A Review of Task-Based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Paradigms in Major Depressive Disorder: Probing Executive Function, Negative Bias, and Reward Processing
- Author:
Yeong Eun KIM
1
;
Hye Ryeong LIM
;
Taekwan LEE
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review Article
- From:Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2026;30(1):1-10
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder that leads to reduced quality of life and poses a significant societal burden; however, its diagnosis still relies on subjective evaluation. Consequently, task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a crucial tool for exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of MDD and identifying objective biomarkers. This review systematically examines fMRI studies on cognitive dysfunction in patients with MDD, summarizing the representative tasks and associated functional abnormalities in neural circuits across three core domains: executive function, negative bias, and reward processing. Deficits in executive function manifest as inefficiency in the fronto-parietal network and failure to suppress the default mode network during n-back and Stroop tasks. Negative bias was identified through the Self-Referent Encoding Task and Autobiographical Memory Test, revealing hyperactivity in bottom-up emotional responses and failure of top-down regulation. In the domain of reward processing, studies using Monetary Incentive Delay and reinforcement learning tasks have consistently reported that blunted reward prediction error signals and hypoactivation of the thalamo-striatal-prefrontal circuitry are associated with anhedonia. By integrating these findings from task-based fMRI research, this review aimed to define the neurocognitive characteristics that distinguish MDD and provide practical guidance for future studies.
