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Psychopathology of Sexually Abused Children In Korea.

Tae Kyoung KIM ; So Hyang KIM ; Kyoung Sook CHOI ; Ji Young CHOI ; Ja Young LIM ; So Yong EOM ; Yee Jin SHIN

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):165-173.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify psychopathologies of sexually abused children and intervening variables of symptom severity. METHODS: Eighty-four school-aged children were identified for sexual abuse from a center for child sexual abuse by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and social workers. We analyzed correlations among symptom severity, types of sexual abuse, gender, age, relationship with the abuser, family system, and current and past psychopathologies. RESULTS: The percentage of victims with particular psychiatric disorders (current) were 79.8%. Children without identifiable disorders were 20.2%, but these children had significantly increased scores on self report scales of anxiety (RCMAS), depression (CDI), and withdrawal scores on parental reports of child behavior checklist (K-CBCL). Sixty nine percent of abused children had primary diagnosis related to sexual abuse in DSM-IV diagnositic system. PTSD was 41.7%, depressive disorder was 38.1%, and anxiety disorder was 21.4%. Psychopathologies were more severe if perpetrators were of acquaintance or if victims had previous psychopathologies or parent-child relational problems. Types of primary caregiver and older age were also related to the severity of psychopathologies. CONCLUSION: Present study suggests that most victims of childhood sexual abuse suffer from significant psychological distress. Intervening variables are relationship with the perpetrator, previous mental health status, age of the child, type of the primary care taker, and the quality of parent-child relationship.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Caregivers ; Checklist ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Child Behavior ; Child* ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mental Health ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parents ; Primary Health Care ; Psychiatry ; Psychology ; Psychopathology* ; Self Report ; Sex Offenses ; Social Workers ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Weights and Measures

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Comparisons of Temperamental and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Three Groups of Preschool Children with Delayed Language Development.

Won Seok JANG ; Yoosook JOUNG ; Ji Hae KIM ; Sungdo D HONG

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):160-164.

OBJECTIVES: Temperamental and sociodemographic characteristics of developmentally delayed preschool children have not been adequately studied. This research compares temperamental and sociodemographic characteristics in 3 groups of preschool children: those with communication disorder (CD), those with mental retardation (MR), and those with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). METHODS: One hundred ninety eight preschool children (160 males, 38 females, average age 37.8 months) with delayed language development were included in this study. Developmental status of children was assessed by Bayley scales of infant development II, and temperamental characteristics were assessed by PTQ (Parental Temperamental Questionnaire). Sociodemographic characteristics of children were assessed with a questionnaire developed by us. Subjects were divided into three groups according to Bayley scale and Childhood autism rating scale (CARS). RESULTS: CD groups showed higher scores on rhythmicity and persistence than MR and PDD groups. CD group showed lower scores on threshold of reaction than MR group. On intensity of reaction and quality of mood, CD group showed higher scores than the PDD group. Sociodemographic characteristics were not different among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: There are differences in temperamental characteristics but not in sociodemographic characteristics among CD, MR, and PDD.
Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool* ; Communication Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Language Development* ; Male ; Periodicity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temperament* ; Weights and Measures

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The Self-Esteem Attributed by Self Perception of Body Image in Community Adolescents.

Jae Won YANG ; Won Seok JANG ; Yoo Sook JOUNG ; Sungdo D HONG

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):152-159.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with a range of adverse health impacts on physical and psychosocial aspects. Psychosocial effects may include body image disturbance, negative self-perception and peer problem. We investigated the association between self perception of body image, real body mass index (BMI), and self-esteem in middle school students and explored factors that most attribute to self-esteem. METHODS: We randomly selected 477 middle school students ot 13 to15 years old. Informations on weight, height and BMI were colleted. Subjective perception of body image, wished body image, depression scales and self-esteem scales were checked by the participants. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their BMI values. Underweight, normal-weight and overweight groups were identified and compared with demographic data and several scales. RESULTS: Mean BMI of participants was within the normal range. Male students perceived their body images to be underweight, but female students perceived their body image to be overweight (x2=15.140, p=0.010). Wished body images were in counter directions. Male students wanted to gain weight, but female students wanted to lose weight (x2=39.432, p<0.001). In male students, overweight group had lower scores in total self-esteem, athletic competence and physical appearance than normal weight and underweight groups. In female students, overweight group had lower scores in physical appearance than normal weight and underweight groups. Self perception of body image was the most important factor in their total, athletic competence and physical appearance self-esteem. CONCLUSION: The self-esteem of early adolescents attributed to the self perception of body image and not by BMI or parent's perception of their child's body image.
Adolescent* ; Body Image* ; Body Mass Index ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Competency ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Reference Values ; Self Concept* ; Sports ; Thinness ; Weights and Measures

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The Association of Nocturnal Sleep Pattern with the Quality of Life in Chronic Renal Failure Patients on Hemodialysis.

