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The Korean Doctors Who Studied Medicine Abroad.

Korean Journal of Medical History.1994;3(2):170-192.

Chi Seok-Young was the first Korean to go abroad to study the western medicine. In Japan, he studied it for approximately 4 months from May to September 1880. He did not go through the curriculum in its entirity but was able to bring back knowledge in the western medicine nevertheless. Seo Jae-Pil, who exiled to the United States as the result of Kapsin coup failure in December 1884, was the next to study the medicine abroad. He enrolled at the Columbian University School of Medicine in 1889 and completed requirements in March 1892, becoming the first Korean doctor in the western medicine. In 1896, Kim Ik-Nam enrolled Jikeikai Hospital Medical School in Japan after passing 1895 government-sponsored qualification examination to study abroad in Japan. He graduated in November 1899 and received a license to practice medicine from the Ministry of Education in Japan. And in 1902, Ahn Sang-Ho also graduated from Jikeikai Hospital Medical School. In 1896, Kim Jum-Dong(Esther Park) accompanied Dr RS Hall, who was an American woman doctor serving as a missionary for Methodist Church, to the United States and enrolled Baltimore Women's Medical College in October 1st of the same year. She graduated in 1900 and became the first Korean woman to a Doctorate of Medicine. Thereafter in 1902, an American Southern Presbyterian Church missionary Dr Alexander who was assigned to Kunsan, recommended on O Geung-Sun to travel to the United States and he subsequently enrolled at Louisville University School of Medicine in March 1904. He returned after graduation in 1907 and became the third Korean to receive a Doctorate of Medicine in the United States. In 1899, the first Western Medical School(Eui-hak-kyo) was established in Korea. Its curricula were essentially an abbreviated version of the Japanese. Therefore, as a medical educational entity, a significant difference from the Japanese system was inevitable. Because of this shortcoming, its graduates were not given much credibility. Therefore, some of the more ambitious graduates went abroad to study in Japan or Germany. There were instances where some went abroad to Britain. Similarly, total of 11 students went to the United States either through the recommendation of Christian missionary doctors or as teaching faculties of the Severance Medical College. The first Korean to travel to Germany to study pathological microbiology was Yu Il-Jun in July 1921. And Lee Suk-Shin followed Yu's course in August of the same year, Lee Sung-yong in September 1921, Yun Chi-Hyung in 1922, Park Ju-Byung in 1923, Jeong Suk-Tae in 1924, and Ahn Nam-Gyu in 1925, etc. And in Britain, Yun Chi-Wang earned a Doctorate of Medicine from Glasgow university. In Japan, prior to 1910, some students such as Kim Ik-Nam, Ahn Sang-Ho, Park Jong-Sun and Kang Dong-Ok studied the western medicine. Since 1910 until 1945, total of 369 Korean students, including 268 men and 101 women received their degrees in Medicine, and 166 doctors were granted Doctor of Medical Science degree in Japan. The table below shows the numbers of Korean who got degrees in Medicine(M.D) and degrees in Doctor of Medical Science(D.M.Sc) from some medical colleges in Japan.
Education, Medical/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Travel/history ; Western World

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Government in Korea with the Special Reference to the Clinical Activities at the Colonial Governmental Hospital: 'Chosun-Chong-Dok-Bu Ui-Won' (1913-1927).

