Concentrations characteristics of common air pollutants and health risk assessment of practitioners in hair and beauty salons in Shanghai, 2016–2024
- VernacularTitle:2016—2024年上海市理发美容场所常见空气污染物浓度特征及从业人员健康风险评估
- Author:
Jiao CHEN
1
;
Tian CHEN
1
;
Xiaoyu WANG
1
;
Yewen SHI
1
;
Fengchan HAN
1
;
Yi HE
1
;
Xiaodong SUN
1
;
Xianliang WANG
2
Author Information
- Publication Type:Investigation
- Keywords: hair and beauty salon; particulate matter; formaldehyde; ammonia; benzene; toluene; xylene; health risk assessment
- From: Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine 2026;43(3):326-332
- CountryChina
- Language:Chinese
- Abstract: Background As common public facilities essential to daily life, hair and beauty salons frequently contain various airborne toxic and hazardous pollutants potentially leading to adverse health effects for salon practitioners. Objective To characterize the indoor air pollution profiles of common contaminants in hair and beauty salons in Shanghai and to evaluate the associated health risks for practitioners, in order to provide a scientific basis for strengthening the public health management in Shanghai and protecting the health of practitioners. Methods The air quality monitoring data of hair and beauty salons in Shanghai from 2016 to 2024 were obtained from the “Health Hazard Factors Monitoring Program for Public Places” of the National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring indicators included particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Indicator compliance rates were calculated across various years in accordance with GB 9666-1996 Hygienic standard for barber shop and beauty shop and GB 37488-2019 Hygiene indicators and limit for public places; specifically, PM2.5 was assessed against the limits stipulated in GB/T 18883-2022 Standards for indoor air quality. A questionnaire survey was conducted among salon practitioners to collect weekly working days and daily working hours. The non-carcinogenic risks associated with inhalation exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene as well as the carcinogenic risks posed by formaldehyde and benzene were evaluated following WS/T 777-2021 Technical guide for environmental health risk assessment of chemical exposure and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency inhalation risk model. Results The overall compliance rates of PM10, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, and toluene in the air of hair and beauty salons in Shanghai from 2016 to 2024 were 92.13%, 96.59%, 96.15%, 94.93%, and 94.97%, respectively; the overall compliance rate of xylene was a little lower (85.92%), and the overall compliance rate of PM2.5 was 57.18%. The P50 concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene did not exceed the corresponding limits. The P50 of non-carcinogenic risk indicator (hazard quotient, HQ) for formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene were <1. The probabilities of non-carcinogenic risk HQ >1 for formaldehyde and xylene were 41.4% and 10.9%, respectively, which were higher than that of other pollutants. The P50 of carcinogenic risk (CR) for formaldehyde and benzene were between 1.0×10−6 and 1.0×10−4, while the probabilities of CR >1.0×10−4 were 16.9% and 14.0%, respectively. Conclusion The overall compliance rate of common pollutant concentrations in the air of hair and beauty salons in Shanghai is high, and the hygienic condition meets the requirements of national standards. The non-carcinogenic health risks posed by formaldehyde and xylene to employees (with formaldehyde being more prominent), as well as the carcinogenic risks associated with formaldehyde and benzene, deserve heightened attention in future health supervision.