Jong Ik PARK ; Seong Jae KIM ; Hye Hyuk JUNG ; Jung Hie LEE

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):145-151.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the quality of life (QOL) between patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and normal control subjects, and to examine the relationship of QOL with the sleep characteristics in CRF patients. METHODS: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument-Brief form (WHOQOL-BREF) were administered to 26 CRF patients (male: 20 Age: 53.5+/-8.7 years) and 26 age- and sex-matched control subjects (male: 20 Age: 51.9+/-9.7 years). Nocturnal polysomnography (Embla S7000 Medcare system, New York, USA) was conducted for 26 CRF patients to measure the sleep parameters. RESULTS: The total score and all the subscale scores of WHOQOL-BREF in the CRF patients were lower than those of the control subjects (p<0.01). The amount of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was positively correlated with the physical health domain score (r=0.457). In addition, there were significantly negative correlations of the respiratory disturbance index and hypopnea index with the physical health domain score (r=-0.415, -0.616). CONCLUSION: The QOL of CRF patients was lower than that of the normal controls. Particularly, lower QOL of the physical health domain in CRF patients was associated with greater severity of sleep breathing disorder and lower amount of REMS.
Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Polysomnography ; Quality of Life* ; Renal Dialysis* ; Respiration ; Sleep, REM ; World Health Organization

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The Properties of Temperament, Character and Stress Response in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Young Rak CHOI ; Sang Ick LEE ; Chul Jin SHIN ; Jung Woo SON ; Sie Kyeong KIM ; Byung Jin HAN ; Sei Jin YOUN ; Sun Mi PARK ; Byung Joo HAM

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):136-144.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the specific properties of temperament, character and stress response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared to those with peptic ulcer disease and healthy controls. METHODS: We studied nineteen subjects with irritable bowel syndrome, twenty-six subjects with peptic ulcer disease and thirty-three healthy control subjects. All subjects completed Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Stress Response Inventory (SRI) and questionnaire of demographic characteristics and several variables. RESULTS: From the results of the TCI's, the scores of harm avoidance (HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4, HA total) were significantly higher in the irritable bowel syndrome group than those of the peptic ulcer disease group or the healthy control group. In contrast, the scores of self directedness (SD3) were lower in the irritable bowel syndrome group than the healthy control group. From the results of the SRI's, somatization, anger, fatigue and frustration were significantly higher in the irritable bowel syndrome group. No significant difference was found in TCI and SRI results between the peptic ulcer disease group and the healthy control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that patients with irritable bowel syndrome show specific properties of temperament, character and stress response compared with either peptic ulcer disease patients or healthy controls.
Anger ; Fatigue ; Frustration ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome* ; Peptic Ulcer ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temperament*

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The Significance of Interoceptive Fear in Assessment of Panic Disorder Patients.

Taehun SUNG ; Young Jin LIM ; Bum Hee YU ; Ji Hae KIM

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):128-135.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the significance of interoceptive fear in assessment of panic disorder (PD) patients. METHODS: 102 patients affected by PDs with (n=68) or without (n=34) agoraphobia according to DSM-IV criteria completed self-report questionnaires, such as Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ), The Expanded Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-R), Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ), Body Sensation Questionnaire (BSQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS). Pearson correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, paired t-test and independent t-test were used. RESULTS: All variables except BSQ were significantly correlated with panic severity. In stepwise regression analysis, interoceptive fear and catastrophic cognition were the most significant predicting variables for panic severity. After 3-months medication, all variables significantly diminished, but interoceptive fear and catastrophic cognition of panic patients were still significantly higher than normal control. CONCLUSION: Interoceptive fear is the fear of automatic sensations that are similar to those of a panic attack and is the most significant variable in predicting panic severity. After 3-months medication, interoceptive fear significantly decreased, but still was higher than the control group.
Agoraphobia ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic* ; Phobic Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sensation

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The Pathophysiological Role of Cytokines in Suicide Attempters with Major Depressive Disorder.

Sung Jae KIM ; Yong Ku KIM

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):117-127.

