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Development of the 'Respiration' Concept in the Western World.

Bok Kyu KWON ; Sang Ik HWANG ; Je Geun CHI

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):283-292.

Respiration has been well known as a basic phenomenon of life since the ancient times, but the explanation of which was varied. In most theories the respiration and the body heat of animal had been different phenomena until the early 19th century. After the Lavoisier's experiments in the late 18th century, combustion and respiration came to be considered as the same phenomenon. Through many discoveries and efforts of scientists in the field of chemistry, physics and biology, Justus Liebig, a German organic chemist, established the modern theory of the respiration of animal in the mid 19th century, where respiration was viewed as the origin of all energy of animal. The more detailed biochemical mechanisms were found in the 20th century.

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The History and Politics of the Professionalization of Dentistry During the Past Two Centuries.

Shin Ik KANG ; Sang Ik HWANG

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):271-282.

No abstract available.

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The History of Urology in Korea (1910-1945).

Chang Duk KEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):231-269.

The urological tradition of Korea dates back to the ancient period. The special urologist of Western medicine is produced in recent times. In the past there was no special discipline of urology in Eastern as well as Western medicine, which was studied as a part of internal medicine or general surgery. Therefore there was neither urology part nor special urologist in the hospitals established in Korea during the late 19th century. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and reorganized Daehan Hospital into the Government-General Hospital, where the dermatology part was built as outpatient clinic in October 1. The Associated Medical Training Institute came to teach dermatology, so a Japanese instructor came there. After then it was changed into Kyungsung Medical College where also was dermatology instituted, but the patients of urological problems were cared in internal medicine or general surgery part. The first Korean surgeon who entered as assistant the dermatology department of the Government General Hospital is Kim Kyo-Chang, who graduated Daehan Hospital Medical School in 1911. In 1916, when the Government General Medical Training Institute was changed to Kyungsung Medical College, Choo Young-Son, a graduate of Chiba Medical College, entered the dermatology department and had worked until 1922. Then Oh Won-Son entered there as surgeon and worked during the period Watanabe, and then Hirota was the chief of the department. He was promoted assistant professor in 1926, and appointed as instructor in 1928 when Kyungsung Medical College came to be independent. He taught dermatology there until 1932 as working in his own clinic in downtown. The chief surgeon of this period was Kataoka. In 1929 Hong Jin-Ku, who entered there as assistant in 1928, was appointed as instructor but he resigned the next year. From 1933 to 1940 Kim Sung-Whan cared patients as well as taught students as instructor. There were also some assistants including Chong Chae-Wung, but they seemed to take 2 or 3 year training and open their own clinic or change the specialty. In Severance Medical School Oh Kyung-Sun, who had graduated Louisville Medical School in 1907 and had been specialized in dermatology including venereal disease, was appointed as instructor in 1913. He got a training in dermatology and venereal disease in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine in 1916, and established the dermato-genito-urology department there the next year. He gave an American style clinical instruction and Park Chu-Poong entered there for the first time as assistant in 1919. Then a few students such as Lee Young-Jun, Lee Hak-Song, who studied in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, left some works in the field of dermatology and urology. Kim Ul-Sung and Yun Yu-Son worked there as instructor and about 20 surgeons got a training there. The dermatourology department of Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine was established in 1928 and Hirota of Kyungsung Medical College was appointed as chief professor. Oh Won-Sun, who assisted Hirota, resigned as Isiwata was commissioned. Kitamura was substituted for Hirota in 1939. Koreans of this department usually left after finishing there training as assistant or vice assistant, but Choi Jae-Wi, who had entered as vice assistant in 1935, working there for 13 years, finally got a appointment of instructor. But he had to resigned the very day, and opened a clinic in downtown. There were 8 Korean assistants dismissed after only 1 year working. As mentioned above, the urology of Korea started as dermatology including venereal disease. Lee Hak-Song, a graduate of Severance Union Medical School in 1932, taking his training in the department of dermatology-urology of Tokyo Imperial University Medical School, returned home and gave patient care and student education mainly in urology field. In Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine Choi Ja-Wi, who graduated in 1935 and entered the dermatology department, separated urological surgery from dermatology when Seoul National University College of Medicine was organized after the Liberation. The works of these two figures are very monumental in the early history of urology in Korea.

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The Life and Thought of Dr. Suh Jae-Phil (Philip Jaison): Propagating Modern Ideas of Public Health and Sanitarian Hygiene.

Jong Chan LEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):217-230.

The paper explores the life and thought of Dr. Suh Jae-Phil, an enlightened reformer of the late Yi dynasty, in terms of modern concepts and theories on public hygiene. He had never been involved in medical practices in Korea. Rather he actively participated in achieving national independence and disseminating enlightenment thought. This first Western medical doctor in Korea had struggled to propagate modern thought of public health and sanitarian hygiene in the editorials of The Independent(Tongnip Sinmun), one of the most active newspapers to spread Western ideas of civilization in that period. The editorials were strategically used as a vehicle for spreading Western liberal ideas in general and ideas of public hygiene in particular. Dr. Suh asserted modern ideas of public hygiene to be prerequisites for the establishment of modern state. His strong committment to them included the control of infectious diseases, small pox vaccination, clean water, population growth, and personal hygiene.

