The historical status, experience and enlightenment of variolation in ancient China
10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20241217-01018
- VernacularTitle:中国古代人痘接种术的历史地位、经验与启迪
- Author:
Linyu GUAN
1
;
Shenjia GU
1
;
Chuanxi FU
1
Author Information
1. 浙江中医药大学公共卫生学院，杭州 310053
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
Variolation;
Smallpox;
Vaccinology;
Scientific mechanism
- From:
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine
2025;59(8):1320-1327
- CountryChina
- Language:Chinese
-
Abstract:
Ancient Chinese variolation represents the world′s earliest practice of disease prevention through vaccination. Its theoretical foundation lies in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hypothesis of smallpox pathogenesis, which posits that "external pathogens trigger fetal toxins." Through the lens of modern vaccinology, this paper analyzes the scientific rationale of this traditional immunization method. Key aspects examined include the use of pox scabs as vaccines, nasal inoculation, passage attenuation for vaccine preparation, and TCM′s understanding of smallpox pathogenesis. The paper also addresses the historical limitations of variolation, including uncontrollable viral activity and load, safety risks posed by strong immune responses that could occur, and insufficient vaccination accessibility.
