Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder among women of reproductive age, and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. According to the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria, PCOS can be classified into four clinical phenotypes, which significantly differ in physical parameters such as waist circumference and body mass index (BMI), as well as in sex hormones, anti-Müllerian hormone levels, metabolic diseases, ultrasound findings, and outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. In recent years, with the deepening of research, new classification systems, such as biology-based phenotyping and BMI/insulin resistance classification, have provided new theoretical perspectives for the clinical classification of PCOS. This article systematically reviews the characteristics of different clinical phenotypes of PCOS, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for its clinical diagnosis, individualized management, and patient health education.