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Expression patterns of influenza virus receptors in the respiratory tracts of four species of poultry.

Ji Eun YU ; Hakyoung YOON ; Hyun Jeong LEE ; Jong Hwan LEE ; Byung Joon CHANG ; Chang Seon SONG ; Sang Soep NAHM

Journal of Veterinary Science.2011;12(1):7-13. doi:10.4142/jvs.2011.12.1.7

The primary determinant of influenza virus infectivity is the type of linkage between sialic acid and oligosaccharides on the host cells. Hemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses preferentially binds to sialic acids linked to galactose by an alpha-2,3 linkage whereas hemagglutinin of human influenza viruses binds to sialic acids with an alpha-2,6 linkage. The distribution patterns of influenza receptors in the avian respiratory tracts are of particular interest because these are important for initial viral attachment, replication, and transmission to other species. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in the respiratory tract of chickens, ducks, pheasants, and quails because these species have been known to act as intermediate hosts in interspecies transmission. Lectin histochemistry was performed to detect receptor-bearing cells. Cell-specific distribution of the receptors was determined and expression densities were compared. We observed species-, site-, and cell-specific variations in receptor expression. In general, receptor expression was the highest in quails and lowest in ducks. Pheasants and quails had abundant expression of both types of receptors throughout the respiratory tract. These results indicate that pheasants and quails may play important roles as intermediate hosts for the generation of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/virology ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Influenza A virus/*metabolism ; Influenza in Birds/metabolism/transmission ; Lectins/metabolism ; Poultry/metabolism/*virology ; Poultry Diseases/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/*analysis/metabolism ; Respiratory System/*chemistry ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms

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Differential patterns of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development.

Joong Sun KIM ; Juhwan KIM ; Yujin KIM ; Miyoung YANG ; Hyosun JANG ; Sungwoon KANG ; Jong Choon KIM ; Sung Ho KIM ; Taekyun SHIN ; Changjong MOON

Journal of Veterinary Science.2011;12(1):1-6. doi:10.4142/jvs.2011.12.1.1

Intermediate filaments, including nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are important for the brain to accommodate neural activities and changes during development. The present study examined the temporal changes of nestin and GFAP protein levels in the postnatal development of the mouse hippocampus. Mouse hippocampi were sampled on postnatal day (PND) 1, 3, 6, 18, and 48. Western blot analysis showed that nestin expression was high at PND 1 and markedly decreased until PND 18. Conversely, GFAP expression was acutely increased in the early phase of postnatal development. Nestin immunoreactivity was localized mainly in the processes of ramified cells at PND 1, but expression subsequently decreased. In contrast, GFAP was evident mainly in the marginal cells of the hippocampus at PND 1, but immunoreactivity revealed satellite, radial, or ramified shapes of the cells from PND 6-48. This study demonstrates that the opposing pattern of nestin and GFAP expressions in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development occur in the early development stage (PND 1-18), suggesting that the opposing change of nestin and GFAP in early postnatal development is important for neural differentiation and positioning in the mouse hippocampus.
*Aging ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Brain/cytology/growth & development ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism

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Phylogeographical characterization of H5N8 viruses isolated from poultry and wild birds during 2014–2016 in South Korea.

Byung Min SONG ; Eun Kyoung LEE ; Yu Na LEE ; Gyeong Beom HEO ; Hee Soo LEE ; Youn Jeong LEE

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):89-94. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.89

During 2014–2016 HPAI outbreak in South Korea, H5N8 viruses have been mostly isolated in western areas of the country, which provide wintering habitats for wild birds and have a high density of poultry. Analysis of a total of 101 Korean isolates revealed that primitive H5N8 viruses (C0 group) have evolved into multiple genetic subgroups appearing from various epidemiological sources, namely, the viruses circulating in poultry farms (C1 and C5) and those reintroduced by migratory birds in late 2014 (C2 and C4). No C3 groups were detected. The results may explain the possible reasons of the recent long-term persistence of H5N8 viruses in South Korea, and help to develop the effective measures in controlling HPAI viruses.
Agriculture ; Birds* ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Korea* ; Poultry*

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Inhibition by miR-410 facilitates direct retinal pigment epithelium differentiation of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Soon Won CHOI ; Jae Jun KIM ; Min Soo SEO ; Sang Bum PARK ; Tae Hoon SHIN ; Ji Hee SHIN ; Yoojin SEO ; Hyung Sik KIM ; Kyung Sun KANG

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):59-65. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.59

