With the aging population rapidly increasing, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, and dementia, along with cancers and cardiovascular diseases, poses critical challenges to older adult health management. Early detection and prevention through comprehensive health screening are crucial for improving the quality of life and promoting healthy aging among older adults.This review highlights the necessity of older adult health screening in Korea and discusses its core components. Key elements include targeted history taking to assess medical and social factors, early diagnosis of chronic conditions through physical examinations, cancer screening (e.g., stomach, colorectal, and lung cancers), vaccination assessments, and functional evaluations to support independent living. Additionally, psychological health evaluations such as cognitive function and depression screening play a pivotal role in providing comprehensive care for older adults. By identifying and addressing health risks early, health screening enables tailored medical interventions, facilitates preventive care, and promotes independent and healthy living. Establishing a systematic and preventive screening system is essential to reduce the disease burden and ensure quality of life among Korea’s aging population.