Advances in surgical ergonomics are essential for the performance, health, and career longevity of surgeons. Many surgeons experience work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) resulting from various surgical modalities, including open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgeries. To prevent WMSDs, individual differences may exist depending on the surgical method; however, the key is to maintain a neutral posture, and avoid static postures. This review aims to summarize the concepts of ergonomics and WMSDs; identify the ergonomic challenges of open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgeries; and discuss ergonomic recommendations to improve them.