Viral anterior uveitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogens such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), often leading to corneal endothelial cell damage. Endothelial cell loss progresses due to various factors, including direct viral infection, immune responses, elevated intraocular pressure, and surgical interventions. These processes can result in corneal edema and vision loss. Accurate diagnosis requires aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution imaging, and the treatment typically involves a combination of antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies.