Expert Opinion on the Management of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Cardiorenal Diseases Treated with Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors: An Indonesian Perspective
- Author:
Pringgodigdo Nugroho
1
;
Aida Lydia
1
;
Haerani Abdul Rasyid
2
;
Zulkhair Ali
3
;
Pranawa Pranawa
4
;
Nyoman Paramita Ayu
5
;
Birry Karim
6
;
Erwin Sukandi
7
;
Siti Elkana Nauli
8
;
Hary Sakti Muliawan
9
;
Edrian Zulkarnain
10
Author Information
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords: Hyperkalemia; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Renin-Angiotensin System; Indonesia
- MeSH: Hyperkalemia; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Renin-Angiotensin System; Indonesia
- From: Acta Medica Indonesiana 2026;58(1):123-132
- CountryIndonesia
- Language:English
- Abstract: Abstract:Hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5.0 mEq/l) is a significant complication in patients with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus, particularly when treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). Both hyperkalemia and RAASi interruption are associated with increased cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, and mortality. This expert opinion document, developed between January and December 2024 through a systematic process, aims to establish guidance for hyperkalemia treatment in Indonesian patients with cardiorenal diseases receiving RAASi therapy, addressing the unique challenges within the Indonesian healthcare context. A comprehensive literature review of international guidelines and regional studies was conducted by a panel of 11 expert specialists (3 cardiologists, 6 internist-nephrologists, and 2 internist-cardiologists), who evaluated 29 statements covering diagnosis, monitoring, prevention, and treatment of hyperkalemia. Of the 29 statements, 26 reached consensus: 17 statements achieved very high agreement (≥90%) and 9 attained high agreement (≥67% – <90%). The agreed statements covered key areas, including potassium monitoring frequency, RAASi dose optimization strategies, dietary modifications, and treatment thresholds. Three statements regarding alternative therapeutic approaches did not receive agreement (<67%) due to limited local availability and cost considerations. Key recommendations include structured monitoring protocols for high-risk patients, strategies for RAASi dose optimization while managing hyperkalemia risk, and specific interventions adapted to local resources. This document provides a practical approach for managing hyperkalemia in Indonesian patients with cardiorenal diseases while maintaining optimal RAASi therapy, considering local Indonesian healthcare resources and constraints.
- Full text:2026062916481384423cp-Pringgodigdo Nugroho.pdf
