Towards energy autonomy in bio-electronic medicine:a comprehensive review of laser-based optical wireless power transfer evolution
- Author:
Jong Hyun KIM
1
;
Hohyun KEUM
;
Jinhwan KIM
;
Chang Gi LEE
;
Janghee CHOI
;
Kwang Bok KIM
;
Hoon JEONG
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review article
- From: Medical Lasers 2026;15(1):1-12
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: The trend toward miniaturization and multi-functionalization of implantable medical devices is shifting the paradigm of medicine from treatment to prevention and precision management; however, it faces a bottleneck due to the energy density limits of batteries. Existing power transfer technologies based on electromagnetic induction or radio frequency cause rapid efficiency degradation and electromagnetic interference issues in micro-scale devices. This paper reviews laser-based optical wireless power transfer technology as an innovative alternative to these issues, with particular emphasis on its potential medical applications. We provide an in-depth analysis of strategies to maximize penetration depth using near-infrared windows and light propagation characteristics within biological tissue, optimization of conversion efficiency through bandgap engineering of silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) based photovoltaic cells, and the latest wavefront shaping and optical phased array technologies to overcome dynamic scattering. Furthermore, by chronologically organizing research trends over the past 20 years, we discuss the paradigm shift from passive devices to active intelligent systems and present the technical and regulatory challenges for clinical adoption based on international safety standards (IEC 60825-1, ISO 14708-1), ultimately providing a technical roadmap for the energy autonomy of next-generation bio-electronic medicine.
