Effects of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain
10.3344/kjp.2018.31.2.102
- Author:
Hyung Rae CHO
1
;
Seon Hwan KIM
;
Jin A KIM
;
Jin Hye MIN
;
Yong Kyung LEE
Author Information
1. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea. 05142@mjh.or.kr
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Cold temperature;
Heating;
Nefopam;
Pain;
Vasoconstriction;
Vasodilation
- MeSH:
Blood Pressure;
Cold Temperature;
Heart Rate;
Heating;
Hot Temperature;
Humans;
Hyperhidrosis;
Hypertension;
Incidence;
Narcotics;
Nausea;
Nefopam;
Pain, Postoperative;
Vasoconstriction;
Vasodilation;
Vital Signs;
Vomiting
- From:The Korean Journal of Pain
2018;31(2):102-108
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Nefopam is a non-opioid, non-steroidal analgesic drug with fewer adverse effects than narcotic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and is widely used for postoperative pain control. Because nefopam sometimes causes side effects such as nausea, vomiting, somnolence, hyperhidrosis and injection-related pain, manufacturers are advised to infuse it slowly, over a duration of 15 minutes. Nevertheless, pain at the injection site is very common. Therefore, we investigated the effect of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain. METHODS: A total of 48 patients were randomly selected and allocated to either a control or a warming group. Warming was performed by diluting 40 mg of nefopam in 100 ml of normal saline heated to 31–32℃ using two fluid warmers. The control group was administered 40 mg of nefopam dissolved in 100 ml of normal saline stored at room temperature (21–22℃) through the fluid warmers, but the fluid warmers were not activated. RESULTS: The pain intensity was lower in the warming group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The pain severity and tolerance measurements also showed statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). In the analysis of vital signs before and after the injection, the mean blood pressure after the injection differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.005), but the heart rate did not. The incidence of hypertension also showed a significant difference between groups (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Use of warmed carrier fluid for nefopam injection decreased injection-induced pain compared to mildly cool carrier fluid.
