Epidemiological and virological characteristics of seasonal influenza
10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.1.004
- Collective Name:Members of the WHO Western Pacific Region Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
Influenza;
surveillance;
epidemiology;
seasonal trends;
Western Pacific;
GISRS
- From:
Western Pacific Surveillance and Response
2017;8(1):40-49
- CountryWHO-WPRO
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection that causes annual epidemics. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the global disease burden of seasonal influenza is approximately one billion cases annually resulting in up to 500 000 deaths. Epidemics are well defined as seasonal in northern and southern temperate climates with annual epidemics occurring in late winter or early spring. In contrast, seasonal patterns in tropical and subtropical regions are less clear and tend to show more consistent levels of transmission year-round.
The Western Pacific Region (WPR) of WHO comprises 37 diverse countries and areas with temperate and tropical climates inhabited by approximately 1.8 billion people in 2016. Therefore, influenza is consistently circulating in variable locations in the Region. Collection and analysis of influenza surveillance data in WPR is particularly important due to evidence that novel influenza may emerge from persistent influenza reservoirs in the tropics and then spread to temperate regions. A more comprehensive understanding of virological characteristics of influenza in this Region will contribute to improved predictions of emerging global influenza trends. For example, there is evidence that between 2002 and 2007 influenza viruses originating in several tropical WPR nations seeded seasonal A(H3N2) epidemics in temperate zones.
The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) is a WHO network that monitors global impact of influenza and evaluates potential pandemic risk of emerging strains. GISRS also provides recommendations regarding viral strains in seasonal influenza vaccines, laboratory diagnostics and antiviral susceptibility. GISRS comprises 143 National Influenza Centres (NICs), six WHO collaborating centres (CCs), four Essential Regulatory Laboratories and other ad hoc laboratories. The WHO WPR has 21 NICs, three WHO CCs and two Essential Regulatory Laboratories. The NICs process thousands of specimens yearly of which a subset is sent to WHO CCs. FluNet is a global platform that allows NICs and other GISRS-affiliated laboratories to upload virological information regarding number of specimens tested and resulting type, subtype and lineage. It has been used in WPR since 1996. FluID, currently in a pilot phase, is a platform for sharing country epidemiological data that includes influenza-like illness (ILI) consultations by age group, total number of outpatients and total number of surveillance sites.
Embedding influenza surveillance strategies within the Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED) framework has supported significant advances in WPR influenza capacity. Advances include improved surveillance systems, increased laboratory capacity and greater rates of reporting to FluNet. An evaluation of the Region between 2006 and 2010 indicated increased sample submission and reporting through regional systems, particularly in response to the 2009 A(H1N1)pandemic. In light of continued efforts to enhance influenza surveillance in the Region, this review provides an updated description of regional influenza surveillance systems focused on the epidemiological and virological characteristics of seasonal influenza. This review updates the results from the previous 2012 review, considers how recommendations regarding surveillance strategy improvements have been implemented in the Region and discusses suggested future steps.
