The Principle of Cortical Development and Evolution.
10.1007/s12264-024-01259-2
- Author:
Zhengang YANG
1
Author Information
1. State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. yangz@fudan.edu.cn.
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords:
BMP7;
Cortical evolution;
Cortical expansion;
Cortical gliogenesis;
Cortical neurogenesis;
FGF-ERK signaling;
Human-specific gene;
Interneuron;
Radial glia;
SHH signaling
- MeSH:
Humans;
Animals;
Biological Evolution;
Cerebral Cortex/metabolism*;
Neurogenesis/physiology*;
Signal Transduction/physiology*;
Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism*;
Ependymoglial Cells/physiology*
- From:
Neuroscience Bulletin
2025;41(3):461-485
- CountryChina
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Human's robust cognitive abilities, including creativity and language, are made possible, at least in large part, by evolutionary changes made to the cerebral cortex. This paper reviews the biology and evolution of mammalian cortical radial glial cells (primary neural stem cells) and introduces the concept that a genetically step wise process, based on a core molecular pathway already in use, is the evolutionary process that has molded cortical neurogenesis. The core mechanism, which has been identified in our recent studies, is the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7)-GLI3 repressor form (GLI3R)-sonic hedgehog (SHH) positive feedback loop. Additionally, I propose that the molecular basis for cortical evolutionary dwarfism, exemplified by the lissencephalic mouse which originated from a larger gyrencephalic ancestor, is an increase in SHH signaling in radial glia, that antagonizes ERK-BMP7 signaling. Finally, I propose that: (1) SHH signaling is not a key regulator of primate cortical expansion and folding; (2) human cortical radial glial cells do not generate neocortical interneurons; (3) human-specific genes may not be essential for most cortical expansion. I hope this review assists colleagues in the field, guiding research to address gaps in our understanding of cortical development and evolution.