Bou Yong RHI

Korean Journal of Medical History.1994;3(2):147-169.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the ways of introduction of modern psychiatric care into Korea and to demonstrate the changing patterns of psychiatric care during the time between 1913 and 1927. The study was focused on the clinical activities of the colonial governmental hospital on the basis of the annual reports of the hospital from 1912 to 1928. The investigation has revealed the fact that the first special institution for the care of the mentally ill patients was founded in 1911 in Seoul by the colonial government which was called 'Che Saeng Won'. It was also confirmed that the first clinical department of the psychiatry in Korea was established in 1913 at the colonial governmental hospital, 'Chong-dok-bu Ui-won' which has taken over the role of psychiatric care from Che Saeng Won. The first chairman of the department of psychiatry was Misuzu Nobuharu and his assistant was Shim Ho-Sub, the first Korean psychiatrist who became assistant professor of psychiatry at Kyongsung medical college in 1916-1917 but moved to Severance hospital and changed his speciality to neurology of internal medicine. The department had two physicians and 4 care persons at the beginning stage and 22 beds for the mentally ill patients in the hospital which had total 330 beds. Later, the department has developed to 54 bed clinic with 4 staff physicians.It was noteworthy, however, that the treatment and care for the mentally ill patients by the western medical facilities in Korea probably began since 1880s at the general hospitals and clinics, such as Che-saeng Ui-won in Pusan, Royal hospital, Che-choong-won in Seoul, Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, Tai-Han hospital and Severance hospital in Seoul.In 1911, Australian psychiatrist McLaren began to work at Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, who became professor of neurology and psychiatry at Severance Union Medical College in Seoul. At Severance hospital, the psychiatric ward opened in 1923 with 10 beds. Dr. McLaren as missionary physician allegedly carried out humanitarian treatment and care of the mentally ill patients.The patterns of admission rates in accordance with diagnostic categories and racial differences at In- and Outpatient clinic of psychiatric department have offered no significant clues for the cultural psychiatric interpretation except for the case of hysterical psychosis. Among the total number of admitted cases of hysterical psychosis at psychiatric ward of Chong-dok-bu Ui-won the number of Japanese women were predominantly high throughout the period of investigation in comparison with the Korean patients. Some possible factors which might have influenced to this fact were suggested. Discussion was also held on the changing patterns of psychiatric diagnosis and nomenclature during the period.Colonial governmental hospital made great effort to expand the clinical and research facilities, therefore, Japanese psychiatrists have introduced the advanced knowledges of German psychiatry into Korea. Regrettably, however, the knowledges could not be transmitted to the Korean psychiatrists continuously until 1927 probably due to the discriminative policy of colonial government on the medical education for the Korean people.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Hospitals, Federal/*history ; Japan ; Korea ; Psychiatric Department, Hospital/*history ; Psychiatry/*history ; United States

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Development of the 'Respiration' Concept in the Western World.

Bok Kyu KWON ; Sang Ik HWANG ; Je Geun CHI

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):283-292.

Respiration has been well known as a basic phenomenon of life since the ancient times, but the explanation of which was varied. In most theories the respiration and the body heat of animal had been different phenomena until the early 19th century. After the Lavoisier's experiments in the late 18th century, combustion and respiration came to be considered as the same phenomenon. Through many discoveries and efforts of scientists in the field of chemistry, physics and biology, Justus Liebig, a German organic chemist, established the modern theory of the respiration of animal in the mid 19th century, where respiration was viewed as the origin of all energy of animal. The more detailed biochemical mechanisms were found in the 20th century.

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The History and Politics of the Professionalization of Dentistry During the Past Two Centuries.

Shin Ik KANG ; Sang Ik HWANG

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):271-282.

No abstract available.

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The History of Urology in Korea (1910-1945).

Chang Duk KEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):231-269.