OBJECTIVES: Cytokines are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders. However, the role of cytokines in suicide in major depression has not been explored thoroughly. The purpose of this study is to identify the roles of cytokine interaction of Th1, Th2, Th3 cytokines in suicidal depressive patients. METHODS: 110 major depressive patients (29 depressive patients without suicidal ideation, 32 depressive patients with suicidal ideation, and 49 depressive patients with suicide attempts) diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria were included in this study. The severity of suicide ideations and attempts was measured by Lethality of Suicide Attempt Rating Scale (LSARS) and Risk-Rescue Rating (RRR) system. Cytokine productions (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6) upon mitogen stimulation were measured by ELISA in a whole blood assay. TGF-beta1 were measured in plasma by ELISA. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex and BMI among the three groups. IL-2 and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the suicide attempt group than other two groups while TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TGF-beta1 did not differ among the groups. Significant positive correlations between TNF-alpha/IL-4, IL-6/IL-4, IFN-gamma/IL-4 and IL-6/TGF-beta1 ratio and LSARS scores in suicidal patients were found. In addition, there were significant correlations between TNF-alpha/IL-4 or IL-6/IL-4 and RRR scores in suicidal patients. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that decrease in Th1 cytokines may be associated with suicidal behavior in major depression. These findings suggest that cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of suicidal depression.
Cytokines* ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-6 ; Plasma ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

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Neuropsychological Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patients who Committed Homicide.

Hye Yoon CHUNG ; Seockhoon CHUNG ; Jaeyeul JUNG ; Jung Ki CHANG ; Tae Kyung LEE ; Mujin KIM ; Sungjin PARK ; Jun Deuk LEE ; Hanik K YOO ; Chang Yoon KIM ; Jin Pyo HONG

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):109-116.

OBJECTIVES: There is a moderate but significant association between schizophrenia and violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between violence and brain cognitive functions in schizophrenic patients who have committed homicide using neuropsychological tests. METHODS: The study involved three group of subjects: schizophrenics who have committed homicide (n=51), schizophrenics who have not committed homicide (n=50) and normal control (n=50). Intelligence test (K-WAIS), memory test (Rey-Kim Memory Test) and executive function test (Stroop test, WCST) as well as Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP) were administered by trained researchers. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic variables among groups. Schizophrenic patients showed overall cognitive deficit in intelligence, memory and executive functions, regardless of homicide behavior. Homicidal schizophrenic group was not significantly different from non-homicidal schizophrenic group in every cognitive domain. There was no significant correlation between index scores of cognitive functions and Life History of Aggression assessment (LHA). However, index scores of cognitive functions were negatively correlated with the PANSS and schizotypal trait scores. CONCLUSION: Cognitive dysfunction is common across both schizophrenic groups. It doesn't significantly correlate with homicidal experience, but it correlates with the schizophrenic symptom domains.
Aggression ; Brain ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Executive Function ; Homicide* ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Schizophrenia ; Violence

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Auditory Event-Related Potentials P300 in Patients with Schizophrenia: Analysis by Reaction Time.

Yong Tak JIN ; Jong Ho NAM ; Chin Yang KANG ; Sung Chul KIM ; E Jin PARK ; Sang Ick HAN ; Yang Whan JEON

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):100-108.

OBJECTIVES: Using two stimuli, this study was designed to evaluate variations of P300 in relations to reaction time of pressing the button for target tones in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The auditory oddball paradigm was used for the patients (N=22) and normal controls (N=23). The two stimuli were composed of target (20%, 2000 Hz, 75 dB) tone and standard (80%, 1000 Hz, 75 dB) tone, with 2 sec inter-stimulus interval, 50 msec duration and 10 msec rise or fall time. In each subject, P300s were acquired for both fast reaction time (FRT) and slow reaction time (SRT) to target response. RESULTS: P300 amplitude in patients with schizophrenia was lower than controls across FRT and SRT (p<0.001), but P300 latency was not delayed (p>0.8). In this study, even though the reaction time for the button pressing task might be faster in patients with schizophrenia (p<0.1), the P300 to FRT in patients with schizophrenia was lower than the P300 to SRT in controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the lower P300 in patients with schizophrenia might be due to cognitive dysfunction and the patient's performance in reaction time for pressing buttons, both independently. Thus, P300 as well as reaction time may be used to further explore a variety of domains of cognitive function.
Evoked Potentials* ; Humans ; Reaction Time* ; Schizophrenia*

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Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Strategies in Female Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Hyun Ju HONG ; Chan Hyung KIM

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2006;45(2):93-99.

This article reviews clinical characteristics, neurobiological aspects and treatment strategies in female patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to male. Female with OCD had a later age of onset and different patterns of OCD symptomatology and comorbidity. Female with OCD showed more favorable course and also reported more frequently stressful event in preceding OCD onset. The onset or worsening of OCD was related to female reproductive cycle events, especially at menarche and postpartum. There is a paucity of investigation regarding gender difference in treatment response in OCD. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD and also sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present.
Age of Onset ; Comorbidity ; Female* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Menarche ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder* ; Population Characteristics ; Postpartum Period

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