), and middle adolescence group (MA) according to the age of the first exposure to substances, and the data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 9.0. RESULTS: The average age was 16.4+/-1.2 years. There were 39 in PA, 29 in EA, and 29 in MA. In comparison to EA, PA showed higher frequency in substance use, substance dependence, and positive family history of alcohol abuse. In comparison to MA, PA had higher frequency in troubles in interpersonal relationship, functional impairment, dependence on substances, withdrawal symptoms, amount of alcohol and gas consumed, positive family history of alcohol abuse. presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and higher score in K-subscale of MMPI. PA also used more variety of substances more frequently, and had shorter duration before starting the second substance. In comparison to MA, EA showed higher frequency of substance use, functional impairment, trouble in interpersonal relationship, diagnoses of substance dependence, and shorter duration before starting the second substance. However, less EA were from disorganized families. Among the 3 groups, there were no statistically meaningful differences in combined use of alcohol, trial of abstinence, duration of abstinence, child abuse history, family support, intelligence, and frequency and duration of running away from home. CONCLUSION: Earlier exposure to substances may lead to more serious problems of drug abuse. Earlier drug prevention education for adolescents should be provided.
Adolescent* ; Alcoholism ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Humans ; Intelligence ; MMPI ; Psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Running ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Substance-Related Disorders*

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An Association of Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Impulsiveness in Adolescents.

Jun Suk LEE ; Gang Pyo LEE ; Jang Han LEE ; Jung Hyun NAM ; Byung Hwan YANG

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1185-1193.

OBJECTIVES: Many studies have shown an association between low serum cholesterol concentration and impulsive aggressive behaviors. Recent studies reported that serum triglycerides concentration has been independently associated with impulsive aggressive behaviors regardless of serum cholesterol concentration. However, conflicting results have also been reported. This study was designed to find the relationship between serum lipid levels (cholesterol and triglycerides) and impulsiveness in adolescents. METHODS: Serum cholesterol concentration, serum triglycerides concentration, complete blood count, electrolytes, liver function test, and blood sugar level were measured by overnight fasting blood sampling and urinalysis was also conducted in 450 high school students. Impulsiveness level was measured by Barratt impulsiveness scale(BIS). Serum cholesterol was measured by standard enzymatic assay and serum triglycerides was measured by Boehringer Mannheim method. RESULTS: 1) The cholesterol concentration in high impulsiveness group was found to be significantly lower compared with low impulsiveness group both in male and female separately. Especially, the lower cholesterol concentration was associated with motor impulsiveness, a subscale of BIS. 2) The triglycerides concentration in high impulsiveness group was found to be higher compared with the triglycerides concentration in low impulsiveness group. Above results were still valid even after exclu-ding the factor of sex and of body mass index. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that low cholesterol concentration is associated with an increased impulsiveness, and there is a relationship between serum triglycerides concentration and impulsiveness. These results support the previous hypothesis that serum lipid levels(cholesterol and triglycerides) affect brain serotonin level and human psychologic characteristics.
Adolescent* ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Brain ; Cholesterol* ; Electrolytes ; Enzyme Assays ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Serotonin ; Triglycerides* ; Urinalysis

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Relationship between Internet Addiction and Anxiety, Depression, and Self Efficacy in Middle and High School Students.

Seok Bum LEE ; Kyung Kyu LEE ; Ki Chung PAIK ; Hyun Woo KIM ; Soo Kyung SHIN

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1174-1184.

OBJECTIVES: Internet addiction is a newly appeared addiction phenomenon that is defined as 'difficulty in real life due to internet over-use', 'excessive time spent on the internet or replacement of genuine real relationships with superficial virtual ones' or 'weakness in self-control about internet use and if withdrawn, fallen in psychological confusion and anergic state'. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of the internet addiction in Korean middle and high school students who are known to suffering from severe academic loading compared to foreign students, and to compare the demographic factors, internet-using patterns, anxiety trait, depression and internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy between addicted group and non-addicted group. METHODS: Subjects were middle and high school students in Seoul and Cheonan city (N=1173). Self-rating questionnaire included demographic data, Korean version of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), and questions for internetusing pattern, Young internet addiction scale, internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scale. We have received the consent form teachers and students. RESULTS: In this study, prevalence of internet addiction is 2.9%. Addicted group showed higher level of anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy acquired from internet use than those of non-addicted group. Addicted group spent much more leisure time alone, used more high-speed internet service, and thought negatively about influence of internet to real life than non-addicted group. Addicted group had higher rate of insight for internet addiction than non-addicted group. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that prevalence of internet addiction is much lower than expected, but internet addiction can worse the anxious and depressive tendency. Also this study show that internet overusing and subsequent internet addiction can have negative influences on the real life.
Anxiety* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Consent Forms ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demography ; Depression* ; Humans ; Internet* ; Leisure Activities ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Efficacy* ; Seoul

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Risk and Protective Factors in the School Adjustment of Socially Bullied Secondary Students.

Joung Sook AHN ; Seung Woo SHIN

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2001;40(6):1166-1173.

OBJECTIVES: Although verbal and social bullying is more common than physical school violence among secondary students, it's harmful influences have been underestimated. It is essential to investigate the risk factors of clinically referred bullied children with school maladjustment and psychiatric symptoms and the protective factors of the non-referred resilient children despite of being bullied for developing the anti-bullying program. METHODS: The questionnaire asking frequency and severity of being bullied socially, Kovacs Children's Depression Scale, and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale were administered to 128 secondary students in Wonju and 65 secondary students referred for their school maladjustment to psychiatric outpatient clinic. Fifty-five students (boys: 19, girls: 36) of bullied non-clinical group and 42 students(boys: 21, girls: 21) of bullied clinical group were compared with their scores of being bullied, depression and self-concept, and the gender difference in those comparisons was studied. RESULTS: More negative self-concept and poorer relationship with family were noticed in the clinical group, despite of no difference in being-bullied score and depression score between the two. Five subscales of the self-concept, behavior, academic status, appearance, popularity and happiness were more negative in clinical group, but not with anxiety subscale. With coping strategy, there was no difference. Multiple regression analysis showed that depression score was accountable by negative self-concept only in the clinical group, and by appearance and anxiety in non-clinical group. And gender differences were not found in those all variables. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the risk factor for school maladjustment occurred after being bullied socially is the negative self-concept, and the protective factor for resilient children is the supportive relationship within family.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Anxiety ; Bullying ; Child ; Depression ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Happiness ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Violence

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