The urological tradition of Korea dates back to the ancient period. The special urologist of Western medicine is produced in recent times. In the past there was no special discipline of urology in Eastern as well as Western medicine, which was studied as a part of internal medicine or general surgery. Therefore there was neither urology part nor special urologist in the hospitals established in Korea during the late 19th century. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and reorganized Daehan Hospital into the Government-General Hospital, where the dermatology part was built as outpatient clinic in October 1. The Associated Medical Training Institute came to teach dermatology, so a Japanese instructor came there. After then it was changed into Kyungsung Medical College where also was dermatology instituted, but the patients of urological problems were cared in internal medicine or general surgery part. The first Korean surgeon who entered as assistant the dermatology department of the Government General Hospital is Kim Kyo-Chang, who graduated Daehan Hospital Medical School in 1911. In 1916, when the Government General Medical Training Institute was changed to Kyungsung Medical College, Choo Young-Son, a graduate of Chiba Medical College, entered the dermatology department and had worked until 1922. Then Oh Won-Son entered there as surgeon and worked during the period Watanabe, and then Hirota was the chief of the department. He was promoted assistant professor in 1926, and appointed as instructor in 1928 when Kyungsung Medical College came to be independent. He taught dermatology there until 1932 as working in his own clinic in downtown. The chief surgeon of this period was Kataoka. In 1929 Hong Jin-Ku, who entered there as assistant in 1928, was appointed as instructor but he resigned the next year. From 1933 to 1940 Kim Sung-Whan cared patients as well as taught students as instructor. There were also some assistants including Chong Chae-Wung, but they seemed to take 2 or 3 year training and open their own clinic or change the specialty. In Severance Medical School Oh Kyung-Sun, who had graduated Louisville Medical School in 1907 and had been specialized in dermatology including venereal disease, was appointed as instructor in 1913. He got a training in dermatology and venereal disease in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine in 1916, and established the dermato-genito-urology department there the next year. He gave an American style clinical instruction and Park Chu-Poong entered there for the first time as assistant in 1919. Then a few students such as Lee Young-Jun, Lee Hak-Song, who studied in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, left some works in the field of dermatology and urology. Kim Ul-Sung and Yun Yu-Son worked there as instructor and about 20 surgeons got a training there. The dermatourology department of Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine was established in 1928 and Hirota of Kyungsung Medical College was appointed as chief professor. Oh Won-Sun, who assisted Hirota, resigned as Isiwata was commissioned. Kitamura was substituted for Hirota in 1939. Koreans of this department usually left after finishing there training as assistant or vice assistant, but Choi Jae-Wi, who had entered as vice assistant in 1935, working there for 13 years, finally got a appointment of instructor. But he had to resigned the very day, and opened a clinic in downtown. There were 8 Korean assistants dismissed after only 1 year working. As mentioned above, the urology of Korea started as dermatology including venereal disease. Lee Hak-Song, a graduate of Severance Union Medical School in 1932, taking his training in the department of dermatology-urology of Tokyo Imperial University Medical School, returned home and gave patient care and student education mainly in urology field. In Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine Choi Ja-Wi, who graduated in 1935 and entered the dermatology department, separated urological surgery from dermatology when Seoul National University College of Medicine was organized after the Liberation. The works of these two figures are very monumental in the early history of urology in Korea.

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The Life and Thought of Dr. Suh Jae-Phil (Philip Jaison): Propagating Modern Ideas of Public Health and Sanitarian Hygiene.

Jong Chan LEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):217-230.

The paper explores the life and thought of Dr. Suh Jae-Phil, an enlightened reformer of the late Yi dynasty, in terms of modern concepts and theories on public hygiene. He had never been involved in medical practices in Korea. Rather he actively participated in achieving national independence and disseminating enlightenment thought. This first Western medical doctor in Korea had struggled to propagate modern thought of public health and sanitarian hygiene in the editorials of The Independent(Tongnip Sinmun), one of the most active newspapers to spread Western ideas of civilization in that period. The editorials were strategically used as a vehicle for spreading Western liberal ideas in general and ideas of public hygiene in particular. Dr. Suh asserted modern ideas of public hygiene to be prerequisites for the establishment of modern state. His strong committment to them included the control of infectious diseases, small pox vaccination, clean water, population growth, and personal hygiene.

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On the Traditional Surgery of Choson Period (I).

Jwa Seop SHIN ; Sang Ik HWANG ; Chang Duk KEE

Korean Journal of Medical History.1997;6(2):205-215.

In this paper, authors discussed the development of the traditional surgery of Choson Period(16th to 19th century), and analyzed the contents of their professional guide books on surgery, particulary, on abscess(Chong-Ki) excision. The invasive skill of Korean abscess healers was by far different from ones of the preservative traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. Korean healers used specially designed acupuncture instruments(mess-like), and they advocated early excision of abscess(carbuncle, furuncle, liver abscess, pleurisy etc). Their achievement can be said to be comparable with that of Ambroise Pare. Generally, they were of low classes. Therefore, by treating horses and their neighbors of same classes, they could improve their invasive, rather dangerous skills and could invent new techniques of surgery. And it might be said that they inherited the traditional secret method of medicine-men and Buddhist-doctors of Koryo period.

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Hippocrates and the Nineteenth-century French medicine.

In Sok YEO

Korean Journal of Medical History.2003;12(2):167-178.