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major component of the eye. This highly specialized cell type facilitates maintenance of the visual system. Because RPE loss induces an irreversible visual impairment, RPE generation techniques have recently been investigated as a potential therapeutic approach to RPE degeneration. The microRNA-based technique is a new strategy for producing RPE cells from adult stem cell sources. Previously, we identified that antisense microRNA-410 (anti-miR-410) induces RPE differentiation from amniotic epithelial stem cells. In this study, we investigated RPE differentiation from umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) via anti-miR-410 treatment. We identified miR-410 as a RPE-relevant microRNA in UCB-MSCs from among 21 putative human RPE-depleted microRNAs. Inhibition of miR-410 induces overexpression of immature and mature RPE-specific factors, including MITF, LRAT, RPE65, Bestrophin, and EMMPRIN. The RPE-induced cells were able to phagocytize microbeads. Results of our microRNA-based strategy demonstrated proof-of-principle for RPE differentiation in UCB-MSCs by using anti-miR-410 treatment without the use of additional factors or exogenous transduction.
Adult Stem Cells ; Antigens, CD147 ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; MicroRNAs ; Microspheres ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Stem Cells ; Umbilical Cord* ; Vision Disorders

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Molecular-level evaluation of selected periodontal pathogens from subgingival regions in canines and humans with periodontal disease.

Magdalena GOŁYŃSKA ; Izabela POLKOWSKA ; Małgorzata BARTOSZCZE-TOMASZEWSKA ; Aleksandra SOBCZYŃSKA-RAK ; Lukasz MATUSZEWSKI

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):51-58. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.51

Dogs commonly serve as a model for various human conditions, including periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the anaerobic bacteria that colonize the subgingival areas in dogs and humans by using rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based tests and to compare the results obtained in each species. Bacterial microflora evaluations, both quantitative and qualitative, were performed by applying ready-made tests on twelve dogs and twelve humans. Five samples were collected from each subject's deepest gingival pockets and joined to form a collective sample. The results of the study revealed interspecies similarities in the prevalences of Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Red complex bacteria comprised the largest portion of the studied bacterial complexes in all study groups, with P. gingivalis being the most commonly isolated bacterium. The results show similarities in the prevalence of bacterial microflora in dogs and humans. Microbiological analysis of gingival pockets by using rapid real-time PCR-based tests in clinical practice, both veterinary and human, can facilitate the choice of appropriate pharmacological treatment and can provide a basis for subsequent verification of the treatment's effectiveness.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Colon ; Dogs ; Forsythia ; Fusobacterium nucleatum ; Gingival Pocket ; Humans* ; Periodontal Diseases* ; Porphyromonas ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Treponema denticola

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Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments.

Laura BARRACHINA ; Ana Rosa REMACHA ; Antonio ROMERO ; Francisco José VÁZQUEZ ; Jorge ALBAREDA ; Marta PRADES ; Beatriz RANERA ; Pilar ZARAGOZA ; Inmaculada MARTÍN-BURRIEL ; Clementina RODELLAR

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):39-49. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining relevance for treating equine joint injuries because of their ability to limit inflammation and stimulate regeneration. Because inflammation activates MSC immunoregulatory function, proinflammatory priming could improve MSC efficacy. However, inflammatory molecules present in synovial fluid or added to the culture medium might have deleterious effects on MSCs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of inflammatory synovial fluid and proinflammatory cytokines priming on viability and plasticity of equine MSCs. Equine bone marrow derived MSCs (eBM-MSCs) from three animals were cultured for 72 h in media supplemented with: 20% inflammatory synovial fluid (SF); 50 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK50); and 20 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK20). Proliferation assay and expression of proliferation and apoptosis-related genes showed that SF exposed-eBM-MSCs maintained their viability, whereas the viability of CK primed-eBM-MSCs was significantly impaired. Tri-lineage differentiation assay revealed that exposure to inflammatory synovial fluid did not alter eBM-MSCs differentiation potential; however, eBM-MSCs primed with cytokines did not display osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic phenotype. The inflammatory synovial environment is well tolerated by eBM-MSCs, whereas cytokine priming negatively affects the viability and differentiation abilities of eBM-MSCs, which might limit their in vivo efficacy.
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Cytokines ; Horses ; Inflammation* ; Joint Diseases ; Joints ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; Phenotype ; Plastics* ; Regeneration ; Synovial Fluid

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A serological study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome using a virus neutralization test and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Hyojin LEE ; Eun Ju KIM ; In Soo CHO ; Jae Young SONG ; Jeong Soo CHOI ; Ji Youn LEE ; Yeun Kyung SHIN

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):33-38. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.33

