Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD),a neurodevelopmental disability with core symptoms of inattention,hyperactivity and impulsivity increases the risk of many cognitive problems.However,the brain structures and pathways involved in the interplays between the core symptoms,such as activity deficits,and cognitive impairments have remained unknown over the past decades.This article review the academic developments in recent years that elucidate the neural mechanisms involved in the sensorimotor-cognitive difficulties at systematic,circuitry,cellular,and molecular levels.The treatment potentials of physical activity enhancement were addressed,as a new alternative and supplementary therapeutic strategy for ADHD,based on our current understanding of the neurobiology of cognitive-sensorimotor interaction.