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, has been represented in many ways throughout the history of medicine. His influence on later medicine took different forms from one epoch to another. Hippocrates' medical doctrine was quite influential until Renaissance period, and with the arrival of modern medicine, the method or the spirit of Hippocrates had been valued more highly than his medical doctrine. Nineteenth century French medicine shows us how the influence of Hippocrates is still vivid even in the nineteenth century. Hippocrates, as the author of the Ai Wate Places became the founder of environmental medicine with the flourishing of meteorological medicine. And in the hands of medical ideologues he also became an proclaimer of the ideology that stressed the correspondence between men, society and nature. Laennec represented Hippocrates as the true pioneer in Clinical Medicine to which he himself made a great contribution. These various images of Hippocrates show us the universal nature of his medicine.
English Abstract ; France ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; *Medicine ; Philosophy, Medical/*history

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A Study on the true nature of 'Chinese Jinseng'.

Jeong pil YANG ; In Sok YEO

Korean Journal of Medical History.2003;12(2):144-166.

Studies Generally, it is believed that the ancient 'Chinese jinseng' did exist due to the fact that it is clearly recorded in the Chinese historical and medicine-related sources. Although it is hard to deny that such 'ginseng' did exist in ancient China, the re-examination of its true nature is also necessary. In other words, certain refutation can be made against the claim that ancient 'Chinese jinseng' was in fact 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', since the Chinese jinseng accounts do not tell that it is such. For example, when looking into its shape based on descriptions, the 'Chinese jinseng' has black seed hairy stem, and violet flower, 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', on the other hand, has opal seed, no-hair stem, and light-green flower. In terms of cultivation centre, most of mainland China is unsuitable for jinseng production with the exception of the Shangdang area of Shanxi province, which solely had the reputation of being the production centre of ancient 'Chinese jinseng'. However, when looking into the Chinese sources for jinseng-producing areas they show that Hepei and Liaoning province and Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze river) areas also have had some jinseng-related history. Regardless of such instance, these regions did not cultivate 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. As shown above, ancient 'Chinese jinseng' was far from being identical, in respect to its shape or production areas, to 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. Hence, this study came to the conclusion that there is indeed very high skepticism about whether the true nature of 'jinseng' in ancient China was in fact 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'. On the contrary, there is higher possibility that the ancient 'Chinese jinseng' is totally different plant from 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey', which is actually Codonopsis pilosula. When examining the shape and production areas of Codonopsis pilosula, it is closely matched with many parts of ancient 'Chinese jinseng' texts. In short, it is presumed that the 'Chinese jinseng' did indeed exist in ancient China but it was Codonopsis pilosula instead of 'Panax ginseng C. A. Mey'.
China ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; History of Medicine, Early Modern ; History of Medicine, Modern ; Panax/*drug effects

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Abortion in Korea Since 1945.

Hyo Suk JEON ; Hong Gwan SEO

Korean Journal of Medical History.2003;12(2):129-143.

Since prehistorical era, the human has desired to control reproduction artificially. However, abortion, one of the productive methods has been prohibited to a certain degree by law in some countries, but the operation of abortion has been done in practice. Also, controversial arguments on legitimacy of abortion have been raised. In Korea, physicians operates abortions more than 2 million times each year. In spite of serious social problems, arguments on abortion have not been common yet. The efforts to find a good solution for abortion have not been very sufficient. Therefore, this study is to investigate the concerns for the conditions of abortion since 1945 (this year is the independent one from Japan's government) through a historical perspective and to suggest the efficient direction in policy. Since 1945, many women have had no choice but abortion for their basic life. The Korean government of legislated the Crimes of Abortion in Criminal Law in 1953. However, the number of women who underwent abortion increased since 1962 due to the governmental Family Planning Policy. In addition, the Mother and Fatherless Child Health Act was enacted in 1973 that tolerated abortion to some extent. The disparate treatment of abortion between Criminal Law and the governmental policy fueled the confusion to potentially pregnant women. The first reason why Korean women choose abortion is wrongful pregnancy. Compared to other countries, in Korea, abortion were operated for sex selection. To conclude, it is important to be implement positive sex education, proper contraception education by government and social publicization of arguments on abortion.
Abortion, Induced/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Korea ; Public Health Practice/*history

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