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On the Traditional Surgery of Choson Period (I).

Jwa Seop SHIN ; Sang Ik HWANG ; Chang Duk KEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):205-215.

In this paper, authors discussed the development of the traditional surgery of Choson Period(16th to 19th century), and analyzed the contents of their professional guide books on surgery, particulary, on abscess(Chong-Ki) excision. The invasive skill of Korean abscess healers was by far different from ones of the preservative traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. Korean healers used specially designed acupuncture instruments(mess-like), and they advocated early excision of abscess(carbuncle, furuncle, liver abscess, pleurisy etc). Their achievement can be said to be comparable with that of Ambroise Pare. Generally, they were of low classes. Therefore, by treating horses and their neighbors of same classes, they could improve their invasive, rather dangerous skills and could invent new techniques of surgery. And it might be said that they inherited the traditional secret method of medicine-men and Buddhist-doctors of Koryo period.

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Hundred Years' Psychiatry in Korea (1899-1999).

Bou Yong RHI

Korean Journal of Medical History.1999;8(2):157-168.

The western medical knowledges of the human anatomy and physiology including knowledges of central nervous system have probably been introduced into Korea by Prince Sohyon Seja in 1645. The authentic education for the western medicine at the governmental and private medical schools, however, originated from 1899 and the education of mental disease was included in curriculum of Tai-Han-uiwon, the governmental medical school before 1910. In 1913 the first department of psychiatry (Department of Mental Disease) was established at the Chongdokbu-uiwon, the clinic of the Japanese colonial government, the former Korean governmental hospital which has later developed to the Kyongs ong Imperial University Hospital. On the other hand, there was in Severance Hospital Medical College, one Australian missionary psychiatrist McLaren, who has served at Paton Memorial Hospital in Jinju, Korea from 1911, taught neurology and psychiatry from 1913 at Severance Hospital Medical College, established psychiatry ward in 1923 at the Hospital, conducted the ward in humanistic way until 1940. It was the German psychiatry which the Japanese psychiatrists have brought to the Korean peninsula and it remained as major trends of psychiatry in Korea during the Japanese occupation between 1911 and 1945. The academic levels of Kyongsong Imperial University in psychiatry as well as the quality of mental care seemed to be almost equivocal to the psychiatry in Japan. However, psychiatrists scope of social psychiatric issues and of the research interests seemed to be somewhat narrow. Due to the political discrimination for the Korean students, the Koreans had less opportunity for the promotion at the university than Japanese residents in Korea. In 1945, after the end of the Pacific War only about 11 Korean psychiatrists were left in Korea, who organized Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The Department of Neuropsychiatry of Seoul National University (former Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kyongsong Imperial University) was the center for psychiatry training. The Korean War (1950-1953) enabled the interchanges between. Korean and American military psychiatrist, and motivated great change in Korean psychiatry from biologic oriented German descriptive psychiatry to the American dynamic psychobiological psychiatry. The German educational clinical systems were completely displaced by the American system, when internship and residency training system was conducted since 1958. However, there were always attempts to integrate old traditional Korean wisdoms into the modern psychiatry and to introduce European approaches and knowledges in psychiatry. With the rapid industrialization and economic development of the country since the late 1960s and the prevailing social defensive attitudes towards mentally ill patients of the leaders of the military regimes the increase of private asylums appeared where many chronically ill mental patients were kept without adequate treatment. The reform of asylums in the mid 1980s was gradually proceeded by the government leading consequently to the increase of huge mental hospitals in the land. With the democratization of the political situation as well as the social welfare policy of the government in the 1990s and with the steady stimulation elicited by some NGOs Mental Health Act was enacted in 1995 and the community mental health centers were increasingly set up in several districts. In concern with research activities in psychiatry remarkable development in social cultural as well as biological fields are recognized especially since in the 1970s academic societies for the subspecialities of psychiatry have been organized which cover the various schools of psychotherapy, social psychiatry as well as many subspecialities of biological psychiatry. The number of training hospitals have been increased as the result, the number of psychiatry specialists was increased from 93 in 1956 to 1593 in 1999. KNPA (Korean Neuropsychiatric Association) internal and international activities has been expanded. Question is however, the quality of services and the quality of academic achievement. Gradually, the voice was raised to focus more on the quality of research and training activities.
English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Korea ; Psychiatry/*history ; Western World/*history

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One Hundred Years History of Surgery in Korea.

Seil CHUN ; Byungil YEH

Korean Journal of Medical History.1999;8(2):147-156.

