Engineered plant extracellular vesicles: Emerging nanoplatforms for combinational cancer immunotherapy.
10.1016/j.apsb.2025.08.020
- Author:
Fucai CHEN
1
;
Rongrong BAO
1
;
Wanyi YANG
1
;
Yijing LU
1
;
Jiaxin GUO
1
;
Wenjing CHEN
1
;
Jiale LI
1
;
Kuanhan FENG
1
;
Wen ZHANG
1
;
Liuqing DI
1
;
Liang FENG
2
;
Ruoning WANG
1
Author Information
1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
2. Affiliated Jiangning Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords:
Cancer immunotherapy;
Clinical transformation;
Combinational cancer immunotherapy;
Drug loading techniques;
Engineering strategies;
Novel nanoplatforms;
Pharmacokinetics;
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles
- From:
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
2025;15(11):5663-5701
- CountryChina
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs), describe a group of nanoparticles released by plants. These particles are characterized by a lipid bilayer structure containing various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and unique metabolites. Although the study on PDEVs is relatively new, having only been around for ten years, they have shown promising development prospects in both basic research and clinical transformation areas. Evidence suggests that PDEVs have excellent application prospects in regulating inflammation and treating tumors. Their distinctive, vesicle-mimicking architecture and stellar biocompatibility render them prime candidates for ferrying various anti-cancer agents, including RNA, proteins, and conventional chemotherapy drugs. Increasingly, studies have shown that PDEVs can be engineered as an innovative platform for combination cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, this paper provides an extensive summary of current developments in engineering methods and strategies for PDEVs in cancer treatment and combined cancer immune therapeutics. The essential characteristics of PDEVs, including the biogenesis process and components, as well as their anti-tumor activity and mechanism, are summarized. Finally, the in vivo safety of PDEVs as delivery vectors and the challenges of scale-up production and clinical transformation are discussed.