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). The SFTSV appears to have a wide host range, as SFTSV-positive ticks have been isolated from both farm animals and wild rodents. Therefore, it is important to monitor SFTSV-positive animals to prevent the transmission of SFTSV from animals to humans. Previously, we developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect SFTSV-specific antibodies from field animals and compared the cELISA results to those from an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). In this study, cELISA results were compared to and evaluated against the results from both an IFA and a virus neutralization (VN) test of 193 bovine serum samples (including two bovine positive control sera) and 70 horse serum samples. The consistency (98.9%) between cELISA and VN results was higher than that (97.4%) between cELISA and IFA for the bovine serum samples. Similarly, for the horse serum samples, the consistency (88.6%) between cELISA and VN results was higher than that (84.3%) between the cELISA and IFA. These findings indicate that our newly developed cELISA can be used for surveillance or epidemiological studies of SFTSV in animals.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Antibodies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Fever* ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Horses ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Neutralization Tests* ; Rodentia ; Thrombocytopenia* ; Ticks

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Effect of fermented soybean products intake on the overall immune safety and function in mice.

Jae Hee LEE ; Se Hee PAEK ; Hye Won SHIN ; Seung Yeon LEE ; Byoung Seok MOON ; Jung Eun PARK ; Gyeong Dong LIM ; Chang Yul KIM ; Yong HEO

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):25-32. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.25

Various functional activities have been reported for the fermented soybean products doenjang (DJ) and cheonggukjang (CGJ), although no systemic investigations of their immune functions have been conducted to date. We examined the effects of an experimental diet of DJ, CGJ, or a mixture of unfermented raw material for 4 weeks on overall immunity and immune safety in mice. No significant alterations were observed in peripheral or splenic immune cells among groups. Enhanced splenic natural killer cell activity was observed in the DJ and CGJ groups compared with the plain diet group. T helper type-1 (Th1)-mediated immune responses were enhanced in the DJ and CGJ groups with an upregulated production ratio of IFN-γ vs. IL-4 and IgG2a vs. IgG1 in stimulated splenic T and B cells, respectively. Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection was observed in the DJ and CGJ groups. Overall, the results of this study suggest that DJ and CGJ intake consolidates humoral and cellular immunity to Th1 responses.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Diet ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunoglobulin G ; Interleukin-4 ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Mice* ; Soybeans*

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Expression of von Willebrand factor, pulmonary intravascular macrophages, and Toll-like receptors in lungs of septic foals.

Jacqueline M E HARRISON ; Leah M QUANSTROM ; Alex R ROBINSON ; Bruce WOBESER ; Stacy L ANDERSON ; Baljit SINGH

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):17-23. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.17

Sepsis causes significant mortality in neonatal foals; however, there is little data describing the cellular and molecular pathways of lung inflammation in septic foals. This study was conducted to characterize lung inflammation in septic foals. Lung tissue sections from control (n = 6) and septic (n = 17) foals were compared using histology and immunohistology. Blinded pathologic scoring of hematoxylin and eosin stained samples revealed increased features of lung inflammation such as thickened alveolar septa and sequestered inflammatory cells in septic foals. Septic foal lungs showed increased expression of von Willebrand factor in blood vessels, demonstrating vascular inflammation. Use of MAC387 antibody to detect calprotectin as a reflection of mononuclear cell infiltration revealed a significant increase in their numbers in alveolar septa of lungs from septic foals compared to those from control foals. The mononuclear cells appeared to be mature macrophages and were located in the septal capillaries, suggesting they were pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). Finally, lungs from septic foals showed increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and 9 in mononuclear cells relative to the control. Taken together, this study is the first to show the expression of inflammatory molecules and an increase in PIMs in lungs from foals that died from sepsis.
Blood Vessels ; Capillaries ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Hematoxylin ; Horses ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex ; Lung* ; Macrophages* ; Mortality ; Pneumonia ; Sepsis ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Toll-Like Receptors* ; von Willebrand Factor*

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Temporal changes in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated-mTOR expressions in the hippocampal CA1 region of rat with vascular dementia.

Jin A PARK ; Choong Hyun LEE

Journal of Veterinary Science.2017;18(1):11-16. doi:10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.11

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has an important role in various biological processes in cells. In the present study, we investigated temporal changes in mTOR and phosphorylated-mTOR (p-mTOR) expressions in the rat hippocampal CA1 region following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) induced by permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO). The mTOR immunoreactivity in the pyramidal neurons and mTOR protein level in the hippocampal CA1 region were markedly decreased at 21 and 28 days after 2VO surgery. However, p-mTOR protein expression was significantly increased at 7 days following CCH but then decreased with time. The results indicate that mTOR and p-mTOR expressions change in the hippocampal CA1 region after 2VO surgery and that reduced expressions of mTOR and p-mTOR may be closely related to the CCH-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region.
Animals ; Biological Processes ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Dementia, Vascular* ; Mammals ; Neurons ; Pyramidal Cells ; Rats* ; Sirolimus* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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