Introduction of western surgery into Korea is closely related to the introduction of western medicine itself into Korea. In December 4th, 1884 Allen, who came to Korea as a Missionary Doctor of North Presbyterian Church of America, had a chance to treat a patient with severe stab wounds. The patient was a nephew of Queen Myungsung. The paitent, Min Young Ik was recovered completely. These happenings led to the establishment of 'Kwangheywon (renamed to Jejoongwon 2 weeks later)', the first westernized hospital in Korea. With the great financial aids from Severance family, Jejoongwon developed into Severance Hospital and Medical School in 1904, and greatly contributed to education of Surgery for Korean medical students. Meanwhile Korean Government established the Medical School and Hospital to train Korean Doctors in 1899. But the original intentions became to be impaired by occupation of Korea by Japan in 1910. As a colony, many Japanese Surgeons came to Korea as a professors of Kyungsung Medical College, and gave only few chances for Koreans to became a professor. On the contrary, several surgeons became professors in the private, missionary 'Severance Union Medical College'. After liberation from Japanese occupation in 1945, American medical system was introduced into Korea, and many surgeons had a chance to be trained in America. There were great advancements in the field of surgery, especially of neurosurgery, during a tragic Korean War. With the restoration of economy after 1960s, surgery in Korea continued to develop toward an independent and consolidated fields of medicine.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Missions and Missionaries/*history ; Surgery/*history ; United States ; War/*history ; Western World/*history

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Korea's Health Care Policy of the Twentieth Century.

Jong Chan LEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1999;8(2):137-147.

This article analyzes the social transformation of Korea's health care policy in the twentieth century from a historical perspective. The whole period under the research is divided into four stages. In the first stage(1900-1945), two major health care policies, public hygiene and population control, were a part of political strategy for consolidating Japanese colonial dominion over Korea. The second stage(1945-1960) is characterized by the division of Korean peninsula and Korean war that resulted in the vicious cycle between massive poverty and social disease. In the third stage(1961-1991), military governments considered the health care system as a 'carrot' for enhancing national security and reinforcing legitimacy of the regime. In the final stage(1992-1999), the state and civil society have been influential agents in shaping forms and contents of health care policy, with the organized medicine relatively neglected. Globalization will have more influence on the arena of health care policy in which three agents would have to negotiate one another. In addition, the organized medicine will have to consider a variety of non-governmental organizations(NGOs) as an inevitable counterpart of policy-making process. in harmonizing the conflicts between public deliberation and professional interests. In the next century, health care policy, along with social welfare, environment and labor policy agendas would constitute a health-related policy regime in which all the participants have to accomplish not medicalization of life but socialization of health care and to diminish the inequity in health among a variety of social class.
English Abstract ; Health Policy/*history ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Korea ; *Medicine ; Public Health Administration/*history

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A Study on Background of Doctrine for Seasonal Febrile Diseases in The Qing Dynasty.

Soon Shik SHIN

Korean Journal of Medical History.1994;3(2):232-251.

The seasonal febrile diseases had been studied before Qing dynasty, but it was accomplished in Qing dynasty because of high incidence of the epidemics in those days. I studied and analyzed epidemics in Zai Yi Zhi of Qing Shi Gao on the reasons and patterns as yearly, regional, and seasonal parameters. Based on these analyses, I want to report how the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases could be established in Qing dynasty. The incidence of epidemics was very high during the regimes of Kang Xi(1662~1722), Yong Zheng(1723~1735), and Qian Long(1736~1795) Emperors, the most advanced period in Qing dynasty. The diseases occurred at least once per two years, although, somtimes twice or 5 times per a year. Once it was developed and then smashed through the whole China, especially in Jiang Nan. It was the main reason why the four greatest scholars in the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases came out from Jiang Nan. These diseases appeared most highly and worst in summer as pestilence. These resulted in the development of the studies of epidemics in those days. Based on the clinical studies of fever-related diseases, the scholars of seasonal febrile diseases tried to cure them with endless and continuous efforts. Finally, they could complete the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases in Qing dynasty.
China ; Disease Outbreaks/*history ; English Abstract ; Fever/*history ; History of Medicine, 17th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 18th Cent. ; Human ; Philosophy, Medical/*history ; *Seasons

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The Philosophy and Medicinal Thought of Dong Mu Lee Jae-Ma.

Woo Yeal JEONG

Korean Journal of Medical History.1994;3(2):220-231.

In this paper, the philosophy and the content of medicinal philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma were illuminated through the history and philosophy of the late Choseon times from 1837 to 1900. Some conclusions were as follows: 1. Lee Jae-Ma was a philosopher as well as a doctor, and his philosophical background was well appeared in the book of . 2. Although the philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma and its terms were derived from the Kyunghakseol of Confucianism, the concept of these terms was different from the Neo-confucianism of Song Dynasty in China. 3. The four phases of the philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma was originated from the four important trigrams, however, he did not take the meanings of the changes and development of the trigrams in , but also took the four components of construction of cosmos similar to the Western theory of four component. 4. It is unreasonable that he is categorized in the group of the scholars of anti-Chu-tzu and neo-confucianist since the theory of the four phases was originated from the Kyunghakseol of Confucianism and also neo-Confucianism. 5. Dong Mu took the dualistic theory of mind and body in Ho Chun's as the core of his thought, but Dong Mu's method of the explanation was not based on the Taoism, the key of the thought of , but based on the Kyunghakseol of Confucianism. 6. Dong Mu wrote the two medicinal books and based on the thought of regimen of . But the philosophy of his books was based on the thought of Confucianism, not on of the nature of Taoism.
English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; Korea ; Philosophy, Medical/*history

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